Thermal performance of cast-in-place piles with artificial ground freezing in permafrost regions

During the construction of cast-in-place piles in warm permafrost,the heat carried by concrete and the cement hydration reaction can cause strong thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost.Since the bearing capacity of the pile is quite small before the full freeze-back,the quick refreezing of the native soils surrounding the cast-in-place pile has become the focus of the infrastructure construction in permafrost.To solve this problem,this paper innovatively puts forward the application of the artificial ground freezing(AGF)method at the end of the curing period of cast-in-place piles in permafrost.A field test on the AGF was conducted at the Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment(34°51.2'N,92°56.4'E)in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(QTP),and then a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the thermal performance of piles using AGF under different engineering conditions.Additionally,the long-term thermal performance of piles after the completion of AGF under different conditions was estimated.Field experiment results demonstrate that AGF is an effective method to reduce the refreezing time of the soil surrounding the piles constructed in permafrost terrain,with the ability to reduce the pile-soil interface temperatures to below the natural ground temperature within 3 days.Numerical results further prove that AGF still has a good cooling effect even under unfavorable engineering conditions such as high pouring temperature,large pile diameter,and large pile length.Consequently,the application of this method is meaningful to save the subsequent latency time and solve the problem of thermal disturbance in pile construction in permafrost.The research results are highly relevant for the spread of AGF technology and the rapid building of pile foundations in permafrost.

Field observation of the thermal disturbance and freezeback processes of cast-in-place pile foundations in warm permafrost regions

The bearing capacity of pile foundations is affected by the temperature of the frozen soil around pile foundations.The construction process and the hydration heat of cast-in-place(CIP)pile foundations affect the thermal stability of permafrost.In this paper,temperature data from inside multiple CIP piles,borehole observations of ground thermal status adjacent to the foundations and local weather stations were monitored in warm permafrost regions to study the thermal influence process of CIP pile foundations.The following conclusions are drawn from the field observation data.(1)The early temperature change process of different CIP piles is different,and the differences gradually diminish over time.(2)The initial concrete temperature is linearly related with the air temperature,net radiation and wind speed within 1 h before the completion of concrete pouring;the contributions of the air temperature,net radiation,and wind speed to the initial concrete temperature are 51.9%,20.3%and 27.9%,respectively.(3)The outer boundary of the thermal disturbance annulus is approximately 2 m away from the pile center.It took more than 224 days for the soil around the CIP piles to return to the natural permafrost temperature at the study site.

Refreezing of cast-in-place piles under various engineering conditions

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission Line （QTPTL）, cast-in-place piles （CIPPs） are widely applied in areas with unfavorable geological conditions. The thermal regime around piles in permafrost regions greatly affects the stability of the towers as well as the operation of the QTPTL. The casting of piles will markedly affect the thermal regime of the surrounding permafrost because of the casting temperature and the hydration heat of cement. Based on the typical geological and engineering conditions along the QTPTL, thermal disturbance ofa CIPP to surrounding permafrost under different casting seasons, pile depths, and casting temperatures were simulated. The results show that the casting season （summer versus winter） can influence the refreezing process of CIPPs, within the first 6 m of pile depth. Sixty days after being cast, CIPPs greater than 6 m in depth can be frozen regardless of which season they were cast, and the foundation could be reffozen after a cold season. Comparing the refreezing characteristics of CIPPs cast in different seasons also showed that, without considering the ground surface conditions, warm seasons are more suitable for casting piles. With the increase of pile depth, the thermal effect of a CIPP on the surrounding soil mainly expands vertically, while the lateral heat disturbance changes little. Deeper, longer CIPPs have better stability. The casting temperature clearly affects the thermal disturbance, and the radius of the melting circle increases with rising casting temperature. The optimal casting temperature is between 2 ℃ and 9 ℃.

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level,the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pileesoileraft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.

Field study of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile

The compositions, technical principles and construction equipments of a new piling method used for ground improvement plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile were introduced. The results from static load tests on single piles with different forms of pile shoes and on their composite foundations were analyzed. The distribution patterns of axial force, shaft friction and toe resistance were studied based on the measurements taken from buried strain gauges. From the point of engineering application, the pile has merits in convenient quality control, high bearing capacity and reliable quality, showing higher reasonability, advancement and suitability than other ground improvement methods. The pile can be adopted properly to take place of ordinary ground improvement method, achieving greater economical and social benefits.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TIME EFFECT OF WET DRILLING PILE

Time effect of wet drilling pile is investigated through the static load experiment on pile No. 22 of Guanhe Bridge. Post-grouting under pile tip is adopted in the project. To study the bearing performance of the pile, the self-balanced method is used and two load cells are assembled in the pile body. The experiments are carried out before and after post-grouting. The upper part of the pile is not influenced by post-grouting under the pile tip. Experimental results of the upper part of the pile show that the bearing capacity and the rigidity of wet drilling pile increase with time passing on. Analysis results show the time effect of wet drilling pile is influenced by many factors, such as alteration of stress field around pile, characteristics of soil around pile, variety of mud cake, and property of residue under pile tip.

