Analysis on Effect of Parameters of Different Wind Generator on Power Grid Transient Stability

To analyze the factors which affecting transient stability of power system, the dynamic model of doubly-fed induction generator and direct-drive PM synchronous generator has been built using PSCAD. Impact of different wind farm integration on grid typically in China has been presented. The influence of the variations of transient reactance, negative sequence reactance and rotary inertia on critical clearing time of power system transient stability is analyzed by time-domain simulation. Mixture operation of DFIG and PMSG to optimize the stability of system has been analyzed firstly. The digital simulation results show that doubly-fed induction wind turbines is a better choice to meet the requirement of system instability due to large wind farm integration in comparison with direct-drive PM synchronous wind turbines. With a rather large rotary inertia, the proper ratio of direct-drive PM synchronous wind turbines used in wind farm could be comprehensive planning by optimized the stability of system. Analysis of this paper should be provided as academic reference for improving design of wind farm system.

Coordination between Fault-Ride-Through Capability and Over-current Protection of DFIG Generators for Wind Farms

Fault Ride-Through （FRT） capabilities set up according to the grid codes may affect the performance of related protective elements during fault periods. Therefore, in this paper the coordination between the FRT capability and over-current protection of DFIG Wind Generators in MV networks is investigated. Simulation test cases using MATLAB-Simulink are implemented on a 365-MW wind farm in AL-Zaafarana, Egypt. The simulation results show the influence of the FRT capability on the protective relaying coordination in wind farms, showing that the FRT may work in situations where is were expected not to work, and then disabling the over-current protection, which should have worked in this situation.

A novel control strategy of a variable-speed doubly-fed-induction-generator-based wind energy conversion system

This paper aims to address the issue of control of a variable-speed wind turbine based on doubly-fed induction generators. In this work,an effort is made to extract the maximum efficiency from a doubly-fed induction generator-based variable-speed wind turbine by controlling the rotor current. In the first step, a maximum power point tracking technique is used to extract the maximum power from theturbine. Then a stator-flux-oriented vector control strategy is employed to control the rotor-side current. Subsequently, a grid voltagevector-oriented control strategy is used to control the grid-side system of the grid-connected generator. Considering the nonlinearityand parameter uncertainty of the system, an active disturbance rejection controller with a sliding-mode-based extended-state observeris developed for the above-mentioned control strategies. Furthermore, the stability of the controller is tested and the performance of thecontroller is compared with the classical proportional-integral controller based on disturbance rejection, robustness and tracking capability in a highly non-linear wind speed variation scenario. Modelling, control and comparison are conducted in the MATLAB®/Simulink®environment. Finally, a real-time hardware set-up is presented using the dSPACE ds-1104 R&D processing board to validate the controlscheme. From the result of the experiments, it is seen that the proposed controller takes 10-15 control cycles to settle to its steady-statevalues, depending on the control loop, whereas the conventional proportional-integral controller takes 60-75 control cycles. As a result,the settling time for the proposed control scheme is shorter than that of the proportional-integral controller.

A Long-Range Generalized Predictive Control Algorithm for a DFIG Based Wind Energy System

This paper presents a new Long-range generalized predictive controller in the synchronous reference frame for a wind energy system doubly-fed induction generator based. This controller uses the state space equations that consider the rotor current and voltage as state and control variables, to execute the predictive control action. Therefore, the model of the plant must be transformed into two discrete transference functions, by means of an auto-regressive moving average model, in order to attain a discrete and decoupled controller, which makes it possible to treat it as two independent single-input single-output systems instead of a magnetic coupled multiple-input multiple-output system. For achieving that, a direct power control strategy is used, based on the past and future rotor currents and voltages estimation. The algorithm evaluates the rotor current predictors for a defined prediction horizon and computes the new rotor voltages that must be injected to controlling the stator active and reactive powers. To evaluate the controller performance, some simulations were made using Matlab/Simulink. Experimental tests were carried out with a small-scale prototype assuming normal operating conditions with constant and variable wind speed profiles. Finally, some conclusions respect to the dynamic performance of this new controller are summarized.

New energy power generation-wind power generation

This paper introduced the status quo of wind power and wind power generation technology. Focusing on the introduction of wind power generating system ibrational self-consistent field（VSCF）, program implementation included Alternating Current （AC）-Direct Current （DC）-AC conversion system, magnetic field modulation generator system, doubly-fed generator system etc. Among these, doubly-fed generator system is the trend. Where to build the wind farm is very important, so a perfect site is needed. Wind power generation will have a bright future. As long as the wind power can be linked to the grid in large scale.

Simulation of grid tracking control of power system connection and maximum power brushless doubly-fed generator in point wind

In this paper, based on the analysis of the mathematical model in a common synchronous reference frame of the brushless doubly-fed generator （BDFG）, the grid connection strategy and maximum energy extraction control were both analyzed. Besides, the transient simula- tion of no-load model and generation model of the BDFG have been developed on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The test results during cutting-in grid confirmed the good dynamic performance of grid synchronization and effective power control approach for the BDFG-based variable speed wind turbines.

