Numerical simulation of downhole temperature distribution in producing oil wells

An improved numerical simulation method is presented to calculate the downhole temperature distribution for multiple pay zones in producing oil wells. Based on hydrodynamics and heat transfer theory, a 2-D temperature field model in cylindrical coordinates is developed. In the model, we considered general heat conduction as well as the heat convection due to fluid flow from porous formation to the borehole. We also take into account the fluid velocity variation in the wellbore due to multiple pay zones. We present coupled boundary conditions at the interfaces between the wellbore and adjacent formation, the wellbore and pay zone, and the pay zone and adjacent formation. Finally, an alternating direction implicit difference method （ADI） is used to solve the temperature model for the downhole temperature distribution. The comparison of modeled temperature curve with actual temperature log indicates that simulation result is in general quite similar to the actual temperature log. We found that the total production rate, production time, porosity, thickness of pay zones, and geothermal gradient, all have effects on the downhole temperature distribution.

基于Downhole工艺的海底静力触探及其设备研制

论述基于Downhole CPT的海底静力触探工艺和实施方案,并在此基础上研制了适用于水深10～100 m,触探最大深度120 m的海底静力触探设备。对设备中的管内锥探总成、海底机座以及推进速度控制策略等核心问题进行了探讨。码头与海底试验中,触探数据结果与钻探取样基本符合,验证了工艺方案与触探设备达到了预期的工艺要求。

Numerical simulation of surface and downholedeformation induced by hydraulic fracturing

Tiltmeter mapping technology infers hydraulic fracture geometry by measuringfracture-induced rock deformation, which recorded by highly sensitive tiltmeters placed atthe surface and in nearby observation wells. By referencing Okada＇s linear elastic theory andGreen＇s function method, we simulate and analyze the surface and downhole deformationcaused by hydraulic fracturing using the homogeneous elastic half-space model and layeredelastic model. Simulation results suggest that there is not much difference in the surfacedeformation patterns between the two models, but there is a significant difference in thedownhole deformation patterns when hydraulic fracturing penetrates a stratum. In suchcases, it is not suitable to assume uniform elastic half-space when calculating the downholedeformation. This work may improve the accuracy and reliability of the inversion results oftiltmeter monitoring data.

Using the curve moment and the PSO-SVM method to diagnose downhole conditions of a sucker rod pumping unit

Downhole working conditions of sucker rod pumping wells are automatically identified on a computer from the analysis of dynamometer cards. In this process, extraction of feature parameters and pattern classification are two key steps. The dynamometer card is firstly divided into four parts which include different production information according to the ＂four point method＂ used in actual oilfield production, and then the moment invariants for pattern recognition are extracted. An improved support vector machine （SVM） method is used for pattern classification whose error penalty parameter C and kernel function parameter g are optimally chosen by the particle swarm optimization （PSO） algorithm. The simulation results show the method proposed in this paper has good classification results.

Downhole Microseismic Source Location Based on a Multi-Dimensional DIRECT Algorithm for Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoir Exploration

Downhole microseismic data has the significant advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio and well-developed P and S waves and the core component of microseismic monitoring is microseismic event location associated with hydraulic fracturing in a relatively high confidence level and accuracy.In this study,we present a multidimensional DIRECT inversion method for microseismic locations and applicability tests over modeling data based on a downhole microseismic monitoring system.Synthetic tests inidcate that the objective function of locations can be defined as a multi-dimensional matrix space by employing the global optimization DIRECT algorithm,because it can be run without the initial value and objective function derivation,and the discretely scattered objective points lead to an expeditious contraction of objective functions in each dimension.This study shows that the DIRECT algorithm can be extensively applied in real downhole microseismic monitoring data from hydraulic fracturing completions.Therefore,the methodology,based on a multidimensional DIRECT algorithm,can provide significant high accuracy and convergent efficiency as well as robust computation for interpretable spatiotemporal microseismic evolution,which is more suitable for real-time processing of a large amount of downhole microseismic monitoring data.

Study of Structural Parameters of the Inlet of Downhole Hydrocyclones

Three different inlets of hydrocyclone are studied in combination with the construction of a dowrahole system and hydrocyclone. By comparing the relationship between the inlet structure ＆ dimensional parameter of hydrocyclone and separation efficiency ＆ pressure loss, the highest efficiency is obtained from the inlet of an involute curve with increasing depth-width ratio from the three types, in which the separation efficiency and pressure loss all drops slowly, for the length of the channel decreases, while it drops rapidly in the other two. The flow guiding ability of the inlet affects the separation efficiency greatly, so the corresponding involute type of inlet of hydrocyclone fits for downhole oil-water separation is optimized, which serves as a basis for the structural design of downhole hydrocyclone.