Influence of the penetration of adjacent X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile on the existing XCC pile in sand

A series of small-scale 1g X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile-penetration model tests were conducted to study the effects of soil density and pile geometry on the lateral responses of an existing pile and the variations in surrounding soil stress.The results showed that the bending patterns of existing XCC piles varied with penetration depth.The lateral response of the existing pile was sensitive to the change in relative density and pile geometry.For example,the bending moment of the existing pile increased along with these parameters.The development of the radial stressσ′r/σ′v0 of the soil around an existing pile showed different trends at various depths during the penetration of the adjacent pile.Moreover,the change in radial stress during the penetration of the XCC pile did not exhibit the“h/R effect”that was observed in the free-field soil,due to the shielding effect of the existing piles.The peak value of radial stressσ′r_max/σ′v0 decreased exponentially as the radial distance r/R increased.The attenuation ofσ′r_max/σ′v0 with r/R in the loose sand was faster than in the medium-dense or dense sands.Theσ′r_max/σ′v0 at the same soil location increased with the cross-section geometry parameter.

FGC-15D large-diameter DTH air hammer drilling system and its application in offshore rock-socketed pile hole drilling

In the past two decades, numerous large-diameter rock-socketed piles were constructed in China to support foundations of skyscrapers, great bridges or to retain soil in potential geological hazard areas. However, drilling large-diameter rock-socketed pile holes with conventional drilling method such as rotary drilling or cable tool drilling is time-consuming and the cost is usually very high. In order to drill large-diameter rocksocketed pile holes faster at relatively low cost, the FGC15A large-diameter DTH air hammer drilling system was developed in 1987 and was given the second-clasa award by Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources in 1991. Since it was innovated the drilling system has been used in more than twenty important and tough pro- jects on land, and wonderful results were acquired. At the same time the large-diameter DTH air hammer drilling system was improved continuously. The FGC15D is the latest version of the technique.

Pore Water Pressure Arising during Pile Drilling in Sand

The pile working load depends on the imperfections which may be taken place in pile-soil system, during pile construction, among many other factors. This subject attracted the researcher＇s attention world wide in the last decades. Types of imperfections either geotechnical or structural are documented in literature and well explained. Nevertheless, the influence of these imperfections in pile load calculations is still ambiguous. The work presented herein is devoted to study soil disturbance during construction of piles using continuous flight auger, CFA. The study of soil disturbance due to drilling needs some evidence. The source of this evidence is field observations collected from four different construction sites, which are documented in this paper. The study concluded that the disturbed zone of soil by CFA has a conical shape and extending laterally to a distance equivalent to ten times of the pile diameter around the auger at the cutting bits and has an inclined surface of4：1 （vertical ： horizontal）. Furthermore excess pore water pressure was induced in soil in the vicinity of pile drilling. Due to this excess pore water pressure, 3.5% to 6.5% of piles constructed by CFA showed percolation of water from the top of the piles through fresh concrete. Also, subsidence of fresh concrete in pile hole was recorded in few of the constructed piles. Pile loading tests showed that the percolation of water and/or subsidence of fresh concrete have not appreciable influence on the load-displacement characteristics of the piles. Moreover, percolation of water at pile heads.

钻孔灌注桩在基坑维护施工中的质量控制措施

结合实际案例,按照钻孔灌注桩施工工艺流程顺序,从钻孔前、钻孔中、成孔、钢筋笼吊装及混凝土浇筑等环节,对钻孔灌注桩在深基坑维护施工中的质量控制措施进行简要分析,如钻孔前应建立合理的质量控制流程等;钻孔过程中要做好护筒埋设、设备就位与安装、成孔等环节的质量控制;钢筋笼吊装要做好钢筋笼起吊点计算等工作;混凝土浇筑应避免堵孔、断桩等质量缺陷。

