Effects of Wind Turbines Equipped with Doubly-fed Induction Generators on Distance Protection

Nowadays wind energy is the fastest growing renewable energy resource in the world.The problems of integrating wind farms are caused by changes of wind speed during a day.Moreover,the behaviors of wind turbines equipped with doubly-fed induction generators differ fundamentally from synchronous generators.Therefore,more considerations are needed to analyze the performances of the distance protection relays.The protection of a wind farm with distance relay is inspected.By changing the conditions of the wind farm,the characteristics of the distance relay are studied.

An analytic electromagnetic calculation method for performance evolution of doubly fed induction generators for wind turbines

An analytic electromagnetic calculation method for doubly fed induction generator(DFIG) in wind turbine system was presented. Based on the operation principles, steady state equivalent circuit and basic equations of DFIG, the modeling for electromagnetic calculation of DFIG was proposed. The electromagnetic calculation of DFIG was divided into three steps: the magnetic flux calculation, parameters derivation and performance checks. For each step, the detailed numeric calculation formulas were all derived. Combining the calculation formulas, the whole electromagnetic calculation procedure was established, which consisted of three iterative calculation loops, including magnetic saturation coefficient, electromotive force and total output power. All of the electromagnetic and performance data of DIFG can be calculated conveniently by the established calculation procedure, which can be used to evaluate the new designed machine. A 1.5 MW DFIG designed by the proposed procedure was built, for which the whole type tests including no-load test, load test and temperature rising test were carried out. The test results have shown that the DFIG satisfies technical requirements and the test data fit well with the calculation results which prove the correctness of the presented calculation method.

A Novel Grid Synchronization Control of Doubly-fed Induction Generator

The dynamic performance of doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG) before and after connection is analyzed based on corresponding mathematical models and transfer functions in decoupled vector control.The parameter tuning methods of rotor current regulator before and after connection are given.To reach same dynamic performance the parameters should take different values and be switched before and after connection.However on one hand the closing moment of stator contactor is difficult to get as the feedback signal is usually twenty millisecond delay or so.The delay in parameter switching will affect rotor current and torque dynamics during the delayed period after connection. On the other hand parameter switching is troublesome.Hence a synchronization control strategy without parameter switching is proposed and analyzed in detail,which has linear rising exciting current to avoid current overshooting. The dynamic performance of the proposed strategy is analyzed in frequency domain and implemented on a DFIG experimental platform subsequently.The proposed synchronization strategy is validated by experimental results.

Reactive Current Allocation and Control Strategies Improvement of Low Voltage Ride Though for Doubly Fed Induction Wind Turbine Generation System

为满足风电机组低电压穿越（low voltage ride through,LVRT）的测试要求及其电气模型一致性评估需要,提出考虑向电网注入无功电流的双馈风电机组LVRT的控制策略。在阐述风电机组LVRT测试要求及控制原理的基础上,推导双馈发电机（doubly fed induction generator,DFIG）定子侧及网侧变流器输出无功电流极限表达式,研究电网电压跌落深度和发电机总输出有功功率对其无功电流极限值的影响规律,进而提出DFIG在LVRT期间的无功电流分配算法和改进的有功、无功功率控制策略。最后,以某实际2 MW双馈风电机组为例,分别对风速为5和12 m/s、电网电压对称跌落至20%和50%工况下的LVRT运行性能进行仿真比较和样机测试。与传统LVRT控制方法的对比表明,所提改进控制策略能更好地满足风电机组LVRT的测试要求。样机测试结果进一步证明了改进控制策略和仿真模型的有效性。

Research on multi-time scale doubly-fed wind turbine test system based on FPGA+CPU heterogeneous calculation

As the proportion of renewable energy increases, the interaction between renewable energy devices and the grid continues to enhance. Therefore, the renewable energy dynamic test in a power system has become more and more important. Traditional dynamic simulation systems and digital-analog hybrid simulation systems are difficult to compromise on the economy, flexibility and accuracy. A multi-time scale test system of doubly fed induction generator based on FPGA+ CPU heterogeneous calculation is proposed in this paper. The proposed test system is based on the ADPSS simulation platform. The power circuit part of the test system is setup up using the EMT(electromagnetic transient simulation) simulation, and the control part uses the actual physical devices. In order to realize the close-loop testing for the physical devices, the power circuit must be simulated in real-time. This paper proposes a multi-time scale simulation algorithm, in which the decoupling component divides the power circuit into a large time scale system and a small time scale system in order to reduce computing effort. This paper also proposes the FPGA+CPU heterogeneous computing architecture for implementing this multitime scale simulation. In FPGA, there is a complete small time-scale EMT engine, which support the flexibly circuit modeling with any topology. Finally, the test system is connected to an DFIG controller based on Labview to verify the feasibility of the test system.

