Coordinated Rotor-Side Control Strategy for Doubly-FedWind Turbine under Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Grid Faults

In order to solve the problems of rotor overvoltage,overcurrent and DC side voltage rise caused by grid voltage drops,a coordinated control strategy based on symmetrical and asymmetrical low voltage ride through of rotor side converter of the doubly-fed generator is proposed.When the power grid voltage drops symmetrically,the generator approximate equation under steady-state conditions is no longer applicable.Considering the dynamic process of stator current excitation,according to the change of stator flux and the depth of voltage drop,the system can dynamically provide reactive power support for parallel nodes and suppress the rise of DC side voltage and rotor over-current.When the grid voltage drops asymmetrically,the positive and negative sequence components are separated in the rotating coordinate system.The doubly fed generator model is established to suppress the rotor positive sequence current and negative sequence current respectively.At the same time,the output voltage limit of the converter is discussed,and the reference value is adjusted within the allowable output voltage range.In order to adapt to the occurrence of different types of power grid faults and complex operating conditions,a fast switching module of fault type detection and rotor control mode is designed to detect the type of power grid faults and voltage drop depth in real time and switch the rotor side control mode dynamically.Finally,the simulation model of the doubly fed wind turbine is constructed in Matlab/Simulink.The simulation results verify that the proposed control strategy can improve the low-voltage ride through performance of the system when dealing with the symmetrical and asymmetric voltage drop of the power grid and identify the power grid fault type and provide the correct control strategy.

PI-MPC Frequency Control of Power System in the Presence of DFIG Wind Turbines

For the recent expansion of renewable energy applications, Wind Energy System (WES) is receiving much interest all over the world. However, area load change and abnormal conditions lead to mismatches in frequency and scheduled power interchanges between areas. These mismatches have to be corrected by the LFC system. This paper, therefore, proposes a new robust frequency control technique involving the combination of conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) and Model Predictive Control (MPC) controllers in the presence of wind turbines (WT). The PI-MPC technique has been designed such that the effect of the uncertainty due to governor and turbine parameters variation and load disturbance is reduced. A frequency response dynamic model of a single-area power system with an aggregated generator unit is introduced, and physical constraints of the governors and turbines are considered. The proposed technique is tested on the single-area power system, for enhancement of the network frequency quality. The validity of the proposed method is evaluated by computer simulation analyses using Matlab Simulink. The results show that, with the proposed PI-MPC combination technique, the overall closed loop system performance demonstrated robustness regardless of the presence of uncertainties due to variations of the parameters of governors and turbines, and loads disturbances. A performance comparison between the proposed control scheme, the classical PI control scheme and the MPC is carried out confirming the superiority of the proposed technique in presence of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) WT.

Dynamic modelling and robust current control of wind-turbine driven DFIG during external AC voltage dip

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator （DFIG）, with vector control applied, is widely used in Variable-Speed Constant- Frequency （VSCF） wind energy generation system and shows good performance in maximum wind energy capture. But in two traditional vector control schemes, the equivalent stator magnetizing current is considered invariant in order to simplify the rotor current inner-loop controller. The two schemes can perform very well when the grid is in normal condition. However, when grid disturbance such as grid voltage dip or swell fault occurs, the control performance worsens, the rotor over current occurs and the Fault Ride-Through （FRT） capability of the DFIG wind energy generation system gets seriously deteriorated. An accurate DFIG model was used to deeply investigate the deficiency of the traditional vector control. The improved control schemes of two typical traditional vector control schemes used in DFIG were proposed, and simulation study of the proposed and traditional control schemes, with robust rotor current control using Internal Model Control （IMC） method, was carded out. The validity of the proposed modified schemes to control the rotor current and to improve the FRT capability of the DFIG wind energy generation system was proved by the comparison study.

Dynamic modeling and direct power control of wind turbine driven DFIG under unbalanced network voltage conditions

This paper proposes an analysis and a direct power control (DPC) design of a wind turbine driven doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) under unbalanced network voltage conditions. A DFIG model described in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames is presented. Variations of the stator output active and reactive powers are fully deduced in the presence of negative sequence supply voltage and rotor flux. An enhanced DPC scheme is proposed to eliminate stator active power oscillation during network unbalance. The proposed control scheme removes rotor current regulators and the decomposition processing of positive and negative sequence rotor currents. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC are presented on a 2-MW DFIG wind power generation system to validate the feasibility of the proposed control scheme under balanced and unbalanced network conditions.

