Effects of Crosswise Appendage Plate Flexibility on the Drag Reduction Characteristics of Cylinder

In engineering applications (Like an ocean riser), fluid flow around bluff bodies generates substantial resistance, which can jeopardize structural integrity, lifespan, and escalate resource consumption. Therefore, employing drag reduction measures becomes particularly crucial. This paper employs the immersed boundary method to investigate the impact of transversely oriented appendage plate flexibility on the drag of cylinders under different Reynolds numbers and distances. The results indicate that flexible appendage plate exerts drag reduction effects on the downstream cylinder, with this effect gradually diminishing as Reynolds numbers increase. At identical Reynolds numbers, the drag reduction effect initially increases and then decreases with distance, with the optimal drag reduction distance observed at D = 2.5. Compared to cylinders without appendage plate, the maximum drag reduction achieved is 30.551%. Addressing the drag reduction issue in cylinders holds significant importance for ensuring engineering structural integrity, enhancing engineering efficiency, and developing novel underwater towing systems.

Submerged flexible vegetation impact on open channel flow velocity distribution: An analytical modelling study on drag and friction

In this paper,an analytical model that represents the streamwise velocity distribution for open channel flow with submerged flexible vegetation is studied.In the present vegetated flow modelling,the whole flow field has been separated into two layers vertically: a vegetated layer and a non-vegetated free-water layer.Within the vegetated layer,an analysis of the mechanisms affecting water flow through flexible vegetation has been conducted.In the non-vegetated layer,a modified log-law equation that represents the velocity profile varying with vegetation height has been investigated.Based on the studied analytical model,a sensitivity analysis has been conducted to assess the influences of the drag (CD) and friction (Cf ) coefficients on the flow velocity.The investigated ranges of CD and Cf have also been compared to published values.The findings suggest that the CD and Cf values are non-constant at different depths and vegetation densities,unlike the constant values commonly suggested in literature.This phenomenon is particularly clear for flows with flexible vegetation,which is characterised by large deflection.

An experimental study of drag reduction by nanofluids in slug two-phase flow of air and water through horizontal pipes

This study investigates the effect of injecting nanofluids containing nano-SiO_2 as drag reducing agents(DRA) at different concentrations on the pressure drop of air-water flow through horizontal pipe.The test fluid used in this study was air-water with nano-SiO_2 particles at 0.1%-1%mass concentration.The test sections of the experimental set-up were five pipes of the same length of 9 m with ID from 0.0127m-0.03175m(0.5 to 1.25 in).Airwater flow was run in slug flow regime under different volumetric flow rates.The results of drag reduction(η%)indicated that the addition of DRA could be efficient up to some dosage.Drag reduction performed much better for smaller pipe diameters than it did for larger ones.For various nanosilica concentrations,the maximum drag reduction was about 66.8%for 0.75%mass concentration of nanosilica.

Modeling of drag reduction in turbulent channel flow with hydrophobic walls by FVM method and weakly-compressible flow equations

In this paper the effects of hydrophobic wall on skin-friction drag in the channel flow are investigated through large eddy simulation on the basis of weaklycompressible flow equations with the MacCormack’s scheme on collocated mesh in the FVM framework. The slip length model is adopted to describe the behavior of the slip velocities in the streamwise and spanwise directions at the interface between the hydrophobic wall and turbulent channel flow. Simulation results are presented by analyzing flow behaviors over hydrophobic wall with the Smagorinky subgrid-scale model and a dynamic model on computational meshes of different resolutions. Comparison and analysis are made on the distributions of timeaveraged velocity, velocity fluctuations, Reynolds stress as well as the skin-friction drag. Excellent agreement between the present study and previous results demonstrates the accuracy of the simple classical second-order scheme in representing turbulent vertox near hydrophobic wall. In addition, the relation of drag reduction efficiency versus time-averaged slip velocity is established. It is also foundthat the decrease of velocity gradient in the close wall region is responsible for the drag reduction. Considering its advantages of high calculation precision and efficiency, the present method has good prospect in its application to practical projects.

Drag reduction of turbulent channel flows over an anisotropic porous wall with reduced spanwise permeability

The direct numerical simulation (DNS) is carried out for the incompressible viscous turbulent flows over an anisotropic porous wall. Effects of the anisotropic porous wall on turbulence modifications as well as on the turbulent drag reduction are investigated. The simulation is carried out at a friction Reynolds number of 180, which is based on the averaged friction velocity at the interface between the porous medium and the clear fluid domain. The depth of the porous layer ranges from 0.9 to 54 viscous units. The permeability in the spanwise direction is set to be lower than the other directions in the present simulation. The maximum drag reduction obtained is about 15.3% which occurs for a depth of 9 viscous units. The increasing of drag is addressed when the depth of the porous layer is more than 25 wall units. The thinner porous layer restricts the spanwise extension of the streamwise vortices which suppresses the bursting events near the wall. However, for the thicker porous layer, the wall-normal fluctuations are enhanced due to the weakening of the wall-blocking effect which can trigger strong turbulent structures near the wall.