Analysis on Effect of Parameters of Different Wind Generator on Power Grid Transient Stability

To analyze the factors which affecting transient stability of power system, the dynamic model of doubly-fed induction generator and direct-drive PM synchronous generator has been built using PSCAD. Impact of different wind farm integration on grid typically in China has been presented. The influence of the variations of transient reactance, negative sequence reactance and rotary inertia on critical clearing time of power system transient stability is analyzed by time-domain simulation. Mixture operation of DFIG and PMSG to optimize the stability of system has been analyzed firstly. The digital simulation results show that doubly-fed induction wind turbines is a better choice to meet the requirement of system instability due to large wind farm integration in comparison with direct-drive PM synchronous wind turbines. With a rather large rotary inertia, the proper ratio of direct-drive PM synchronous wind turbines used in wind farm could be comprehensive planning by optimized the stability of system. Analysis of this paper should be provided as academic reference for improving design of wind farm system.

Composition Modeling and Equivalence of an Integrated Power Generation System of Wind, Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Unit

利用间接组合建模的方法,在建立典型的双馈风机、光伏发电单元和储能单元的装置级机电暂态模型基础上,采用等值方法建立三者电站级的机电暂态模型,最终通过组合建模得到了风光储联合发电系统的机电暂态模型。在大型电力系统分析软件包的PSD-BPA暂态稳定程序中实现了风光储联合发电系统的仿真功能,通过典型算例和张北＂国家风光储输示范工程＂的仿真分析验证了模型的正确性,为风光储联合发电系统的并网研究提供了分析手段。

A Long-Range Generalized Predictive Control Algorithm for a DFIG Based Wind Energy System

This paper presents a new Long-range generalized predictive controller in the synchronous reference frame for a wind energy system doubly-fed induction generator based. This controller uses the state space equations that consider the rotor current and voltage as state and control variables, to execute the predictive control action. Therefore, the model of the plant must be transformed into two discrete transference functions, by means of an auto-regressive moving average model, in order to attain a discrete and decoupled controller, which makes it possible to treat it as two independent single-input single-output systems instead of a magnetic coupled multiple-input multiple-output system. For achieving that, a direct power control strategy is used, based on the past and future rotor currents and voltages estimation. The algorithm evaluates the rotor current predictors for a defined prediction horizon and computes the new rotor voltages that must be injected to controlling the stator active and reactive powers. To evaluate the controller performance, some simulations were made using Matlab/Simulink. Experimental tests were carried out with a small-scale prototype assuming normal operating conditions with constant and variable wind speed profiles. Finally, some conclusions respect to the dynamic performance of this new controller are summarized.

Integration of Wind and PV Systems Using Genetic-Assisted Artificial Neural Network

The prominence of Renewable Energy Sources(RES)in the process of power generation is exponentially increased in the recent days since these sources assist in minimizing the environmental contamination.A grid-tied DFIG(Doubly Fed Induction Generator)based WECS(Wind Energy Conversion System)is introduced in this work,in which a Landsman converter is implemented to impro-vise the output voltage of PV without anyfluctuations.A novel GA(Genetic Algorithm)assisted ANN(Artificial Neural Network)is employed for tracking the Maximum power from PV.Among the rotor and grid side controllers,the for-mer is implemented by combining the statorflux with d-q reference frame and the latter is realized by the PI controller.The proposed approach delivers better per-formance in the compensation of real and reactive power along with the DC link voltage control.The controlling mechanism is verified in both MATLAB and experimental bench setupby using an emulated wind turbine for the concurrent control of DC link potential,active and reactive powers.The source current THD is observed as 1.93%and 2.4%for simulation and hardware implementation respectively.

基于传递函数分析的双馈风力发电系统动态建模方法研究

以双馈风力发电系统(doubly-fed induction generator based wind energy conversion system,DFIG-based WECS)为例,利用小信号分析法推导出由风机、双质量块传动链构成的动力与传动系统通用传递函数方程。动力与传动系统传递函数的零极点位置、稳定性与系统参数及系统运行工作点相关。该传递函数可进一步分解为扭转分量和非扭转分量。传动链参数仅对扭转分量造成影响。在此基础上,建立了考虑动力传动、电机、变流器、控制等环节的风力发电系统传递函数模型。模型综合了各环节参数,可直观反映系统参数对系统响应的影响,有助于深入了解系统动态行为。算例及时域仿真结果证明了所提出传递函数模型的准确性和高效性,可为系统参数设计研究提供理论依据。

