Experimental Research and Mathematical Model of Drag Torque in Single-plate Wet Clutch

Reduction of drag torque is one of important potentials to improve transmission efficiency.Existing mathematical model of drag torque was not accurate to predict the decrease after oil film shrinking because of the difficulty in modeling the flow pattern between two plates.Flow pattern was considered as laminar flow and full oil film in the gap between two plates in traditional model.Subsequent equivalent circumferential degree model presented an improvement in oil film shrinking due to centrifugal force,but was also based on full oil film in the gap,which resulted difference between model prediction and experimental data.The objective of this paper is to develop an accurate mathematical model for the above problem by using experimental verification.An experimental apparatus was set up to test drag torque of disengaged wet clutch consisting of single friction and separate plate.A high speed camera was used to record the flow pattern through transparent quartz disk plate.The visualization of flow pattern in the clearance was investigated to evaluate the characteristics of oil film shrinking.Visual test results reveal that the oil film begins to shrink from outer radius to inner radius at the stationary plate and only flows along the rotating plate after shrinking.Meanwhile,drag torque decreases sharply due to little contact area between the stationary plate and the oil.A three-dimensional Navier-Stokes （N-S） equation based on laminar flow is presented to model the drag torque.Pressure distributions in radial and circumferential directions as well as speed distributions are deduced.The model analysis reveals that the acceleration of flow in radial direction caused by centrifugal force is the key reason for the shrinking at the constant feeding flow rate.An approach to descript flow pattern was presented on the basis of visual observation.The drag torque predicted by the model agrees well with test data for non-grooved wet clutch.The proposed model enhances the precision for predicting drag torque,and lays down a framework on which some subsequent models are developed.

Research on Drag Torque Prediction Model for the Wet Clutches

Considering the surface tension effect and centrifugal effect, a mathematical model based on Reynolds equation for predicting the drag torque of disengage wet clutches is presented. The model indicates that the equivalent radius is a function of clutch speed and flow rate. The drag torque achieves its peak at a critical speed. Above this speed, drag torque drops due to the shrinking of the oil film. The model also points out that viscosity and flow rate effects on drag torque. Experimental results indicate that the model is reason-able and it performs well for predicting the drag torque peak.

Drag Torque Prediction Model for the Wet Clutches

Reduction of drag torque in disengaged wet clutch is one of important potentials for vehicle transmission improvement. The flow of the oil film in clutch clearance is investigated. A three-dimension Navier-Stokes(N-S) equation based on laminar flow is presented to model the drag torque. Pressure and speed distribution in radial and circumferential directions are deduced. The theoretical analysis reveals that oil flow acceleration in radial direction caused by centrifugal force is the key reason for the shrinking of oil film as constant feeding flow rate. The peak drag torque occurs at the beginning of oil film shrinking. A variable is introduced to describe effective oil film area and drag torque after oil film shrinking is well evaluated with the variable. Under the working condition, tests were made to obtain drag torque curves at different clutch speed and oil viscosity. The tests confirm that simulation results agree with test data. The model performs well in the prediction of drag torque and lays a theoretical foundation to reduce it.

Mathematical Model of Drag Torque with Surface Tension in Single-Plate Wet Clutch

Reduction of drag torque in disengaged wet clutches is essential for transmission research because it is one of the potentials of e ciency improvement. Aeration of oil film between two closely rotating plates promotes the decrease of drag torque at high speed region. The e ects of surface tension and static contact angles during aeration are nonnegligible showed by test results. The traditional lubrication model does not adequately predict the experimental results with di erent surface tension and contact angles during aeration. Hence, in this present paper, contact angles between Aluminum and Teflon materials were firstly measured, and the drag torques under two di erent contact angles were examined experimentally. An improved lubrication model of drag torque based on Navier–Stokes equations at the gas-liquid interface was built. The lubrication boundary condition was modified to introduce the e ects of surface tension and contact angle. The model shows that the e ects at the beginning of aeration of oil film are significant. These e ects almost occur at stationary plate due to low Reynolds number and Weber number. The model shows that an increase in the surface tension promotes aeration, but does not a ect the peak drag torque. Increasing contact angle also promotes the aeration, and accelerates the decrease of drag torque. The larger contact angle is, the smaller the peak drag torque will be. A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model based on volume of fluid(VOF) method was presented to validate the interface shape when aeration occurs. The model prediction has a good agreement with experimental observations for Aluminum plates and Teflon plates. The modified lubrication model of drag torque gives a convenient description of the e ects of surface tension and contact angel, and lays down a frame to understand the beginning of aeration.

Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of the Drag Torque in Wet Clutches

Traditional mathematical models cannot predict and explain the phenomenon by which the drag torque(DT)in wet clutches rises in the high-speed zone.In order to evaluate the DT in such conditions,a two-phase air-fluid mathematical model for a DT with grooves was elaborated.The mathematical model was based on the theory of viscous fluid flow.A two-phase volume of fluid model was also used to investigate the distribution and volume fraction of air and fluid.Experiments on three friction plates with different grooves were conducted to validate the resulting mathematical model.It was found that the gap between plates decreased in the high-speed zone,thereby producing an increase of the DT in the high-speed zone.These results support the understanding of the physical phenomena relating to disengaged wet clutches,and provide a theoretical basis for the future improvement of drive systems.

涡旋压缩机平衡铁结构对阻力矩的影响研究

针对涡旋压缩机平衡铁随主轴旋转时产生的阻力损失问题,提出了圆角结构及机翼型结构平衡铁。运用Fluent有限元分析软件,结合滑移网格技术对平衡铁工作区域模拟,研究了3种不同结构平衡铁所受的压差阻力矩和摩擦阻力矩,对比分析了不同结构产生的阻力矩大小。结果表明:压差阻力矩占总阻力矩的90%以上,总阻力矩随转速的增大而增大;相对于样机平衡铁,前后端面为圆角的平衡铁总阻力矩减小了30%~50%之间;机翼型平衡铁总阻力矩减小了55%~65%之间。

旋转超导转子的氦气阻尼特性

超导转子磁悬浮装置可制作角速度传感器,超导转子的高速驱动是实现超导转子磁悬浮装置高精度的基础.超导转子的热损耗和径向质量偏心会使超导转子在驱动过程中热失超和共振,所以在超导转子的驱动过程中,超导球腔中需要保持定量的氦气,以此传递超导转子的产热和抑制超导转子的共振.但氦气同时会对超导转子产生阻力,影响超导转子的驱动过程.基于此开展了超导转子在氦气中的阻力矩研究,首先引入范德瓦耳斯方程分析了低温氦气的性质,提出了一种低温氦气对超导转子阻力矩的研究方法,并进行实验验证.然后基于有限元方法分析了超导转子旋转驱动的电磁结构和电磁力矩,并研究了氦气对超导转子加速过程的影响,包括临界驱动速度、超导转子的加速时间和氦气对超导转子的摩擦热等.研究结果提供了一种低温气体对旋转超导体阻力矩的研究方法,为进一步优化超导转子的驱动过程提供参考.

高速湿式离合器摩擦片表面微织构优化设计

湿式离合器是车辆传动系统核心元件,在高速分离状态下易出现摩擦片和钢片之间的碰撞摩擦,由此引起离合器带排转矩的急剧增大,影响其传动效率和可靠性。因此,本文以降低离合器高速段碰摩带排转矩为目标,对摩擦片表面微织构进行了优化设计。首先提出了摩擦片表面任意微织构形线参数化建模方法;然后选取了微织构的数量、深度、周向占比、径向占比和形线参数,构建了微织构优化的设计变量、约束条件和优化目标函数,通过将试验设计、模拟近似模型和搜索寻优相结合,建立了摩擦片表面微织构优化设计模型;最后进行了微织构优化前后的带排转矩对比试验。结果表明优化后的微织构可显著降低高速段碰摩带排转矩,并大幅推迟摩擦副高速碰摩现象出现的线速度。

空载湿式离合器临界碰摩转速影响机理分析

定义空载湿式离合器摩擦片/钢片的周期无量纲轴向位移范围λ,根据其值确定湿式离合器的临界碰摩转速。通过分析润滑油温度、供油流量、摩擦副间隙与特征量λ变化趋势的关系,得到工况参数对湿式离合器临界碰摩转速的影响规律。从力学角度出发,分析流场刚度和阻尼的变化规律,探寻摩擦片/钢片三自由度运动的影响因素,在此基础上提出流场临界刚度和临界阻尼的概念,揭示湿式离合器工况参数对其临界碰摩转速的影响机理,并进行了试验验证。研究结果表明:润滑油温度升高或摩擦副间隙增大会导致流场中的交叉刚度系数和交叉阻尼系数变大,湿式离合器的临界碰摩转速降低;供油流量增大会导致流场中的交叉刚度系数和交叉阻尼系数减小,湿式离合器的临界碰摩转速升高。

