Improving the UV-light stability of silicon heterojunction solar cells through plasmon-enhanced luminescence downshifting of YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)nanophosphors decorated with Ag nanoparticles

The ultraviolet(UV)light stability of silicon heterojunction(SHJ)solar cells should be addressed before large-scale production and applications.Introducing downshifting(DS)nanophosphors on top of solar cells that can convert UV light to visible light may reduce UV-induced degradation(UVID)without sacrificing the power conversion efficiency(PCE).Herein,a novel composite DS nanomaterial composed of YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)nanoparticles(NPs)and AgNPs was synthesized and introduced onto the incident light side of industrial SHJ solar cells to achieve UV shielding.The YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)NPs and Ag NPs were synthesized via a sol-gel method and a wet chemical reduction method,respectively.Then,a composite structure of the YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)NPs decorated with Ag NPs was synthesized by an ultrasonic method.The emission intensities of the YVO_(4):Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+)nanophosphors were significantly enhanced upon decoration with an appropriate amount of~20 nm Ag NPs due to the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)effect.Upon the introduction of LSPR-enhanced downshifting,the SHJ solar cells exhibited an~0.54%relative decrease in PCE degradation under UV irradiation with a cumulative dose of 45 k W h compared to their counterparts,suggesting excellent potential for application in UV-light stability enhancement of solar cells or modules.

On the Downshift of Wave Frequency for Bragg Resonance

For surface gravity waves propagating over a horizontal bottom that consists of a patch of sinusoidal ripples,strong wave reflection occurs under the Bragg resonance condition.The critical wave frequency,at which the peak reflection coefficient is obtained,has been observed in both physical experiments and direct numerical simulations to be downshifted from the well-known theoretical prediction.It has long been speculated that the downshift may be attributed to higher-order rippled bottom and free-surface boundary effects,but the intrinsic mechanism remains unclear.By a regular perturbation analysis,we derive the theoretical solution of frequency downshift due to third-order nonlinear effects of both bottom and free-surface boundaries.It is found that the bottom nonlinearity plays the dominant role in frequency downshift while the free-surface nonlinearity actually causes frequency upshift.The frequency downshift/upshift has a quadratic dependence in the bottom/free-surface steepness.Polychromatic bottom leads to a larger frequency downshift relative to the monochromatic bottom.In addition,direct numerical simulations based on the high-order spectral method are conducted to validate the present theory.The theoretical solution of frequency downshift compares well with the numerical simulations and available experimental data.

Lanthanide-based downshifting layers tested in a solar car race

The mismatch between the AM1.5G spectrum and the photovoltaic (PV) cells absorption is one of the most limiting factors for PV performance.To overcome this constraint through the enhancement of solar energy harvesting,luminescent downshifting (LDS) layers are very promising to shape the incident sunlight and,thus,we report here the use of Tb^3+- and Eu^3+-doped organic-inorganic hybrid materials as LDS layers on Si PV cells.Electrical measurements on the PV cell,done before and after the deposition of the LDS layers,confirm the positive effect of the coatings on the cell’s performance in the UV spectral region.The maximum delivered power and the maximum absolute external quantum efficiency increased 14% and 27%,respectively.Moreover,a solar powered car race was organized in which the small vehicle containing the coated PV cells presented a relative increase of 9% in the velocity,when compared to that with the uncoated one.

Microwave frequency downshift in the time-varying collision plasma

Microwave frequency downshift in the time-varying collision plasma has been demonstrated by particle-in-cell simulations.The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical analysis,and the preconditions for microwave frequency downshift are that the collision frequency needs to be greater than the incident wave frequency,and the plasma frequency is two times greater than the incident wave frequency.Finally,the simulation results are compared with the reported experimental results indicating good agreement.

ZnSe quantum dots downshifting layer for perovskite solar cells

To date, the instability of organometal halide perovskite solar cells（PSCs） has become the focus issue that limits the development and long-term application of PSCs. Both the ultraviolet（UV） rays in sunlight and moisture in air can significantly accelerate the disintegration of the perovskite. Here, we introduced a Zn Se quantum dots layer as downshifting materials, which was spin-coated onto the backside of PSCs.This layer converted the UV rays into visible light to prevent the destruction of PSCs as well as increase the light harvesting of the perovskite layer. Under the UV irradiation in the moisture ambient（40%）, the destruction speed of the unencapsulated perovskite films were also delayed evidently. In addition, the power conversion efficiency（PCE） of the PSCs was increased from 16.6% to 17.3% due to the increase of the visible light absorbance of the perovskite.