The investigation and optimization of drag reduction in turbulent flow of Newtonian fluid passing through horizontal pipelines using functionalized magnetic nanophotocatalysts and lecithin

The nanophotocatalysts were synthesized in four stages and evaluated by FTIR, FESEM and VSM analysis. The influence of nanofluids containing functionalized magnetic Ti O2 nanophotocatalyst and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lecithin in drag reduction of turbulent flow in four horizontal pipelines was studied. The effective parameters on drag reduction(nanoparticle concentration, surfactant concentration, p H and Re number) were investigated and optimized in each pipeline using response surface method. The drag reduction in 1/2 " galvanized, 3/4" galvanized, 1/2 "five-layer and 1/2" cuprous pipelines was found 99.1%, 92.5%, 87.6% and 85.2%, respectively. The model adequacy was measured using ANOVA. Based on the high determination coefficient, more than 95% of variance of experimental data in all pipelines was described by quadratic model.

TRPIV measurement of turbulent coherent structures in a drag-reducing flow by polymers

Fully developed turbulent flow fields with and without polymer solution at the same Reynolds number were measured by time-resolved particle image velocimetry （TRPIV） in a water channel to investigate the mechanism of drag-reducing solution from the view of coherent structures manipulation. The streamwise mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles in the solution were compared with those in water. After adding the polymer solution, the Reynolds stress in the near-wall area decreases significantly. The result relates tightly to the decease of the coherent structures＇ bursting. The spatial topology of coherent structures during bursts has been extracted by the new mu-level criterion based on locally averaged velocity structure function. The effect of polymers on turbulent coherent structures mainly reflects in the intensity, not in the shape. In the solution, it is by suppressing the coherent structures that the wall friction is reduced.

Mechanism of drag reduction by spanwise oscillating Lorentz force in turbulent channel flow

Numerical simulations and experimental research are both carried out to investigate the controlled effect of spanwise oscillating Lorentz force on a turbulent channel flow. The variations of the streaks and the skin friction drag are obtained through the PIV system and the drag measurement system, respectively. The flow field in the near-wall region is shown through direct numerical simulations utilizing spectral method. The experimental results are consistent with the numerical simulation results qualitatively, and both the results indicate that the streaks are tilted into the spanwise direction and the drag reduction utilizing spanwise oscillating Lorentz forces can be realized. The numerical simulation results reveal more detail of the drag reduction mechanism which can be explained, since the spanwise vorticity generated from the interaction between the induced Stokes layer and intrinsic turbulent flow in the near-wall region can make the longitudinal vortices tilt and oscillate, and leads to turbulence suppression and drag reduction.

Drag Reduction and Secondary-Flow Occurrence by Square Biplane Grid

In this paper, the characteristics of the three-dimensional flow field around the circular cylinder members forming a square biplane grid were experimentally investigated by using a wind tunnel and a water tunnel. In the wind tunnel testing, the span wise and circumference pressure distributions of surface on the circular cylinder were measured on the center mesh members formed by biplane grid in detail. Local drag coefficient was calculated from the surface pressure distributions. In addition, the flow visualization was performed in the water tunnel. As a result, it was suggested that the flow penetrating the contact region produced secondary-flow behind the biplane grid. Accordingly, the drag reduction would be caused by the presence of the secondary-flow.

Drag reduction of flow boiling with polymer additives

The drag reducing effect of polymer additive aqueous solution was investigated in flow boiling, and the polymer additives were two kinds of polyacrylamide (PAM) with relative molecular mass about 2.56×10 6 and 8.55×10 6. The frictional pressure drop was calculated according to the measured total pressure drop. The results show that the flow drag of flow boiling is reduced by adding a small amount of PAM to water when heat flux is in the range of 15.1 kW·m -2 to 47.0 kW·m -2 , when the mass fraction of PAM is higher than 2.0×10 -5 , the drag reducing effect is obvious. Drag reducing effect of PAM, whose relative molecular mass is 8.55×10 6, is slightly better than that of 2.56×10 6 at the same mass fraction, and the greater the flow rate of the additive solution, the better the effect of the drag reduction.