基于空化效应的带排转矩模型优化及试验测试

某重型车辆混合动力传动系统湿式制动器在非制动作业时,由于油液的黏滞作用,摩擦副产生了带排转矩,造成功率损失。为能实现含有复杂沟槽结构流场的带排转矩精准预测,针对空气提前进入流场造成预测误差的问题,提出了一种通过空化数预测空化效应体积分数来优化带排转矩模型的方法。首先,通过不同工况下的模型计算,分析了转速、流量和间隙对空化效应体积分数的影响:随着转速提升,空化效应体积分数先增大后减小;更大的流量和更小的间隙都会使空化效应体积分数的最大值增大。接着,对湿式制动器带排转矩进行了试验测试,对比分析结果显示,优化后模型的预测误差小于6%,相比未考虑空化效应的模型,平均误差减小了55%。此外,还研究了空化效应后沟槽的复杂程度对带排转矩的影响。结果表明,沟槽结构越复杂,带排转矩越小。其中,径向槽的加入对带排转矩的影响最大,可使带排转矩减小约25.9%。研究可为湿式制动器的带排转矩精准预测和摩擦片结构优化提供支持和工程实践指导。

高速湿式离合器低带排转矩参数优化设计

为了降低湿式离合器高速工况下产生的带排转矩,以某履带车辆湿式离合器为研究对象,在传统低速带排转矩模型中引入并计算了等效半径,推导了含径向槽湿式离合器高速工况下的带排转矩计算模型;建立了以离合器3个工况参数、摩擦片5个结构参数为设计变量,以最小带排转矩为优化目标的优化设计模型,基于鲸鱼优化算法(Whale Optimization Algorithm,WOA)对目标函数进行求解,优化后带排转矩减小了35.6%;并利用Simulink建立了目标函数的动态响应模型,对优化结果进行验证。结果表明,所设计优化方法有效,可为湿式离合器的结构设计和参数优化提供参考。

两挡减速箱拖曳力矩影响因素分析

为探究多因素对两挡减速箱拖曳力矩的影响程度,文章以某电驱动两挡减速箱及油品为研究对象,以逐一控制单因素的研究方法探究其对整体拖曳力矩的影响。具体是通过试验对于油量、油温及结构阻力因素进行了分析研究,得到其对拖曳力矩的影响关系。试验表明,低转速主要是系统结构零件的摩擦阻力矩;高转速主要是受油量多少的影响,即搅油阻力的影响;且温度对搅油阻力影响较大,保证适合的油温,能够较大幅度减小拖曳力矩。文章为优化阻力矩提供了方向。

Drag Characteristics Prediction for Wet Multi-Disk Brakes

To improve the characteristics of wet multi-disc brakes (WMDBs), the WMDBs of the drive axles of mining trucks were studied. A model was established to predict the phenomenon of drag characteristics during wet brake non-engagement by considering the combined effect of surface grooves, film shrinkage, and laminar Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations. The model was used to study drag torque and temperature variation of the wet brakes for different volume flows, dynamic viscosities, and friction pair clearances. The simulation results indicated that the peak torque decreased when the clearance of the friction pair increased. Additionally, the peak torque increased when the volume flow increased and when the cooling liquid dynamic viscosity increased. The model was more accurate than a traditional forecasting system when considering the role of surface grooves and oil film shrinkage in actual working conditions.

深层页岩气水平井高效破岩提速技术发展现状

目前,中国已经基本形成了经济开采中浅层页岩气的工程技术体系,正向深层迈进(大于3500 m)。深层页岩气埋藏丰富,开发潜力巨大,但深部岩石高硬度、高塑性及高研磨性等导致的钻速慢、成本高的问题极为突出。为此,介绍了深层页岩气钻井中钻头高效破岩方法及影响因素,主要包含两个方面:1)分析总结了深层页岩气水平井减摩降扭提高钻头破岩动力的高效传送技术;2)分析总结了适用于深层页岩气的强攻击、长寿命钻头和钻齿新技术、提速工具辅助钻头强化破岩参数技术及提速工具钻头一体化参数匹配提速技术,并简要阐述了几种非机械高效破岩新方法,以期为今后实现深层页岩气经济高效勘探开发提供参考。

Analysis of Impact of Disc Lateral Runout on Brake Drag

Brake drag is the main factor affecting the transmission efficiency and vehicle fuel consumption. This paper focused on analyzing the impact of assembled disc lateral runout on brake drag. First the impact mechanism of lateral disc runout on drag was analyzed theoretically. Then the brake drag torque under different assembled disc lateral runout was tested to figure out the relationship between them. And then, the influence factors on disc lateral runout were analyzed and the disc lateral runout was optimized. Finally, the vehicle resistance of the original car and the prototype with optimized brake were compared. The result shows that the vehicle resistance after optimized is reduced by 3%.