An analytic electromagnetic calculation method for performance evolution of doubly fed induction generators for wind turbines

An analytic electromagnetic calculation method for doubly fed induction generator(DFIG) in wind turbine system was presented. Based on the operation principles, steady state equivalent circuit and basic equations of DFIG, the modeling for electromagnetic calculation of DFIG was proposed. The electromagnetic calculation of DFIG was divided into three steps: the magnetic flux calculation, parameters derivation and performance checks. For each step, the detailed numeric calculation formulas were all derived. Combining the calculation formulas, the whole electromagnetic calculation procedure was established, which consisted of three iterative calculation loops, including magnetic saturation coefficient, electromotive force and total output power. All of the electromagnetic and performance data of DIFG can be calculated conveniently by the established calculation procedure, which can be used to evaluate the new designed machine. A 1.5 MW DFIG designed by the proposed procedure was built, for which the whole type tests including no-load test, load test and temperature rising test were carried out. The test results have shown that the DFIG satisfies technical requirements and the test data fit well with the calculation results which prove the correctness of the presented calculation method.

A Sliding Mode Approach to Enhance the Power Quality of Wind Turbines Under Unbalanced Voltage Conditions

An integral terminal sliding mode-based control design is proposed in this paper to enhance the power quality of wind turbines under unbalanced voltage conditions. The design combines the robustness, fast response, and high quality transient characteristics of the integral terminal sliding mode control with the estimation properties of disturbance observers. The controller gains were auto-tuned using a fuzzy logic approach.The effectiveness of the proposed design was assessed under deep voltage sag conditions and parameter variations. Its dynamic response was also compared to that of a standard SMC approach.The performance analysis and simulation results confirmed the ability of the proposed approach to maintain the active power,currents, DC-link voltage and electromagnetic torque within their acceptable ranges even under the most severe unbalanced voltage conditions. It was also shown to be robust to uncertainties and parameter variations, while effectively mitigating chattering in comparison with the standard SMC.

A novel control strategy of a variable-speed doubly-fed-induction-generator-based wind energy conversion system

This paper aims to address the issue of control of a variable-speed wind turbine based on doubly-fed induction generators. In this work,an effort is made to extract the maximum efficiency from a doubly-fed induction generator-based variable-speed wind turbine by controlling the rotor current. In the first step, a maximum power point tracking technique is used to extract the maximum power from theturbine. Then a stator-flux-oriented vector control strategy is employed to control the rotor-side current. Subsequently, a grid voltagevector-oriented control strategy is used to control the grid-side system of the grid-connected generator. Considering the nonlinearityand parameter uncertainty of the system, an active disturbance rejection controller with a sliding-mode-based extended-state observeris developed for the above-mentioned control strategies. Furthermore, the stability of the controller is tested and the performance of thecontroller is compared with the classical proportional-integral controller based on disturbance rejection, robustness and tracking capability in a highly non-linear wind speed variation scenario. Modelling, control and comparison are conducted in the MATLAB®/Simulink®environment. Finally, a real-time hardware set-up is presented using the dSPACE ds-1104 R&D processing board to validate the controlscheme. From the result of the experiments, it is seen that the proposed controller takes 10-15 control cycles to settle to its steady-statevalues, depending on the control loop, whereas the conventional proportional-integral controller takes 60-75 control cycles. As a result,the settling time for the proposed control scheme is shorter than that of the proportional-integral controller.

Model of DFIG Wind Farm and Study on Its LVRT Capability

As a typical clean and renewable energy, wind power is becoming more and more widely used in electrical industry. However, its characteristics of random and intermittent have brought serious problems to the power system, such as voltage fluctuation and insufficient reactive power. Based on the K-means clustering algorithm, this paper classifies the doubly-fed induction generators （DFIG） according to the operation of propeller pitch angle control. At the same time, to obtain the optimal parameter, advanced particle swarm optimization （PSO） is used. Then the dynamic model of DFIG under the network fault condition is built. What is more, the role that crowbar circuit plays in low voltage ride through （LVRT） is discussed. Finally, simulations in DigSILENT verify the model.