圆形抗滑桩-拱形挡土板支挡性能与参数分析

为规避当前施工方法的不足,发展安全、高效和可靠的施工方法。依托东北地区某高速铁路路堑边坡工程,采用适于机械钻孔的圆形抗滑桩代替现行矩形抗滑桩,预制拱形挡土板,本文提出一种新型拱形板-桩墙支挡体系;并构建有限元模型,分析桩长、桩径、桩间距以及拱形挡土板矢跨比对新型拱形板-桩墙支挡体系支护性能的影响;揭示不同参数下桩顶水平位移与桩身内力的变化规律。研究结果表明:桩长与桩身弯矩和剪力大小呈正相关关系,与桩顶水平位移呈负相关关系。桩长超过14 m时,其对桩顶水平位移、桩身弯矩和剪力的影响效应明显减弱;随着桩间距增大,桩顶水平位移增大但变化幅度逐渐减小。拱形挡土板矢跨比增大时,桩顶水平位移、桩身弯矩和剪力均减小。影响拱形板-桩墙体系支挡性能的因素依次为桩间距、桩长、桩径和矢跨比。研究结果为圆形抗滑桩-拱形挡土板支挡体系在实际工程中的应用提供新思路。

深水钻井井口吸力桩稳定性计算和校核方法

深水松软土质下,传统喷射法安装的表层导管在钻井阶段存在下沉和倾斜的风险。为了提升深水钻井水下井口的稳定性,提出了井口吸力桩表层建井的方法,开展了吸力桩下入深度和稳定性分析。基于桩基承载理论和广义Winkler地基梁模型,建立了井口吸力桩稳定性理论模型,并通过有限元方法和有限差分法研究了井口吸力桩稳定性特征及影响因素。以南中国海某井工程参数为依据,对井口吸力桩稳定性开展理论计算,与有限元计算结果进行对比,竖向极限承载力误差为4.23%,最大水平位移误差为6.0%,最大弯矩误差为2.96%,印证了计算结果的准确性。在钻井工况极限载荷作用下,相比于传统表层导管,井口吸力桩竖向承载力提升了43.91%,水平位移减少了63.21%,抗弯安全系数是前者的24.5倍。分别对井口吸力桩施加不同水平位移和弯矩,结果表明水平载荷对横向稳定性影响较为显著。井口吸力桩具有很高的竖向承载力和横向承载力,显著提高了水下井口的稳定性,研究结果为其在深水松软土质中表层建井提供了理论依据。

多维度深水浅层建井方式优选方法研究

深水钻井作业具有海洋环境多变、地质条件复杂、作业风险大和日费率高等特点,深水浅层建井的方式难以选择。针对海底土质强度、建井质量、作业时效、经济性、风险控制等因素,根据现场作业工程数据,分别对不同建井工艺的适应性进行了分析,建立了单维度的适应性分级机制,并借助雷达图进行定量可视化,形成了多维度深水浅层建井方式优选方法。研究结果表明,水深500~1500 m的南海北部海域,单井作业时,喷射法一般为浅层建井最优方法,作业效率相比钻入法可提高50%以上。该方法已在中国南海几十口深水井取得良好应用效果,可为深水复杂地层建井方式选择提供定量评价方法。

硬质岩滑坡深大抗滑桩一体化旋挖成孔技术及应用

硬质岩深大抗滑桩桩孔成孔效率是滑坡灾害防治的难点问题之一。选取川西南典型复杂山区硬质岩滑坡抗滑桩成孔为研究对象,系统分析了裂隙弱发育深部硬质玄武岩地层抗滑桩传统工艺成孔存在的问题,对此设计了9种组合旋挖成孔工艺方案进行现场试桩试验,从钻进效率、技术及经济可行性等方面进行了分析论证。现场试验及分析结果表明:采用“大扭矩截齿筒钻旋挖+扩孔直径差0.4 m”分级扩孔一体化成孔技术在硬质岩地层中钻进效率较高、钻具损耗较低、成本较低,验证了硬质岩抗滑桩高效旋挖分级扩孔技术的可行性和高效性,对比现有人工成孔、冲击钻成孔、旋挖一次成孔等工艺,从安全、效率、成本等方面均得到了极大提升。该技术成功应用于白鹤滩迁建集镇后缘滑坡桩基施工,每延米综合耗时1.43 h,较改进前旋挖一次成孔效率提升3倍,成本降低了60%。该技术为复杂地质条件下水敏型、震敏型硬质岩滑坡抗滑桩快速成孔施工提供了高效、可行的技术方案。

湿陷性黄土地区百米超长桩施工关键技术研究

依托陕西省铜川市玉皇阁二号桥及引线工程百米超长桩项目,比选了各类成孔方法和钻机,选定旋挖成孔法施工工艺和徐工XR800E旋挖钻机,完成该百米超长桩施工。介绍了百米超长桩的关键技术要点和质量控制措施,并从钻孔前的预处理、钻孔过程中的综合处理、钢筋笼施工控制措施等方面保证该超长桩施工的可靠性。通过试桩试验,确定了百米超长桩在湿陷性黄土场地的承载力和沉降特性。施工过程中,严格把控土层钻进参数、泥浆循环系统、沉渣厚度、钢筋笼安全稳定性验算、水下混凝土灌注等关键环节,为类似湿陷性黄土地区百米超长桩施工提供解决方案。

