Deep Drawing Process Using a Tractrix Die for Manufacturing Liners for a CNG High-Pressure Vessel(Type Ⅱ)

The liner of a CNG pressure vessel is manufactured by a DDI(deep drawing and ironing)process for the cylinder part,which is a continuous process that includes a drawing process to reduce the diameter of the billet and a subsequent ironing process to reduce the thickness of the billet.A tractrix die used in the 1^(st) deep drawing allows the blank to flow smoothly by decreasing the punch load and radial tensile stress occurring in the workpiece.It also increases the draw ratio compared to conventional dies,but it causes forming defects.In this study,a shape coefficient(S_(c))is proposed for the tractrix die using the blank diameter(D_(0)),inflow diameter of the workpiece(d_(i)),and inflow angle of the workpiece(θ)for design of the tractrix die.The effects of the thickness and inflow angle of the workpiece on wrinkling and folding were investigated through FEA.Also,a discriminant is proposed for the relative radial stress(σ)generated during the deep drawing process using the tractirx die and used to predict fracture.Based on the results,the blank thickness,the draw ratio,and the inflow of the workpiece angle in the 1^(st) deep drawing process are suggested,and the number of operations in the DDI process was reduced from 6 to 4.This improves the productivity and reduces the manufacturing cost.

Effect of die cavity dimension on micro U deep drawing behaviour with T2 foil

The strips U deep drawing experiments were carried out to study the effect of die cavity dimension with an extension machine manufactured by SANS company. The effects of parameters were analyzed in deep drawing process under different experimental conditions, such as punch load, reduction of thickness, angle of U part and surface quality. The experiment results show that the punch load increases with the decrease of female radius, and larger blank holder force enlarges the range of increasing. With the increasing of blank holder force, the angle of U part increases, and the reduction of foil thickness at the corner becomes larger. Obvious scratch and accumulation at the die cavity corner were observed by SEM. The investigation results indicate that micro U deep drawing of foil is affected by micro die cavity dimension.

Wear Characteristics of Zirconia Toughened Ceramic Drawing Dies

Wear resistance of several zirconia toughened ceramics in comparison with a metal-ceramic Co-WC has been studied in drawing wire field test. Result indicates that the harder the ceramic die, the longer the service life. Excellent wear resistance of ceramic die is obtained with a very high hardness (19 GPa). The service life is nearly three times that of Co-WC die. SEM observation on wear surfaces showed that material removal is mainly caused by plastic flow and ploughing process. But when the ceramic is composed of zirconia, alumina and some titanium carbide, micro-chipping and tribochemical reaction take place, and wear rate increases. Wear and friction induced martensite was detected by XRD. The T-M (tetragonal to monoclinic) phase transformation has a contribution to inhibiting microfracture.

THE CURVILINEARINTEGRAL PROBLEMS TO VELOCITY FIELD FOR DRAWING THROUGH PARABOLIC DIES

n this paper with Von Karmanis basic assumptions a kinematically admissible continuous velocity field has been established to drawing through parabolic dies (or called trumpet dies). Then by. using the curvilinear and the integral as a function of the upper limit an upper bound analytical solution of the drawing stress is obtained.

Effect of Anisotropy,Temperature,Strain Rate on Deep Drawing Using Conical Die

This paper covers the role of anisotropy,temperature,and strain rate on the flow behavior of the material when a conical die is used instead of conventional blank holder.The effect of anisotropy was investigated using Lankford’s coefficient(r)in three directions(0°,45°,and 90°).The effect of working temperatures(Room temperature,100°C-300°C)on drawing stress and strain rate sensitivity on punch pressure were also investigated in detail.ANSYS APDL was used to investigate the effects of temperature,strain rate and anisotropy.The simulation results have confirmed that the strain variation in the direction of r0 and r45 are more than the variation of r90.

Determination of a Drawing Die's Cone Angle at a Small Compression Ratio Based on the Upper Bound Theory

The value of a drawing die＇s cone angle has great influence on wire drawing. In order to determine the optimum value of a drawing die＇ s cone angle, the plastic deformation power Wi, shear deformation power Wi and friction power of contact surface Wf were calculated using the upper bound theory with a reasonable and movement permitted velocity field according to the related characteristics. Then the relation between half cone angle and unit drawing force was obtained and it was compared with the result with the spherical velocity field. The relative error of the two near the optimal value is only about 0. 26% through comparing with existing calculated results. Finally, in an ABAQUS environment the finite element modal of the wire rod with 12. 5 mm diameter in first drawing pass was established and the axial drawing force in different cone angles was obtained using the ABAQUS/Explicit explicit integration method. The finite element method （FEM） results verify the results using the upper bound theory and this indicated that the velocity field and the relation between half cone angle and unit drawing force reasonable.