Study on the Source Characteristics of Downhole Airgun with Different Excitation Environments

The measurement of underground medium variation using a repeated artificial source has gradually become an important goal to pursue. In recent years,we have developed and improved a technology system with large capacity airguns excited in land reservoirs by transplanting marine seismic exploration technology. The excitation effect has a close relationship to airgun capacity,water environment,and excitation conditions. In view that large capacity airgun must be excited without a water environment,we expand the system to use in downhole. Based on the BHS-2200 LL downhole airgun with a capacity of250in3,this paper carries out a comparative analysis on the characteristics of an airgun source excited in 0. 2m- and 5. 0m-diameter wells,and the results show that:( 1) The dominant frequency of the airgun signal excited in a 5. 0m well is mainly from 10 Hz to40Hz,lower than that in a 0. 2m well,and the larger body of water is good for bubble oscillation.( 2) In terms of exciting energy,the signal excited in a 5. 0m well has stronger energy than in a 0. 2m well,with a difference of 1 order in magnitude,and the signal can be detected up to 9km excited in a 5. 0m well with a single shot.( 3) The airgun signal has good repeatability in both excitation wells. The downhole airgun excitation technology system has potential application in dynamic monitoring near a fault zone with a small scale range, exploration of oil and mineral resources, and modern urban geophysical environment.

Design and Analysis of an Active Helical Drive Downhole Tractor

During oil-gas well drilling and completion, downhole tools and apparatus should be conveyed to the destination to complete a series of downhole works. Downhole tractors have been used to convey tools in complex wellbores, however a very large tractive force is needed to carry more downhole tools to accomplish works with high efficiency. A novel serial active helical drive downhole tractor which has significantly improved performance compared with previous work is proposed. All previously reported helical drive downhole tractors need stators to balance the torque generated by the rotator. By contrast, the proposed serial downhole tractor does not need a stator; several rotator-driven units should only be connected to one another to achieve a tractive force multifold higher than that was previously reported. As a result, the length of a single unit is shortened, and the motion flexibility of the downhole tractor is increased. The major performance indicators, namely, gear ratio, velocity, and tractive force, are analyzed. Experimental results show that the maximum tractive force of a single-unit prototype with a length of 900 mm is 165.3 kg or 1620 N. The analysis and experimental results show that the proposed design has considerable potential for downhole works.

OFDM Wireless Downhole Transmission Systems and Proposed SLM Method for PAPR Reduction

At present, mud pulse transmission systems are widely used in downhole data transmission. But the systems are very low in transmission efficiency, only 5-10 bits/s, with very large anti-inter-symbol-interference (ISI). It cannot meet high requirements for high-speed transmission of modern logging system. The development of communication technology has laid some foundation for this requirement. For this purpose, the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Wireless Downhole Transmission Systems are proposed for the first time because of their high transmission rate, anti-inter-symbol-interference (ISI), and high spectral efficiency, etc. Due to non-linear power amplifier (PA) of logging systems with limited dynamic range, the drawbacks of high peak-average power ratio (PAPR) may outweigh all the potential benefits of OFDM wireless downhole transmission systems. Selective mapping (SLM) method can reduce the PAPR of OFDM logging signals without distortion. But at the receiver, the conventional SLM method needs exact bits of side information (SI) to recover the data signal. The probability of erroneous SI detection has a significant influence on the error performance of the system. And individual transmissions of SI result in the reduction of bandwidth efficiency. To restore the exact data signal, our scheme codes the SI bits by linear block codes (LBC), and is easily decoded by syndrome decoding. And then the coding SI bits are superimposed onto the logging signals to omit SI bits transmission. The theory and simulation results show that the proposed method has better performance than the conventional one. Accordingly, the OFDM wireless downhole transmission systems can tackle the high PAPR problem, and highten the transmission rate of logging signals.

Introduction to the theory and technology on downhole control engineering and its research progress

On the basis of reviewing the development history of drilling engineering technology over a century, this paper describes the technical and scientific background of downhole control engineering, discusses its basic issues, discipline frame and main study contents, introduces the research progress of downhole control engineering in China over the past 30 years, and envisions the development direction of downhole control engineering in the future. The author proposed the study subject of well trajectory control theory and technology in 1988, and further proposed the concept of downhole control engineering in 1993. Downhole control engineering is a discipline branch, which applies the perspectives and methods of engineering control theory to solve downhole engineering control issues in oil and gas wells; meanwhile, it is an application technology field with interdisciplinarity. Downhole control engineering consists of four main aspects; primarily, investigations about dynamics of downhole system and analysis methods of control signals; secondly, designs of downhole control mechanisms and systems, research of downhole parameters collections and transmission techniques; thirdly, development of downhole control engineering products; fourthly, development of experimental methods and the laboratories. Over the past 30 years, the author and his research group have achieved a number of progress and accomplishments in the four aspects mentioned above. As a research field and a disciplinary branch of oil and gas engineering, downhole control engineering is stepping into a broader and deeper horizon.