考虑相位跳变的双馈风电机组低电压穿越特性分析与暂态过电压抑制

基于双馈感应发电机(DFIG)并网模型,首先分析电网短路故障后DFIG机端电压相位跳变特征;其次通过分析锁相环(PLL)在电压相位跳变下的暂态响应特性,揭示故障恢复后暂态过电压形成机理,并在此基础上,分析了考虑相位跳变时PLL锁相误差对风电机组低电压穿越特性的影响;最后根据故障恢复时刻电压相位跳变特性提出对转子侧变流器(RSC)以及锁相环的改进控制策略,实现风电机组对暂态过电压的主动抑制,提高风电送出系统的稳定性。

基于DFIG风电机系统频率波动特征的惯性动态响应控制策略

现有双控风电机组在发电时的频率往往与电网频率解耦,致使风电机组本身缺乏自主参与电网调频的能力,对此提出一种基于DFIG风电机系统频率波动特征的惯性动态响应控制策略。该策略通过在风电机组控制环节添加频率-功率控制模块,使风电机组能有效针对电力系统频率的波动输出功率,达到控制风机功率的目的,在一定程度上避免了电力系统内部频率突变使电网能量传输失衡的现象。仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的可行性和有效性。

含DFIG风机的电力系统次同步谐振附加阻尼控制器设计

为抑制双馈异步风机经串联补偿线路并网导致的次同步谐振(SSR),基于阻抗分析的奈奎斯特稳定判据设计了相应的次同步谐振阻尼控制器(SSRDC)。该附加控制器以风机转速偏差作为反馈输入信号引入转子变流器控制的内环中,采用典型的超前-滞后校正模型。以附加SSRDC引入系统后带来好的稳定效果为目的建立优化模型,并且调用粒子群优化算法求解该优化模型,得到该控制器参数。MATLAB/Simulink下的仿真结果表明附加SSRDC能够有效地抑制SSR,并且在转子侧引入附加SSRDC抑制SSR的效果明显比在定子侧引入SSRDC好,同时验证了基于阻抗法设计的附加SSRDC抑制SSR的效果比基于状态空间法设计的SSRDC更好。

DFIG型海上风电混合直流送出的控制策略

为了减少海上风电经采用电压源换流器的直流输电系统送出的系统的造价,提出的基于双馈风机的海上风电经混合直流输电送出的拓扑结构是:风电场侧换流器为电压源换流器,逆变侧换流器为电网换相换流器(LCC)。为保证系统在正常状态下稳定运行并能够对风速变化进行功率追踪,风电场侧换流站采取定交流电压和给定频率的控制,逆变侧采取定直流电压控制。同时,针对电网为弱系统时易发生连续换相失败故障,提出在LCC的控制系统中加入定关断角控制作为故障备用控制,并在定关断角控制启动时在风电场侧整流站加入定直流电压控制来抑制换相失败。在PSCAD仿真软件中模拟海上风电利用混合直流送出电能,仿真结果验证了混合直流输电系统能够跟踪风电场输出的功率变化,在交流侧故障时协调控制策略的转换能够减少换相失败的次数,保证系统恢复正常运行。

DFIG风电系统最大风能捕获的滑模变结构控制方法

提出基于滑模变结构技术的新型风力发电系统简单、实用控制方法,构建基于发电机转速和发电转矩二维平面上的滑模函数,分别设计滑模控制器的等效控制和切换控制量.将其用于定桨变速DFIG系统,使系统稳定在发电机转矩、转速的最佳工作点领域,实现转矩转速的优化控制及稳定跟踪.仿真结果表明,该方法控制性能良好,能实现风能的最大捕获,具有更好的风能利用效率,验证了所提模型的正确性和控制方法的有效性.