人民调解精细化的理论逻辑与发展限度

20世纪90年代以来,我国人民调解经历了从衰落到复兴的变化,尤其是在2002年之后,人民调解案件数量持续上升并在2010年之后稳定在高位状态。而与此相伴随的,则是同一时期人民调解组织和调解人员的持续减少以及调解员解纷比率的不断上升。这种现象的形成与近年来人民调解的“精细化”发展密切相关。人民调解的精细化主要表现在组织结构的精密化、纠纷处置的网格化、解纷技艺的专业化和调解过程的精致化等方面。矛盾纠纷复杂化与人民解纷需求转变、社会治理理论的发展以及网络信息技术的应用等是造成人民调解精细化发展的重要动因。人民调解的精细化发展顺应了治理重心下移的要求,促进了调解效能的提升,为人民调解的转型提供了可供选择的方向,而受到制度内在属性、调解活动的价值理性以及资源投入边际效应等的限制,人民调解的精细化也存在着值得注意的限度。

MPC-Based Downshift Control of Automated Manual Transmissions

Automated manual transmissions,which usually adopt synchronizers to complete the gear shift process,have many advantageous features.However,the torque interruption and the challenging control objectives during the gear shift process limit its industrial application,especially for the power-on gear downshift.This paper proposes a model predic-tive control(MPC)method to control the clutch engagement process and effectively shorten the torque interruption,consequently enhancing the gear downshift quality.During the control law deduction,the proposed MPC also accounts for time-domain constraints explicitly.After the control law was deduced,it was validated through simulations under two typical power-on gear downshift working scenarios.Both of the simulation results demonstrate that the controller proposed in this paper can shorten the torque interruption time during power-on gear downshifts while minimizing vehicle jerk for overall satisfactory drivability.

基于STB对DCT 4阶降挡的性能优化研究

DCT的换挡是由拨叉的预挂挡控制和离合器的换挡控制两部分组成。在动力降挡过程中,预挂挡的挂挡时间较长,且对应的离合器转矩必须降为零才能开始执行挂挡过程,在某些工况下会因为等待预挂挡造成整个换挡过程的延时,进而影响整车的加速响应,这种现象在同轴动力降挡过程中表现尤其明显。为了优化某DCT车型的4阶降挡性能,提出基于STB来优化换挡时间和提升动力响应。STB是应用于DCT的一种半动力中断的换挡方式,本文对STB的整个换挡过程与正常换挡过程做了具体的对比说明,详述其优缺点。为了弥补STB换挡会有短暂动力中断的缺陷,设计了一整套控制策略。一方面开发了针对性的Kick Down逻辑,并采用与之对应的换挡规律,因此控制多阶降挡出现的时机,让4阶降挡仅在Kick Down时触发;另一方面采用开环算法将换挡过程中的发动机转速控制转化为时间控制,当预挂挡挂上并充油完毕时,发动机转速正好达到同步。经过实车上进行对比验证,STB换挡大幅缩短了4阶降挡的换挡时间,整车动力响应得到了明显优化。

斜坡叠加起伏海床对波浪反射的修正缓坡方程有限差分解

基于修正缓坡方程,建立了方程求解的有限差分模型,研究了斜坡叠加起伏海床对波浪的反射.首先,对波浪入射平面斜坡以及水平海床上单周期、双周期正弦沙纹的反射问题进行了验证,结果与他人的数值解、解析解及实验数据吻合较好,证明了该模型的正确性.接着,讨论了抛物形斜坡的上凸高度及下凸深度,斜坡叠加单周期正弦沙纹的数量、高度及长度,斜坡叠加双周期正弦沙纹的高度对波浪反射系数的影响.结果表明,反射系数随抛物形斜坡上凸高度的增大而减小,随下凸深度的增大而增大.斜坡叠加单周期正弦沙纹对波浪反射的规律与水平海床基本一致,相比水平海床Bragg共振相位下移的幅度随沙纹数量增加,先减小后保持不变的情况,斜坡叠加沙纹共振相位下移的幅度随沙纹数量增加先减小后增大.波浪入射斜坡叠加双周期正弦沙纹地形,随叠加的两个沙纹高度分别增加,Bragg共振峰值均相应地增加,共振带宽几乎不受影响,主振峰值的相位下移幅度减小,这与单周期沙纹中随沙纹高度增加,共振相位下移幅度更大的情况相反.对比发现:当固定沙纹的数量、长度、高度,不论是水平海床还是斜坡海床,双周期正弦沙纹对波浪的反射强度以及激发的共振带宽均大于单周期正弦沙纹,共振相位下移的幅度则小于单周期沙纹;斜坡叠加正弦沙纹对波浪的反射强度要大于水平海床,零反射的现象不再存在,主振峰值的相位下移幅度较水平海床更大.