An analysis of the uniformity of multi-fracture initiation based on downhole video imaging technology: A case study of Mahu tight conglomerate in Junggar Basin, NW China

To solve the problem that the production of Mahu conglomerate reservoir is not up to expectation after the multi-cluster plus temporary plugging fracturing technology is applied in horizontal wells, stages 2–6 in the test well MaHW6285 are selected to carry out erosion tests with different pumping parameters. The downhole video imaging technology is used to monitor the degree of perforations erosion, and then the fracture initiation and proppant distribution of each cluster are analyzed. The results showed that proppant entered 76.7% of the perforations. The proppant was mainly distributed in a few perforation clusters, and the amount of proppant entered in most of the clusters was limited. The proppant distribution in Stage 4 was relatively uniform, and the fracture initiation of each cluster in the stage is more uniform. The proppant distribution in stages 2, 3, 5, and 6 was significantly uneven, and the uniform degree of fracture initiation in each cluster is low. More than 70% of the proppant dose in the stage entered clusters near the heel end, so the addition of diverters did not promote the uniform initiation of hydraulic fractures. There was a positive correlation between the amount of proppant added and the degree of perforations erosion, and the degree of perforations erosion ranged from 15% to 352%, with an average value of 74.5%, which was far higher than the statistical results of shale reservoir tests in North America. The use of 180° phase perforation(horizontal direction) can reduce the “Phase Bias” of perforations erosion, promote uniform perforations erosion and fluid inflow. The research results provide the basis for optimizing the pumping procedure, reducing the perforation erosion and improving the success rate of diversion.

Development and prospect of downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection

This article outlines the development of downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection in China.According to the development stages,the principles,operation processes,adaptability and application status of traditional downhole data acquisition method,cable communications and testing technology,cable-controlled downhole parameter real-time monitoring communication method and downhole wireless communication technology are introduced in detail.Problems and challenges of existing technologies in downhole monitoring and data transmission technology are pointed out.According to the production requirement,the future development direction of the downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection is proposed.For the large number of wells adopting cable measuring and adjustment technology,the key is to realize the digitalization of downhole plug.For the key monitoring wells,cable-controlled communication technology needs to be improved,and downhole monitoring and data transmission technology based on composite coiled tubing needs to be developed to make the operation more convenient and reliable.For large-scale application in oil fields,downhole wireless communication technology should be developed to realize automation of measurement and adjustment.In line with ground mobile communication network,a digital communication network covering the control center,water distribution station and oil reservoir should be built quickly to provide technical support for the digitization of reservoir development.

A Mathematical Model and a Method for the Calculation of the Downhole Pressure in Composite-Perforation Technological Processes

Using the conservation equations for mass,momentum and energy,a model is elaborated to describe the dynamics of high-energy gases in composite-perforation technological processes.The model includes a precise representation of the gunpowder combustion and related killing fluid displacement.Through numerical solution of such equations,the pressure distribution of the high-energy gas in fractures is obtained,and used to determine crack propagation.The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing the simulation results with actual measurements.

Response characteristics of drill-string guided wave in downhole acoustic telemetry

Modeling of a drill-string acoustic channel has been an important topic in downhole telemetry for a long time.The propagation of drill-string guided waves in the borehole contains excitation,attenuation,and mode conversion issues that have not been considered by existing modeling methods.In this article,we formulate a hybrid modeling method to investigate the response characteristics of a fundamental-mode drill-string wave in various borehole environments.This hybrid method provides channel functions,including transmitting and receiving deployments,periodicity of the structure,and formation property changes.The essential physics of the drill-string wave propagation is captured with a one-dimensional model.The analytical solutions of the wavefield in multilayered cylindrical structures are introduced into a propagation matrix to express drill-string-wave interactions with the borehole environments.The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed through comparison with the finite-difference method.In addition,by designing numerical models,we investigate the conversion effect of the drill-string wave at the tool joint.We demonstrate that the conversion intensity of the drill-string wave is positively correlated not only with the cross-sectional area of the tool joint but also with the wave impedance of the outer formation.Hard formation outside the borehole reduces the energy leakage while intensifying the conversion of drill-string waves to Stoneley waves,and the opposite is true for the drill string in an infinite fluid.The converted Stoneley waves interfere with the drill-string waves,resulting in variations of bandgap distribution,which challenges the reliability of the data transmission.