岩土成层地基钻孔刚架抗滑桩计算的有限差分法

传统悬臂或锚拉式抗滑桩采用人工挖孔施工,施工效率低、工期长且安全风险问题尤为突出,目前正被严格限制使用并逐步淘汰,因此,在边坡治理工程中使用机械钻孔成桩替代人工挖孔工艺是未来的发展趋势。钻孔刚架式抗滑桩侧向刚度大、施工效率高、结构空间受力更加合理,更加符合城市轨道交通建设“小空间解决大高差”的理念。首先,考虑抗滑桩普遍存在于岩土成层地基的实际情况,以水平弹簧模拟前、后排桩与桩间土的荷载相互作用,根据Euler-Bernoulli梁理论及刚架桩受荷特点,以桩周线性土弹簧刚度反映不同地层的水平抗力差异,建立刚架桩挠曲平衡微分方程;然后,基于有限差分法结合桩顶、桩端共8个边界条件,编制Python有限差分迭代运算程序实现了前/后桩及桩间土的协同作用,以及对刚架桩内力与变形的求解;最后,依托深圳地铁某路堑高边坡钻孔刚架桩现场监测案例,对比发现,二者桩顶最大变形相差在10%以内,验证了所提方法对岩土成层地基中钻孔刚架抗滑桩的适用性,开发的有限差分迭代程序简单便捷,可直接应用于钻孔刚架式抗滑桩工程设计。

低净空钻孔灌注桩技术在历史保护建筑内施工的试验研究

研究通过低净空钻孔灌注桩技术的试成桩和试成孔试验,结合监测和检测数据,论证了在狭窄低净空的建筑物室内低净空钻孔灌注桩施工的可行性,并收集积累了关键施工参数和数据,可为该项技术的改进优化提供参考。研究发现,低净空钻孔灌注桩施工技术对建筑物和周边土体的扰动影响较小,但由于桩机尺寸受限和刚度减小,地层硬度和成孔尺寸对钻进速度和成孔质量有较明显的影响。

南宁盆地特殊地层静压随钻跟管桩承载特性现场试验及数值模拟研究

随钻跟管桩(简称DPC桩)是一种钻孔-沉桩-排土同步进行的无泥浆排放的节能环保型大直径新型非挤土PHC管桩。为探究随钻跟管桩在南宁盆地特殊地层的适应性及承载特性,开展了现场原位试验、数值模拟分析,分析了这种新桩型的承载性能优势、桩侧摩阻力分布特征、荷载传递特性。得出如下结论:原位静载试验中,各试验桩荷载-沉降曲线呈缓变型,且承载性能均满足设计要求,桩身回弹率较高,各试验桩仍具有较大的承载潜力;桩身轴力沿桩身近似呈线性递减,桩端荷载约占桩顶荷载的20%~30%,桩侧摩阻力分担了70%~80%的桩顶荷载;桩侧摩阻力沿桩身深度分布均表现出了两头小、中间大的规律,随着荷载增加,桩侧摩阻力逐渐下移。可见,该桩型在南宁盆地特殊地层具有良好的适应性。

南宁盆地特殊地层静压随钻跟管桩适应性及单桩承载力特性研究

为了研究静压随钻跟管桩在南宁盆地特殊地层的适应性及单桩承载特性,对现场4根直径800mm的静压随钻跟管桩进行静载及低应变反射波法试验。研究结果表明:各地层中的试验桩承载力均能满足设计要求且均属于Ⅰ类桩,桩身回弹率较高,说明各试验桩仍具有较大的承载潜力;未进行破坏性试验时各地层中单桩承载力综合增强系数均大于1.00,以经验公式确定静压随钻跟管桩的单桩竖向承载力时应乘以相应的增强系数。基于以上研究,将静压随钻跟管桩工艺应用于实际工程,经验收检测表明,各项目受检基桩的桩身质量完好,承载力均满足设计要求,且仍具有一定的承载力富余量,良好的实际工程应用效果表明该工艺具有良好的适用性以及较高的推广使用价值。

CFG桩在高铁软土路基建设中的应用

CFG桩是一种针对软土路基施工建设的有效施工工艺,对软土路基处置具有良好效果。该文以某高铁工程为例,对CFG桩加固软土层的基本原理进行叙述,从长螺旋钻孔施工工艺、桩帽施工等关键环节对CFG桩施工工艺流程进行探讨,并针对性地提出CFG桩施工的关键要点和注意事项。该文旨在为类似工程施工的优化设计提供参考。