动态缺陷导致Na_(3)Sc_(2)(PO_(4))_(3):Yb^(3+),Er^(3+)材料上转换和下转移发光不同热猝灭行为研究

掺Eu^(2+)的离子导体Na_(3)Sc_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)具有优异的抗热猝灭性能,是一种很有前景的大功率照明用发光材料。然而,其负热猝灭机理仍有待深入研究。本文以Yb^(3+)/Er^(3+)的f-f跃迁上转换和下转移窄带发射而非更易受干扰的Eu^(2+)d-f跃迁发射为研究对象,旨在获得更清晰的机理。结果表明,热致缺陷/离子的动态迁移能促进高温下辐射跃迁和抑制非辐射跃迁,导致上转换发光具有显著的负热猝灭,下转移发光热猝灭较小。其中,布居速率较慢的上转换过程更容易受到时间尺度与之相当的Na^(+)/空位迁移过程的影响。本研究可为理解发光材料热猝灭机制提供另一种视角。

CaSc2O4基质中上转换发光及下转换发光的研究

稀土掺杂发光材料由于其优秀的发光特性,在生物成像、光伏太阳能电池、显示防伪等领域均展示出优秀的应用价值。基质材料的选取对发光强度有强大影响。CaSc_(2)O_(4)作为优秀的基质材料,具有较低的声子能量、较强的晶场、较近的原子距离,以及较好的物理特性和化学稳定性。文中阐述了Tm^(3+)/Yb^(3+)、Ho^(3+)/Yb^(3+)和Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)在CaSc_(2)O_(4)中的上转换发光特性,以及Tm^(3+)/Yb^(3+)和Ce^(3+)/Yb^(3+)在CaSc_(2)O_(4)中的下转换发光特性,并展示了其在高温光学测温监测和提高硅太阳能电池利用效率方面的应用潜能。

关于湿式双离合变速器多档降档超温研究与优化

湿式双离合变速器的离合器全部浸泡在变速器油液中,相比于干式双离合变速器可以更好的降低离合器的工作温度,延长离合器的使用寿命。但是对于瞬间高温工况,离合器片依然有超温的风险。文章主要对湿式双离合变速器汽车多档位动力降档过程中出现的离合器超温问题进行分析与研究,通过缩短换档时间、降低换档速差和降低换档过程中的发动机扭矩来减少摩擦功,从而避免离合器超温的风险。

离合器-离合器式自动变速器动力降档过程控制

动力降档是实现车辆快速提速、超车等的有效技术途径。在保证换档品质的前提下,实现动力降档,不仅需要自动变速器进行精确的离合器油压控制,而且需要发动机进行有效的转矩协调控制。针对由DEUTZ BF4M1013涡轮增压单体泵柴油机和Allison S2000离合器-离合器换档式液力自动变速器组成的动力传动系统,基于Lagrange方程建立换档过程的动力学模型,通过对降档过程各个阶段的详细分析,得到动力降档过程结合离合器和分离离合器的搭接控制时序以及控制油压的变化规律,制定基于涡轮轴转速闭环的发动机协调控制策略,在台架上进行试验验证。试验结果表明,动力降档过程的时间小于1 s,冲击度小于10 m/s3。制定的控制策略不仅实现了动力降档,而且保证了换档品质,能够进行工程实际应用。