Cross-sectional distortion behaviors of thin-walled rectangular tube in rotary-draw bending process

The cross-sectional distortion usually appears during rotary-draw bending process of thin-walled rectangular tube with small bending radius.To study the cross-sectional distortion of the tube,a three-dimensional finite-element model of the process was developed based on ABAQUS/Explicit code and its reliability was validated by experiment.Then,the cross-sectional distortion behaviors of the tube were investigated.The results show that a zone of larger circumferential stress appears on the tube when bending angle reaches 30°.And in the larger circumferential stress zone,the sagging phenomenon is produced obviously.The maximum cross-sectional distortion is located in the larger circumferential stress zone and the angle between the plane of maximum cross-sectional distortion and the bending reference plane is about 50°.The position of the maximum cross-sectional distortion keeps almost unchanged with the variation of the clearances between dies and tube.

Development on Technique of Tube Reducing in Double 3-Roll Dies

Based on the experiments, a new technique of reducing tube with two linked 3-roll roller dies was developed. The external friction conditions, velocity and the non-uniform deformation of metal were distinctly improved, and the friction between metal and tool was decreased. Corrosion strip layers and photo-elastic coatings methods were adopted in the experiment for measuring residual stress, and the residual stresses in the drawn tube with 3-roll dies are reduced.

利用Pro/DIEFACE优化汽车覆盖件拉深模的拉深方向

从汽车覆盖件拉深模拉深方向的设计现状谈起 ,分析了目前拉深方向仅凭经验设计无法进行优化的两个主要原因 :拉深方向的判别指标无法实际应用和拉深方向的难以改变 ,进而结合Pro/Engineer中的专业模块Pro/DIEFACE所提供的设计和分析功能 ,讲述了如何利用Pro/DIEFACE将这两个问题合理地解决 ,从而实现了拉深方向的优化。

轴承坯料机械手轴盖3D多工位级进模设计

针对轴承坯料机械手轴盖制件一套三件的成套冲压成型生产要求,运用3D设计软件UG设计了一副11工位连续级进模用于轴盖成套制件的生产。模具中所设计的11工位包括冲孔、落料、拉深、翻边、侧切、侧冲孔等工艺成型手段,模具达到的效果是材料利用率达到64.23%,制件生产效率可达45套/min,模具制造成本降低5%。相比于传统多工序多套单冲模成型工艺,生产效率提高10倍以上。模具中,使用1次拉深成型、3次精修,对多级拉深成型件进行加工能有效降低制件加工难度;使用步进电机送料,氮气弹簧压料和顶料,使模具设计难度大为降低;使用了两种楔紧块驱动型侧滑块机构对制件进行工艺面切除加工和精整形,及燕尾槽压块驱动上模侧冲孔滑块机构使制件的侧面加工得到了可靠保证。使用UG设计软件设计了模具的3D结构,较之于2D排位设计方法,更能有效避免设计缺陷,模具设计效率和可靠性更高。

游动芯头拉拔孔型参数对AZ31镁合金管材成形性的影响研究

为了探索AZ31镁合金薄壁管游动芯头拉拔成形与传统工艺之间的差异,使用ABAQUS软件对其进行了游动芯头拉拔过程的模拟,并比较研究了模具与芯头锥角配合、定径带长度对拉拔管材成形性的影响。研究结果表明:在拉拔AZ31镁合金管材时,选择合适的模具角度不仅可以降低残余应力,还可以提高尺寸精度;同时,模具定径段长度对管材变形均匀性和残余应力产生较大影响。

深拉伸模气冷系统技术的开发运用

汽车行业中冷冲压深度拉伸模,无论是高于行业标准拉伸深度200mm的二次拉伸模,还是普通的深度拉伸模冲压成形时,都有走料严重发热现象。且深度拉伸模工作时走料深度深,摩擦大,冲压件受到的应力大。摩擦发热不仅仅影响冲压件板材性能,同样影响模具的材质性能,会减少模具的使用寿命并且不可预料的造成冲压件拉毛、缩颈、开裂、起皱等质量缺陷,在模具生产冲压件中后期尤为明显。故开发运用了冲压深度拉伸模气冷系统,最终解决了深度拉伸的冲压件质量问题,延长了模具和设备的使用寿命。