不同DFIG接入比的并网系统暂态稳定性分析

虽然风电在电力系统所占比重越来越大,但对风电接入比对电力系统的影响研究并不特别充分,因此通过分析双馈风力发电机的暂态特性来探究不同双馈风力发电机接入比对并网系统的暂态稳定性的影响。使用电力系统分析仿真软件(PSASP),并基于PSASP中算例36节点选择不同双馈风力发电机组接入比,探究其暂态稳定性,得出了不同接入比下对系统稳定性影响的结果。

基于转子动能和变桨距控制的DFIG功率平滑控制

大规模风力发电并网已经是新能源发展的必然趋势,但由于风能的不确定性以及风电机组自身特性,风机输出功率波动性较大。在传统的最大风能追踪控制策略(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)的基础上提出了一种在全风速范围内转子动能控制和变桨距控制相结合的功率平滑控制策略,在实验室开发的风力发电机组半物理实时仿真平台上进行仿真研究,结果表明,与传统的MPPT相比,该功率平滑控制策略可以明显减小风机的输出功率波动,提高电能质量。

电网电压不对称跌落下DFIG的双dq粒子群优化控制

为了改善DFIG机组的故障穿越能力,首先分析了故障下DFIG机组的动态变化过程。针对电网电压不对称跌落中的单相电压跌落,在Simulink环境下搭建了基于双d-q正、负序分解的改进转子侧及网侧变换器模型,应用粒子群算法对PI调节器的参数进行全局优化,并将传统的控制策略与改进控制策略进行仿真对比。仿真结果表明,在跌落后电压k值范围为0.45~1p.u.内,改进的控制策略可以有效地抑制有功、无功的二倍频波动,增强机组对电网故障冲击承受能力,提高DFIG机组运行的稳定性。

Transient Characteristics and Quantitative Analysis of Electromotive Force for DFIG-based Wind Turbines during Grid Faults

For doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind turbines(WTs),various advanced control schemes have been proposed to achieve the low voltage ride through(LVRT)capability,whose parameters design is significantly reliant on the rotor electromotive force(EMF)of DFIG-based WTs.However,the influence of the rotor current on EMF is usually ignored in existing studies,which cannot fully reflect the transient characteristics of EMF.To tackle with this issue,this study presents a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of EMF during grid faults considering various control modes.First,the DFIG model under grid faults is established.Subsequently,the transient characteristics of EMF are analyzed under different control modes(that is,rotor open-circuit and connected to converter).Furthermore,the EMF transient eigenvolumes(that is,accessorial resistance item,transient decay time constant,and frequency offset)are quantitatively analyzed with the typical parameters of MW-level DFIG-based WT.The analysis results contribute to the design of the LVRT control scheme.Finally,the analysis is validated by the hardware-in-the-loop experiments.

Overview of Sub-synchronous Oscillation in Wind Power System

Nowadays with the improvement in the degree of emphasis on new energy, the wind power system has developed more and more rapidly over the world. Usually the wind plants are located in the remote areas which are far from the load centers. Generally series compensated AC transmission and high voltage DC transmission are made use of to improve the transmission capacity as two main effective ways which can solve the problem of large scale wind power transmission. The paper describes the three kinds of impact varieties and impact mechanisms in the sub-synchronous oscillation phenomena of wind power system based on doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind generators. At last, we point out the important problem that should be stressed in the wind power system.

Internal electrical fault detection techniques in DFIG-based wind turbines: a review

The keys factor in making wind power one of the main power sources to meet the world’s growing energy demands is the reliability improvement of wind turbines(WTs).However,the eventuality of fault occurrence on WT com-ponents cannot be avoided,especially for doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)based WTs,which are operating in severe environments.The maintenance need increases due to unexpected faults,which in turn leads to higher operating cost and poor reliability.Extensive investigation into DFIG internal fault detection techniques has been carried out in the last decade.This paper presents a detailed review of these techniques.It discusses the methods that can be used to detect internal electrical faults in a DFIG stator,rotor,or both.A novel sorting technique is presented which takes into consideration different parameters such as fault location,detection technique,and DFIG modelling.The main mathematical representation used to detect these faults is presented to allow an easier and faster under-standing of each method.In addition,a comparison is carried out in every section to illustrate the main differences,advantages,and disadvantages of every method and/or model.Some real monitoring systems available in the market are presented.Finally,recommendations for the challenges,future work,and main gaps in the field of internal faults in a DFIG are presented.This review is organized in a tutorial manner,to be an effective guide for future research for enhancing the reliability of DFIG-based WTs.