计及低电压穿越及故障全过程动态的双馈风电场等值方法

在分析双馈感应发电机(DFIG)故障各阶段动态的基础上,提出了一种计及低电压穿越控制的双馈风电场等值方法。首先,讨论了低电压穿越控制策略,给出了含双馈风电场的电力系统故障稳态潮流计算方法。在考虑电压暂态过程的条件下,分析了外部系统短路故障后DFIG转子电流的变化机理,指出电压跌落深度及风电功率是影响短路电流的主要因素,可根据动作分界线判断撬棒是否动作。然后,根据初始风速及撬棒状态将风电场中的DFIG分为3群,并对等值DFIG及集电网络进行聚合。为提高等值模型在恢复阶段的精度,根据故障稳态电压对双馈风电场功率恢复曲线进行预估,并在此基础上对等值DFIG恢复速率进行分段修正。最后,对含双馈风电场的算例系统进行了等值计算。仿真结果表明,等值模型较好地保持了原系统在故障各阶段的动态,在保持较高精度的前提下有效简化了系统,提高了计算速度。

大规模风电接入场景下的失步振荡中心定位方法

振荡中心的准确定位是失步保护正确动作的基础,大规模风电并网导致系统阻抗参数发生变化,使得传统基于阻抗轨迹的失步定位方法的适应性严重下降。针对该问题,提出基于节点频差的失步振荡中心定位方法。首先分析大规模风电并网对系统总阻抗的影响。进一步根据发电机功角,计算其曼哈顿距离相似度并构建启动判据。最后,通过移动平均法对广域测量频率进行平滑处理,提出基于节点频差的失步振荡中心定位方法。仿真验证表明,所提基于节点频差的失步振荡中心定位方法受噪声影响较小,不受风电渗透率的影响,能够准确定位失步振荡中心位置。

含双馈机组风电场备用电缆位置和容量优化方法

链状结构风电场中电缆故障后,故障串部分风电机组将被迫停运。在两串末端增加备用电缆,可以为故障下游风电机组提供输电通道,但对非故障串电缆容量要求较大,利用率低。文章提出一种备用电缆位置和容量优化方法。首先定义最小路矩阵,评估随机风速/电缆故障时风电场输出。根据备用电缆位置对风电场分区。提出有限容量模型解决故障串输电优先性顺序,以确定备用电缆最佳位置。然后引入双馈感应发电机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)稳态约束,采用主从分裂算法,求解风电场潮流。以利用率和成本为目标,提出备用电缆容量的优化模型。最后给出算例分析结果,验证所提方法的有效性。

基于硬件在环仿真的DFIG并网系统开环模式谐振风险及验证

开环模式谐振理论是阐释风电并网引起的电力系统振荡机理的研究成果,其中基于平均模型的离线时域仿真结果可信度存疑。为提升开环模式谐振的工程指导可靠度,首先基于硬件在环仿真,组建了用于验证开环模式谐振的半实物实验平台;其次建立双馈风电场并网系统的小信号模型,提出开环模式分析通用方法评估系统振荡风险;最后以两个算例进行了开环模式谐振现象的分析与实验。得到结论:硬件在环仿真的结果符合开环模式分析的结果,在开环模式谐振条件下,系统稳定性下降。留数法可以较为准确地预测系统闭环模式,系统参数的合理整定可以减小开环模式谐振带来的影响。

双馈风电机组利用转子动能进行一次调频能力动态估计

通过释放转子动能参与一次调频的风电机组,其一次调频能力随外界工况特别是风速的波动而变化,需要动态估计一次调频能力,从而为电力系统运行规划、控制策略制定等提供依据。基于风电机组参与一次调频的功率转换动态过程分析,提出了计及风电机组转子转速动态变化的一次调频简化解析模型,借助其一次调频能力的解析解,可快速分析风速波动对风电机组一次调频能力的影响;提出双馈风电机组一次调频能力的概率解析描述,利用点估计与Gram-Charlier级数展开,获得了风电机组一次调频能力随风速波动的概率分布特征。仿真验证了所提动态解析模型的准确性和一次调频能力概率估计方法的可行性与有效性。

适用于全故障类型的双馈风电场送出线负序电流纵联保护方案

随着双馈风电机组(DFIG)并网容量的增加,给风电场送出线继电保护的整定带来新的挑战,保护动作性能下降甚至会出现拒动和误动的风险。为此,首先分析双馈风电机组负序电流分量特征;然后进一步分析风电场经交、直流并网时交流送出线两侧电流的特征差异,提出一种适用于双馈风电场送出线的负序电流分量纵联保护新方法。该方法利用双馈风电场送出线两侧负序电流的幅值比和相位差构成保护动作判据,同时,利用数据延时在对称故障下构造出负序分量,使其能适用于风电场送出线的各种故障类型,且具有灵敏度高、耐受过渡电阻能力强等优点。最后,在Matlab/Simulink和PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建双馈风电机组电磁暂态仿真模型,仿真分析保护方案在交直流送出线上的适应性。