U型框类零件双向拉深成形研究

针对U型框类零件成形质量不稳定、修整手工量大等问题,通过对零件结构的分析研究,借助CATIA对其进行了工艺补充面设计,并借助数值模拟对成形过程进行了仿真,研究了双向拉深成形工艺,设计了一种特有传力方式的双向拉深模具结构;选取凸凹模间隙、摩擦因数、压边力及拉深速度4个因素为优化变量,通过正交试验得出最优工艺参数组合,即压边力大小为30 kN、摩擦因数为0.1、凸凹模间隙为1.6 mm、拉深速度为6000 mm·s^(-1);最后针对拉深后回弹现象,对校正模进行了分析和设计并修整。生产试验表明,此模具结构可以很好地改善零件成形质量,提高效率并满足生产及设计要求。

大凸缘法兰成形方案和模具设计

通过分析大凸缘法兰的结构特点,制定了2种相反的成形方案,按2种成形方案分别制定了成形工艺,并设计了相应的模具。经实际生产验证:2种方案均能成形符合要求的零件,对2种方案成形后的大凸缘进行比较,确定了2种成形方案的优缺点和应用范围,为此类零件的模具设计提供一定的参考。

汽车覆盖件冲模平台柔性化开发与实践

基于汽车门盖类零件开卷落料模和拉深模在传统开发方式中存在无法实现柔性共用的缺点,研发了针对开卷落料模的切断分离共用模座和1套针对拉深模的标准模座,分析了这2种结构的特点以及相较于传统结构的优势,并举例进行实际应用说明。通过这2种结构实现了成形类模具的柔性共用,降低了模具开发成本,提高了工作效率。

汽车后门外板腰线二次拉延技术研究应用

为了解决车身腰线锐利化带来的品质问题,以某车型后门外板为研究对象,文章展开了腰线二次拉延成形仿真以及冲压模具结构优化设计。在设计阶段对产品成形过程进行数值模拟。通过优选冲压方向、腰线二次拉延等方法优化冲压工艺,解决了腰线前端开裂、起皱以及优化了腰线滑移等质量问题。在冲压模具结构设计上,通过增加双导向、垫块和平衡块等方法,实现了模具实物上下型面间隙稳定,避免了由于工装精度不足导致的滑移线等质量问题。最终按照工艺方案用于模具制造,并根据仿真结果指导实物调试,得到了无开裂、起皱以及腰线滑移在基准内的合格零件。研究表明,该后门外板的二次拉延方案可实现锐利化腰线在后门外板上的工业化应用。

基于3种驱动方式的镁合金覆盖件柔性砂模拉深试验与仿真研究

选择砂子作为柔性介质,通过砂子摆放位置的不同实现不同驱动方式,并针对复杂镁合金覆盖件进行研究。采用有限元模拟与拉深试验对比验证的方法,针对差异化驱动方式探究了拉深温度、板厚以及填砂高度对镁合金板材成形结果的影响,并采用宏微观协同验证的方法对有限元模拟进行验证。针对复杂镁合金覆盖件,最终提出了能够改善其拉深性能的优化策略。

冲压自动化投入式检测装置

以一款结构紧凑的拉伸模为其设计一种投入式定位检测装置为例,介绍了一种冲压自动化投入式定位检测装置,用于冲压自动化模具制造。这种检测装置结构简单,定位、检测精度及自动化程度高,在不破坏模具自身结构情况下,可实现自动化模具零件的定位和检测功能。

基于AutoForm-PD软件DL图全参数化建型研究

冲压工艺DL图的设计过程复杂,方案多变,不仅型面需要根据模拟结果进行更改,修边工序也需要根据结构空间和强度等因素进行多次变更,这就导致需要经过不断的更改和尝试,才能得到稳定的DL图。AutoForm-PD是基于CATIA软件开发的冲压工艺建型软件,可以借助CATIA平台实现全工序全参数化的建型过程。利用AutoForm-PD软件建立了DL图设计模板,提出了整体规划工艺方案、分段建型的思路,有效的减少了因工艺方案更改而造成的DL图更改时间,使DL图设计效率提升100%以上。