自动变速器动力降挡过程控制的研究

虽然大多数车辆实际行驶时降挡过程中变速器的正向驱动转矩很小或为零,但当重型车满载爬坡时,往往须要进行动力降挡,为此,本文中对重型车动力不中断降挡控制进行研究。首先,建立动力传动系统模型,对降挡过程进行动力学分析,提出自动变速器动力降挡过程控制方法;接着,以惯性相时涡轮轴角加速度恒定作为参考模型,制定自适应控制策略,以提高控制策略的鲁棒性;最后进行满载爬坡实车试验。结果表明,动力降挡过程控制能有效提高换挡品质和车辆驾驶性能。

基于质心频移的无线电波透视层析成像

介绍了质心频移的基本理论,在频域内对信号质心频移进行了数值模拟,数值模拟表明,接收信号的质心频率向零点发生了明显的漂移,验证了质心频移理论的正确性.对正方形异常体模型进行了频谱分析,可以看出穿过异常体的信号的振幅发生了明显的变化.根据正演模拟得到的数据,利用质心频移法对模型进行了层析成像,成像结果基本反映了异常体在模型中的位置,验证了质心频移法探测工作面异常体的有效性和可行性.

短脉冲强激光在稀薄等离子体中传播时的电磁类孤立子

采用二维粒子模拟方法,研究了短脉冲强激光在稀薄等离子体中传播时电磁类孤立子的产生和时空演化过程。通过分析电磁场与等离子体波的非线性能量交换和激光场的频率谱结构等,给出了电磁类孤立子形成的基本物理图像,讨论了等离子体参数对电磁类孤立子形成的影响。模拟结果表明:类孤立子的形成是由于局部电磁波振荡频率减小至等离子体频率引起的,初始等离子体密度越高越容易形成空间局域结构。

离合器到离合器动力降挡过程控制机理研究

对汽车自动变速器离合器到离合器动力降挡过程控制机理及控制策略进行了研究.从理论上阐明了动力降挡过程两离合器之间的动力转化机理,进而提出两离合器之间实现理想动力搭接的方法,并通过仿真及实车试验进行了验证.揭示了离合器完全结合瞬间产生换挡冲击的机理,并指出减少这种冲击的策略.在机理研究的基础上提出了基于输入轴转速目标轨迹的分段控制策略,并进行了仿真和实车试验验证,结果证明了机理分析的正确性和控制策略的可行性.

基于FFD算子的衰减介质地震波模拟

本文推导了基于傅里叶有限差分(FFD)算子的衰减介质地震单程波波场传播算子,通过空间—时间域与波数—频率域之间的转化实现了衰减介质地震波场数值模拟。鉴于基于接收点波场向下延拓原理的非零炮检距正演模拟计算效率低,采用基于散射波Green函数积分解求取原理得到了叠前地震炮集记录。数值模拟结果表明,由衰减介质中FFD算子所得波场比分步傅里叶(SSF)算子所得波场具有更准确和更丰富的地层信息,特别是在地层存在陡倾角时效果更明显。针对实际资料含气储层地震同相轴下拉现象,通过井、震结合建立符合实际地质构造层位特征的理论模型,通过对正演结果的处理验证了地层强吸收导致地震反射同相轴下拉现象的解释,也为低频阴影现象的产生机制提供了一定的依据。

规则波浪与强逆流作用的实验研究

针对规则波浪在强逆流作用下的阻塞现象进行实验研究,给出了不同波况下的波高与周期沿水槽的变化。实验结果表明,波浪的频率越低,所需的阻塞流速越强;波幅离散对阻塞的影响很大,不能被忽略;对于较大的入射波高,边带不稳定性会使波浪发生频率下移,进而增大阻塞所需的流速。

带状态变量约束的自动变速器正转矩降挡控制

以单摩擦元件搭接控制动力换挡式自动变速器为例,分析了自动变速器正转矩降挡动力学过程,制定了摩擦元件与动力源转矩间的协调控制策略.以滑摩功与惯性相结束了时刻点的冲击度构造目标泛函,基于极小值原理对动力源转矩受限条件下的降挡过程惯性相进行协调控制优化.以动力源、摩擦元件转矩变化率为双控制变量,引入状态变量、控制变量的不等式约束条件,通过对该带约束条件波尔扎问题的数值求解确定惯性相最优状态变量轨迹曲线.仿真与台架试验结果表明,该方法有效减小了变速器输出轴的转矩波动,提升了动力性,改善了换挡品质.