基于BP神经网络的机器人力矩补偿研究

通过对关节驱动助力减小机器人拖动示教的拖拽力,是提高拖动示教灵活性的有效方法。而在拖动示教过程中准确、实时地计算出机器人各关节补偿力矩,是实现拖拽助力的关键问题。针对拖动示教喷涂机器人进行动力学建模,分析关节力矩补偿值与惯性力、重力等因素之间的关系,提出一种基于无监督学习的BP神经网络力矩控制算法对机器人直接示教进行在线力矩补偿。在六自由度喷涂机器人上进行实验验证。结果表明:该力矩补偿算法的计算效率提升70%,平均计算误差为9%,助力效果明显。

湿式摩擦离合器多目标优化设计

湿式离合器的带排转矩影响传动装置的效率,离合器的接合转矩影响传动装置的可靠性,但在通常情况下,降低带排转矩和增大接合转矩是相互矛盾的。以湿式摩擦离合器为研究对象,以湿式离合器摩擦片内径、外径、径向槽深、径向槽宽和径向槽数、摩擦副间隙为优化设计变量,以离合器的带排转矩最小和接合转矩最大为优化目标,建立优化设计数学模型,给出了Matlab的优化工具箱求解方法;并以某压裂车变速箱离合器为实例,进行了多目标优化设计。优化后带排转矩减小了31.67%,接合转矩增加了33.51%。结果表明,所提优化方法有效,可为湿式离合器的摩擦片结构设计与参数优化提供理论参考。

湿式离合器欠约束摩擦副临界碰摩转速及带排转矩分析

带排转矩会降低湿式离合器的传动效率,缩短其使用寿命和降低其工作可靠性。目前针对湿式离合器带排转矩的研究大多基于平均间隙分布模型,但各摩擦副之间的间隙分布对带排转矩有重要影响,且获取处于工作状态的湿式离合器各摩擦副间隙分布是很困难的。因此,本文提出了一种湿式离合器各摩擦副间隙分布的仿真模拟方法,采用次序统计方法模拟各摩擦片和钢片的位置,获得各摩擦副初始间隙分布规律;在此基础上,通过仿真分析不同工况下欠约束多摩擦副系统的临界碰摩转速及带排转矩,并通过了试验验证。结果表明,在湿式离合器总间隙不变的情况下,欠约束多摩擦副系统的临碰摩转速小于基于平均间隙分布假设下的临界碰摩转速;随着湿式离合器总间隙的增加,临界碰摩转速逐渐下降;欠约束多摩擦副系统的带排转矩明显大于基于平均间隙分布假设下的带排转矩,随着湿式离合器总间隙的增加,带排转矩逐渐下降。

高线速状态湿式离合器带排转矩特性研究

为研究湿式离合器空载状态下摩擦片高线速工况带排转矩产生回升变化的机理与规律,基于流体动力学模型,考虑润滑油膜表面张力与高线速油-气两相流的影响,建立了带排转矩数学模型和带排间隙油膜VOF两相流仿真模型,对油膜的变化进行分析验证。对模型进行分析获知,摩擦片高线速下油-气两相流产生部分带排转矩是带排转矩回升的主要原因。在摩擦元件高速带排试验系统中进行了带排转矩试验,分析了旋转方向、润滑油温度、流量、带排间隙、摩擦片尺寸对湿式离合器带排转矩的影响规律。

恒钻压钻井工具设计与试验研究

随着油田开发的不断深入,井身轨迹越来越复杂,定向托压问题日益严重,托压频繁释放导致钻头钻压剧烈波动,造成定向工具面不稳,定向钻进困难,降低了钻进速度,严重影响了钻井施工效率。为解决上述问题,文章设计了一种恒钻压钻井工具,该工具有“液力加压+液压阻尼+弹性储能”多重作用机构,保证在作用范围内,其上方钻具处于“悬浮状态”,托压释放时产生的瞬时冲击力不会传递到钻头上,减小钻头钻压波动,进而保证工具面稳定,持续定向钻进。X1井现场应用中,工具入井140 h,纯钻进96.5 h,工具、钻头等无明显损伤,托压至100 kN以上,井下钻压记录仪器(IDD)显示当地面钻压波动较大时,而近钻头钻压波动较小,工具面能够保持稳定,有效提高了钻井施工效率,展示了良好的使用性能及应用前景。