Influence of rheological parameters in all drag reduction regimes of turbulent channel flow with polymer additives

The influence of rheological parameters on vortex dynamics and the extent of drag reduction (DR) were deciphered via extensively analyzing the hi-fidelity direct numerical simulation results of the turbulent channel flow with polymer solutions. It has been observed that in all drag reduction regimes from the onset of DR to maximum drag reduction (MDR) limit, the Deborah number is defined as the product of an effective Weissenberg number, and the root mean square streamwise vorticity fluctuation remains O(1) in the near wall region. The ratio of the average lifetime of axial vortices to the vortex rotating duration decreases with increasing DR, and MDR is achieved when these time scales become nearly equal. Based on these observations a simple framework is proposed adequately to describe the influence of polymer additives on the extent of DR from onset to MDR as well as the universality of the MDR in flow systems with polymer additives.

高速列车转向架底部包覆板气动减阻效果研究

转向架的复杂机械结构及非流线化外形对高速列车气动性能产生不利影响,优化列车转向架底部流场结构,降低转向架的气动阻力占比,是进一步降低高速列车气动阻力的重要手段。为此,参考现有高速列车转向架结构设计2种转向架底部包覆板,并建立3种转向架包覆方案:方案一为带倾角包覆板+全包围裙板;方案二为平直包覆板+全包围裙板;方案三作为对照组未安装底部包覆板。基于k−ω方程湍流模型,探究不同包覆方案下高速列车气动阻力变化规律,对比分析3种方案对转向架及整车气动阻力、转向架舱内压力分布以及列车底部流动特性的影响,并通过全尺寸转向架风洞试验验证数值仿真的可靠性。研究结果表明:转向架包覆板有效减弱了气流对转向架零部件以及转向架舱后端板的冲击,使得转向架舱内压力分布更均匀,进而降低了转向架气动阻力;方案一和方案二分别使头车阻力系数降低17.3%和22.2%,整车阻力系数降低11.6%和12.9%;与方案二相比,方案一中包覆板两端的倾角能够引导气流进入转向架舱内部,加速舱内的流动循环,有利于牵引电机、轴盘等转向架零部件与外部空气的换热。研究结果可为进一步优化转向架包覆板设计方案、降低列车气动阻力提供参考。

亚临界雷诺数下串列双波浪锥柱绕流数值模拟

针对风力俘能结构布局问题,基于大涡模拟(LES)方法,在亚临界雷诺数下(Re=3900)研究有限长串列双波浪锥柱的升阻力特性及其流动结构随间距比的变化规律。结果表明:由于上游波浪锥柱的影响,下游波浪锥柱的脉动升力系数大幅增大,当间距比为3时,表面时均压力系数分布形式呈反向分布;随间距比增加,上游波浪锥柱尾流充分发展,并产生大量肋状涡撞击在下游波浪锥柱表面,下游波浪锥柱产生大的脉动升力,相较于单直圆柱提升约15.3倍,阻力系数降低约0.172。所得结果可为风力俘能结构布局提供有益参考。

柔性表皮与鲨鱼体表粘液耦合作用减阻效果数值模拟

本文采用粘流数值模拟方法,通过Workbench搭建双向流固耦合求解器,对粘液析出的柔性平板减阻效果进行数值模拟研究。结果表明,耦合粘液析出与柔性覆盖层可进一步提升减阻效果。粘液与柔性平板耦合之后,起到了进一步减阻的作用。从减阻效果来说,粘液与柔性平板的减阻技术可行,能在粘液减阻基础上进一步减少16.3%~21.20%。

蚬子外壳仿生表面减阻结构的设计与分析

受天然生物蚬子在泥沙环境中优异的运动能力的启发,提出了仿生蚬子表面形貌减阻方法,并根据其外壳表面形貌特征的显微图像设计了仿生表面减阻结构,利用CFD数值模拟方法中的多相流Mixture模型对设计的3种仿生表面结构进行横向仿真模拟并与光滑表面结构进行减阻效果对比。结果表明,在不同的两相流流速下,3种仿生表面结构在横向模拟中都具有一定的减阻特性,且以棱纹结节表面结构的减阻性能最佳。