Dynamic modelling and robust current control of wind-turbine driven DFIG during external AC voltage dip

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator （DFIG）, with vector control applied, is widely used in Variable-Speed Constant- Frequency （VSCF） wind energy generation system and shows good performance in maximum wind energy capture. But in two traditional vector control schemes, the equivalent stator magnetizing current is considered invariant in order to simplify the rotor current inner-loop controller. The two schemes can perform very well when the grid is in normal condition. However, when grid disturbance such as grid voltage dip or swell fault occurs, the control performance worsens, the rotor over current occurs and the Fault Ride-Through （FRT） capability of the DFIG wind energy generation system gets seriously deteriorated. An accurate DFIG model was used to deeply investigate the deficiency of the traditional vector control. The improved control schemes of two typical traditional vector control schemes used in DFIG were proposed, and simulation study of the proposed and traditional control schemes, with robust rotor current control using Internal Model Control （IMC） method, was carded out. The validity of the proposed modified schemes to control the rotor current and to improve the FRT capability of the DFIG wind energy generation system was proved by the comparison study.

Dynamic modeling and direct power control of wind turbine driven DFIG under unbalanced network voltage conditions

This paper proposes an analysis and a direct power control (DPC) design of a wind turbine driven doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under unbalanced network voltage conditions. A DFIG model described in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames is presented. Variations of the stator output active and reactive powers are fully deduced in the presence of negative sequence supply voltage and rotor flux. An enhanced DPC scheme is proposed to eliminate stator active power oscillation during network unbalance. The proposed control scheme removes rotor current regulators and the decomposition processing of positive and negative sequence rotor currents. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC are presented on a 2-MW DFIG wind power generation system to validate the feasibility of the proposed control scheme under balanced and unbalanced network conditions.

Model of DFIG Wind Farm and Study on Its LVRT Capability

As a typical clean and renewable energy, wind power is becoming more and more widely used in electrical industry. However, its characteristics of random and intermittent have brought serious problems to the power system, such as voltage fluctuation and insufficient reactive power. Based on the K-means clustering algorithm, this paper classifies the doubly-fed induction generators （DFIG） according to the operation of propeller pitch angle control. At the same time, to obtain the optimal parameter, advanced particle swarm optimization （PSO） is used. Then the dynamic model of DFIG under the network fault condition is built. What is more, the role that crowbar circuit plays in low voltage ride through （LVRT） is discussed. Finally, simulations in DigSILENT verify the model.

Doubly-fed induction generator drive based WECS using fuzzy logic controller

The purpose of this paper is to improve the control performance of the variable speed, constant frequency doubly-fed induction generator in the wind turbine generation system by using fuzzy logic controllers. The control of the rotor-side converter is realized by stator flux oriented control, whereas the control of the grid-side converter is performed by a control strategy based on grid voltage orientation to maintain the DC-link voltage stability. An intelligent fuzzy inference system is proposed as an alternative of the conventional proportional and integral （PI） controller to overcome any disturbance, such as fast wind speed variation, short grid voltage fault, parameter variations and so on. Five fuzzy logic controllers are used in the rotor side converter （RSC） for maximum power point tracking （MPPT） algorithm, active and reactive power control loops, and another two fuzzy logic controllers for direct and quadratic rotor currents components control loops. The performances have been tested on 1.5 MW doubly-fed induction generator （DFIG） in a Matlab/Simulink software environment.

Overview of Sub-synchronous Oscillation in Wind Power System

Nowadays with the improvement in the degree of emphasis on new energy, the wind power system has developed more and more rapidly over the world. Usually the wind plants are located in the remote areas which are far from the load centers. Generally series compensated AC transmission and high voltage DC transmission are made use of to improve the transmission capacity as two main effective ways which can solve the problem of large scale wind power transmission. The paper describes the three kinds of impact varieties and impact mechanisms in the sub-synchronous oscillation phenomena of wind power system based on doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind generators. At last, we point out the important problem that should be stressed in the wind power system.

Fault Ride-Through Study of Wind Turbines

The installation of wind energy has increased rapidly around the world. The grid codes about the wind energy require wind turbine (WT) has the ability of fault (or low voltage) ride-through (FRT). To study the FRT operation of the wind farms, three methods were discussed. First, the rotor short current of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) was limited by introducing a rotor side protection circuit. Second, the voltage of DC bus was limited by a DC energy absorb circuit. Third, STATCOM was used to increase the low level voltages of the wind farm. Simulation under MATLAB was studied and the corresponding results were given and discussed. The methods proposed in this paper can limit the rotor short current and the DC voltage of the DFIG WT to some degree, but the voltage support to the power system during the fault largely depend on the installation place of STATCOM.

Fault-tolerant control of an open-winding brushless doublyfed wind power generator system with dual three-level converter

To improve the fault redundancy capability for the high reliability requirement of a brushless doubly-fed generation system applied to large offshore wind farms,the control winding of a brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator is designed as an open-winding structure.Consequently,the two ends of the control winding are connected via dual three-phase converters for the emerging open-winding structure.Therefore,a novel fault-tolerant control strategy based on the direct power control scheme is brought to focus in this paper.Based on the direct power control(DPC)strategy,the post-fault voltage vector selection method is explained in detail according to the fault types of the dual converters.The fault-tolerant control strategy proposed enables the open-winding brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator(BDFRG)system to operate normally in one,two,or three switches fault of the converter,simultaneously achieving power tracking control.The presented results verify the feasibility and validity of the scheme proposed.