Downhole microseismic data reconstruction and imaging based on combination of spline interpolation and curveletsparse constrained interpolation

When cause of the aliasing lack probl using borehole sensors and microseimic events to image, spatial aliasing often occurred be- of sensors underground and the distance between the sensors which were too large. To solve em, data reconstruction is often needed. Curvelet transform sparsity constrained inversion was widely used in the seismic data reconstruction field for its anisotropic, muhiscale and local basis. However, for the downhole ease, because the number of sampling point is mueh larger than the number of the sensors, the advantage of the cnrvelet basis can＇t perform very well. To mitigate the problem, the method that joints spline and curvlet-based compressive sensing was proposed. First, we applied the spline interpolation to the first arri- vals that to be interpolated. And the events are moved to a certain direction, such as horizontal, which can be represented by the curvelet basis sparsely. Under the spasity condition, curvelet-based compressive sensing was applied for the data, and directional filter was also used to mute the near vertical noises. After that, the events were shifted to the spline line to finish the interpolation workflow. The method was applied to a synthetic mod- el, and better result was presented than using curvelet transform interpolation directly. We applied the method to a real dataset, a mieroseismic downhole observation field data in Nanyang, using Kirchhoff migration method to image the microseimic event. Compared with the origin data, artifacts were suppressed on a certain degree.

钻探多参数孔底自动监测仪研制

目前,钻探钻进过程中的钻压、转速、扭矩、环空冲洗液压力等参数主要是在地表钻机、泥浆泵等设备及泥浆循环系统处采集,受孔深、孔身轨迹、钻孔结构、泥浆性能、钻具刺漏、钻头类型、钻进方法、地层等多种因素的影响,地表测得参数与孔底近钻头处真实参数存在较大差异。针对这一行业难题,开展了孔底钻进参数自动测量系统结构设计、传感器优选、数据储存与传输、软件开发等关键技术的研究与试验,成功研制出一套钻探多参数孔底自动监测仪。该仪器能够自动测量近钻头部位的钻压、扭矩、转速、钻具内压力、环空压力、孔斜、温度等7项指标,在山西某煤层气调查井的2895.56~2902.69 m井段进行了生产试验验证,共导出测量数据39214组,仪器安全性及可靠性满足设计要求,通过对测量数据进行分析,可以根据实际钻遇地层情况调节钻压、泵量等钻进工艺参数,以提高钻进效率。

潜孔钻机随钻参数对钻孔效率的影响研究

潜孔钻机通过冲击力、轴力和扭矩共同作用进行凿岩,其钻孔效率严重依赖于各工作参数的选择。因此,本文利用自主研发的潜孔钻机随钻测量系统,通过采集钻孔过程中的随钻参数,分析了推进力、扭矩、风压、冲击频率等8个工作参数对冲击钻孔效率的影响。基于潜孔钻机的凿岩特性,设计了正交试验并进行了现场钻孔测试,揭示了主要影响钻孔效率的随钻参数分别为风压、冲击频率和轴力。此外,笔者发现,在不同风压条件下,轴力与钻进速度之间存在最佳匹配值;而在不同轴力水平下,风压与碎岩比功之间存在反比例关系。基于钻速和碎岩比功这两个评价指标,确定了轴力为10.5 kN、风压为1.75 MPa、冲击频率为26 Hz时的最优钻孔参数组合。研究结果可为潜孔钻机钻孔工艺的优化、提高生产效率及降低生产成本提供理论参考。

页岩气笼套式节流阀两相流动预测模型生产数据优化

针对笼套式节流阀两相流动模型数据分析中存在的数据拟合工作量大、精度差等问题,开展了基于现场数据驱动的笼套式节流阀两相流动预测模型研究。通过气液两相嘴流的临界压力比值判断气井的临界状态,根据井口油压、套压、节流阀开度等实际工况的生产数据,提出了多元数据拟合方法并编制专用计算软件,实现了快速计算出等效油嘴直径的功能;建立笼套式结构节流阀的气液两相流动优化模型,预测精度高达85%以上;通过分析临界状态节流阀拟合数据与亚临界状态节流阀拟合数据,掌握笼套式节流阀的气液两相流动规律。该研究结果对改善目前页岩气井的生产与开发效果起着关键性的作用,提高了气田的开发水平,提升了其经济和社会效益。

油气井井下切割技术发展现状及趋势

油气开发后期,退役井数量急剧增加,完井修井作业中套管磨损、卡钻等问题突出,退役经济耗费显著增加。为最大限度减少卡钻和退役经济耗费,有必要开展新型套管切割技术及装备的研发与应用。首先,总结了现阶段井下管柱切割技术的主要类型、工作原理和配套装备,包括机械切割、磨料射流切割、聚能切割、化学切割、电弧切割以及激光切割;对比机械切割、磨料射流切割以及特种切割方式的技术发展现状和趋势,分析上述切割方式的工程应用及优缺点;在此基础上,提出面向高效套管切割工程需求的主要切割技术及工具。结合目前切割技术及工具的发展现状,对未来井下管柱切割技术给出优化割刀性能、加强磨料射流切割的控制、研制新型切割工具及切割工具智能化等建议。