外置转向架包覆对高速列车气动阻力影响

转向架作为高速列车大面积裸露在外且外形复杂的运行部件受到列车底部气流的直接作用,区域气动外形结构对高速列车整车气动阻力具有重要影响。基于三维稳态SST k-ω双方程湍流模型,采用数值仿真方法研究了轴箱外置式转向架不同包覆方式对高速列车气动性能的影响。研究了转向架区域安装小裙板、半包裙板、全包裙板、全包裙板+小底板以及全包裙板+大底板等5种方案下的高速列车气动性能,比较了不同方案下高速列车气动阻力的变化规律,阐明了高速转向架包覆方式对整车气动阻力、车底流动特性以及列车表面压力分布的影响。研究结果表明:随着转向架裙板包覆面积的增加,转向架腔后端板受到的气流冲击逐渐减弱,后端板上的正压分布降低,列车转向架区域周围的边界层厚度逐渐减小,转向架区域内的压力分布差异性逐渐减小,从而实现了列车整车气动阻力系数的降低。与小裙板模型相比,半包裙板、全包裙板、全包裙板+小底板以及全包裙板+大底板模型的列车气动阻力系数分别降低了5.2%、8.65%、10.3%、11.1%。对于轴箱外置式转向架来说,全包裙板+大底板方案可有效改善转向架区域流场,降低整车气动阻力。研究得到的转向架包覆方式将为新一代高速列车气动减阻设计提供有利支撑,实现列车气动节能。

双向剪切流作用下柔性立管平均阻力特性研究

中国南海存在由内孤立波诱发形成的特殊双向剪切流场.开展了双向剪切流场下的涡激振动状态柔性立管的阻力特性实验研究,基于模态分析法以及张力梁弯曲理论处理实验测量应变时历得到了立管模型的平均阻力,分析了双向剪切流下的柔性立管初始位移、平均阻力以及平均阻力系数特性,确证了双向剪切流具有与线性剪切流相当的阻力系数放大效果.同时发现了双向剪切流下柔性立管独特的中部剪力极值特性,提出剪力系数并拟合得到了双向剪切流下柔性立管中部剪力极值经验公式,该公式将为南海立管设计提供强度校核外载荷输入.

不同迎角下逆向喷流减阻降热特性研究

文章采用基于SST k-ω湍流模型的N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程数值模拟方法,探究不同来流迎角下,逆向喷流与钝头体同轴及不同轴时,同自由来流相互作用产生的干扰流场对减阻降热效果的影响。结果表明:与无喷流情况相比,同轴逆向喷流能有效减小钝头体的阻力系数,迎角为2°时阻力系数可减小32.53%;迎角较小时,同轴逆向喷流可有效减小壁面斯坦顿数,迎角较大时,迎风面壁面斯坦顿数较大,背风面壁面斯坦顿数大幅减小;逆向喷流与钝头体轴向夹角的变化对流场及减阻降热效果产生影响,喷流与轴线夹角增大,迎风面壁面压强逐渐减小,存在使壁面斯坦顿数峰值取得最优解的喷流角度;较同轴逆向喷流,来流迎角为5°时,壁面斯坦顿数峰值可减小9.02%,来流迎角为8°时,减阻效果最高可提升1.92%。

超声速进气道出口弯段的阻力特性数值研究

推阻匹配设计是吸气式飞行器设计的核心问题,为了获取进气道的阻力特性并降低内流阻力,提高吸气式飞行器的总体性能,采用数值方法对超声速双侧布局进气道的冷流阻力特性开展研究,对比分析了不同转弯长度、转弯角度、扩张比下的弯段流态和阻力特性;获得了进气道内阻的分配比例及关键几何参数对弯段流场结构和进气道内阻的影响特性。结果表明:对于双侧布局的进气道,冷流条件下弯段内容易发生流动分离,存在较大的流动损失,在不产生溢流的情况下,弯段内阻占整个进气道内阻的大部分。分析发现,减小转弯角度或增加弯段扩张比均可降低进气道弯段内阻,而转弯长度与转弯半径相互影响,在给定的设计条件下,弯段内阻随转弯长度的增加先减小后增大。

纳米限域Couette流边界气泡减阻机理

气泡减阻技术对于提高水下航行器推进效率,降低航行过程中的综合能耗具有重要意义.本文采用分子动力学方法研究了气-液两相Couette流在平行壁板纳米通道内的流动特性和气泡边界减阻特性,分析了表面润湿性、壁面粗糙度和气体浓度对边界滑移速度和减阻效果的影响规律.研究结果表明:气泡减阻效果随边界滑移速度的增大而增强;在气-液两相流动区域,随着剪切速度的增大,边界吸附气泡的横向变形和边界滑移速度增大,边界气泡减阻效果增强.固-气相互作用强度和气体浓度增大均导致气体原子在近壁面的富集现象增强,提高了壁面上气泡的铺展特性,从而增大了固-液界面滑移速度.壁面粗糙度会改变气泡的铺展特性,影响边界滑移速度,进而改变流固界面减阻效果;随着肋高的增大,气体原子在肋条间凹槽中聚集,肋条上表面气体原子吸附量减少,导致固-液界面边界滑移速度减小,并最终降低了减阻效果.研究结果将对大型舰船和水下航行器边界减阻技术提供重要理论指导.