新型单级可升压逆变器

提出了一种新型单级可升压逆变器拓扑,利用逆变桥的直通零矢量与耦合电感储能及转移升压技术,实现了逆变器直流母线电压的升压调节,仅使用一级变换电路,消除了传统电压源型逆变器的局限,适合于输入电压较大范围变化,输出恒压的逆变场合。以应用于风力发电系统中功率变换的新型单级可升压三相逆变器为例,详细阐述其工作机理,并通过仿真和实验验证了方案的可行性。

几何参数法在小型风力发电系统中的应用

为实现较大风速变化范围内的功率控制,提出了将Buck变换器应用于小型风力发电系统的结构。采用几何参数法(K-G法)设计了Buck变换器的电感,并基于PWM开关模型建立了Buck变换器的小信号交流模型。在Matlab环境下分别建立了Buck变换器的电路仿真模型和传递函数的仿真模型,并利用该模型构建了以蓄电池和电阻为负载的风力发电系统模型。对Buck变换器的实验研究和对蓄电池充电的仿真研究结果表明,Buck变换器能满足风力发电系统功率控制的要求。

一种新型半准Z源逆变器在风力发电变流系统中的应用

针对传统Z源风力发电变流系统机侧定子电流畸变严重,Z源网络电感电流纹波大的缺点,该文提出一种半准Z源逆变器(half quasi-Z-source inverter,H-q ZSI),并将其应用于直驱永磁风力发电系统。阐述H-q ZSI电感电流连续时的工作原理,得出升压因子与直通占空比的关系。当H-q ZSI处于直通状态时,加在各输入电感上的电流仅由相电压瞬时值决定,改善机侧电流与机侧电压的非线性关系,从而降低发电机定子电流谐波。通过分析准Z源逆变器和H-q ZSI输入电感电流纹波的产生机理,得出相同系统参数下,与准Z源逆变器相比,H-q ZSI的输入电感电流纹波有效减小。最后通过仿真与实验验证理论分析的正确性。

应用于小型风力发电系统的Buck电路

提出了应用于小型风力发电系统的Buck电路结构。采用几何参数法(K-G法)设计电感;并基于PWM开关模型,建立了Buck电路的小信号交流模型。在Matlab环境下,分别建立了Buck电路的电路仿真模型和传递函数仿真模型,并利用该模型构建了以蓄电池和电阻为负载的风电系统模型。对蓄电池恒压和浮充充电的仿真结果表明,Buck电路能满足风电系统功率控制的要求。

兆瓦级双馈风力发电机转子励磁变频器输入电抗器参数选择的研究

针对兆瓦级双馈风力发电机转子励磁变频器的特点 ,本文首先将双PWM交 -直 -交变频器的主电路拓扑进行了等效 ,然后对等效后变频器的模型进行傅立叶分析 ,得出了系统的连续的高频数学模型。在此基础上 ,推导出了在一定的电流输入纹波系数的要求下 ,变频器输入电抗器参数的选择范围。

同步电感提取技术在压电风能采集装置中的应用

虽然同步电感能量提取技术(SSHI)能够显著提高压电能量采集装置的采集效率,但需要额外的位移传感器对压电片的动作状态进行检测,在压电片发生复杂形变时此方法不适用。为了提升俘能电路在非线性激励下的工作效率,本文基于小旗式压电风能采集装置,设计了一种新型自供电、自感知式同步电感能量采集接口电路,该电路可以根据压电片输出的电压判断压电片的形变量,实现同步电感开关的自动控制。同时,利用Multisim电路仿真软件,对标准接口电路及新型接口电路进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,新型接口电路能够有效提高俘能电路在非线性激励下的能量俘获效率,与传统俘能电路相比,新型俘能电路可以使输出功率提升30%。该研究为非线性俘能电路的设计提供了理论依据。

Field validation of generic wind park models using fault records

A challenge faced by protection and planning engineers is the development and validation of accurate wind turbine generator(WTG)models to study the impact of increasing wind integration on system protection.Thispaper is on the experimental validation of a generic electromagnetic transient-type(EMT-type)model of aggregated WTGs or wind parks suitable for transient studies.The phasor domain equivalent of the generic model,suitable for protection tools based on steady-state solvers,is also considered.The model has been validated using two sets of actual relay records for the fault response of two wind parks consisting of Type-III WTGs and connected to115 kV and 230 kV transmission systems.The objective is to show that the generic model can reproduce the actual fault response in simulations,and protection engineers can obtain accurate models of wind parks using fault records.A distinctive characteristic of a WTG is its substantially different negative sequence fault current contribution compared to a synchronous generator.The paper shows that the generic model provides enough options to reproduce the negative sequence behavior and hence is suitable for fault studies involving negative sequence-based protection.