PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GILLGAN BHA

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扭力冲击器与螺杆钻具集成BHA应用研究

为了解决定向井钻进过程中钻头的黏滑效应问题,提高钻井机械效率,提出了扭力冲击器与螺杆钻具集成BHA应用的方法,并从理论上进行了可行性论证与分析。首先结合扭力冲击器和螺杆钻具各自的特点,剖析了集成BHA组合工具的提速机理;然后针对两者的匹配性进行分析研究,形成了集成配套优化计算方法;最后开展了扭力冲击器+螺杆钻具BHA提速组合工具的现场试验。在宁76井中经过148 h的钻进试验,机械钻速提高27%,滑动钻进段整体稳定,定向能力略微降低,机械钻速有所提高,MWD信号稳定,可实时测量井斜。应用结果表明:集成BHA组合工具发挥了扭力冲击器和螺杆钻具各自的优势,验证了两者集成应用的可行性。该集成BHA组合工具的成功应用,可为钻井提速工具的发展提供一定的指导。

旋转导向钻井工具BHA侧向力的有限元仿真

为了研究推靠式旋转导向钻井工具的导向能力,建立了旋转导向钻井工具BHA的力学模型,通过ANSYS有限元软件,对该工具的BHA受力与变形进行了仿真计算。分析了工具侧向力的大小及其主要影响因素,除了常规的影响因素(如钻压、井斜角、扶正器欠尺寸)之外,这种工具对侧向力的影响还包括工具覆盖面角、推靠力大小及其作用点等。仿真分析为优化井底钻具组合、研究旋转导向钻井工具导向能力及控制井眼轨迹提供了理论基础。

Stress Analysis and Optimum Design of PDC Die for Offshore Drilling Engineering

The maximum internal tangential stress is a critical parameter for the design of the PDC （polycrystalline diamond compact） die that has been widely applied to offshore oil drilling. A new simple equation for the calculation of the stress is developed, and verified by the test data from Kingdream Corp. of China, the largest bit Company in China. An opti- mum method for the design of the PDC die is presented and demonstrated in detail, and software for the design and FEM analysis of the die is developed on the basis of the method. This software has been used in oil industry in recent years.

Design,test,and verification of in-situ condition preserved coring and analysis system in lunar-based simulation environment

The lunar surface and its deep layers contain abundant resources and valuable information resources,the exploration and exploitation of which are important for the sustainable development of the human economy and society.Technological exploration and research in the field of deep space science,especially lunar-based exploration,is a scientific strategy that has been pursued in China and worldwide.Drilling and sampling are key to accurate exploration of the desirable characteristics of deep lunar resources.In this study,an in-situ condition preserved coring(ICP-Coring)and analysis system,which can be used to test drilling tools and develop effective sampling strategies,was designed.The key features of the system include:(1)capability to replicate the extreme temperature fluctuations of the lunar environment(-185 to 200℃)with intelligent temperature control;(2)ability to maintain a vacuum environment at a scale of 10^(-3) Pa,both under unloaded conditions within Ф580 mm×1000 mm test chamber,and under loaded conditions using Ф400 mm×800 mm lunar rock simulant;(3)application of axial pressures up to 4 MPa and confining pressures up to 3.5 MPa;(4)sample rotation at any angle with a maximum sampling length of 800 mm;and(5)multiple modes of rotary-percussive drilling,controlled by penetration speed and weight on bit(WOB).Experimental studies on the drilling characteristics in the lunar rock simulant-loaded state under different drill bit-percussive-vacuum environment configurations were conducted.The results show that the outgassing rate of the lunar soil simulant is greater than that of the lunar rock simulant and that a low-temperature environment contributes to a reduced vacuum of the lunar-based simulated environment.The rotary-percussive drilling method effectively shortens the sampling time.With increasing sampling depth,the temperature rise of the drilling tools tends to rapidly increase,followed by slow growth or steady fluctuations.The temperature rise energy accumulation of the drill bits under vacuum is more significant than that under atmospheric pressure,approximately 1.47 times higher.The real-time monitored drilling pressure,penetration speed and rotary torque during drilling serve as parameters for discriminating the drilling status.The results of this research can provide a scientific basis for returning samples from lunar rock in extreme lunar-based environments.

预弯钟摆BHA在不同钻井介质中的动力学特征及其应用

带预弯结构的钟摆钻具组合(简称预弯钟摆BHA)既可适用于气体钻井,也适用于泥浆钻井,并在直井控斜、提速方面得到了较好的应用。但在不同钻井介质中,预弯钟摆BHA的应用效果体现出了较大的差异。从动力学角度出发研究钻井介质对预弯钟摆BHA力学特性的影响鲜有报道。通过研究钻井液附加质量引起的非线性惯性力及流体阻力特征,分析了气体钻井和泥浆钻井中预弯钟摆BHA动力学模型的差异。基于旋转Rayleigh梁模型,推导了预弯钟摆BHA钻头上的动态侧向力和动态轴向力,研究在不同钻井介质中预弯钟摆BHA的运动特征及受力特征,分析其对实际钻井的控斜、提速效果的影响,并研究了弯角大小对不同介质中预弯钟摆BHA的动力学特征的影响规律。结果表明,预弯钟摆BHA在不同钻井介质中的动态特征差异显著,气体钻井中的运动特征更为稳定,动态侧向力和轴向力较高;不同介质中的弯角影响规律有其各自的特点,在现场实际应用中,应根据需要进行合理的选择。

基于目标检测和图像分割的岩芯RQD自动生成算法

为了对岩体质量进行分类和评估,岩石质量指标(RQD)在地矿工程中被广泛应用。以往需要手动测量岩芯片段的长度并手动计算RQD,这一过程既费时又费力。随着计算机软、硬件的进步,基于计算机视觉的图像处理使自动获取RQD逐步成为现实。针对现有方法的局限性,提出了一种基于目标检测和图像分割的RQD自动生成算法,首先根据颜色、纹理等特征的相似性,采用SAM模型对图像中的岩芯进行检测,然后采用YOLOv8算法训练模型,通过提取岩芯片段的缝隙特征进行不同岩芯片段的分割。为了测试该算法的性能,选取了来自宜涪铁路五峰段的10段岩芯样本开展案例研究。结果表明:采用该算法获取的RQD的准确率与传统的手动方式相当,平均相对误差不超过5%;该算法的效率明显优于传统的手动方式,能够节约超过60%的时间成本。

基于多模态交互的隧道钻孔机器人交互界面设计研究

为了提高隧道钻孔机器人的界面可用性,扩大多模态交互界面的应用场景。研究针对隧道钻孔机器人交互界面的场景因素、行为因素和视觉因素进行了理论分析。并对视觉交互界面、听觉交互界面、触觉交互界面等多模态交互界面进行了研究。最终形成了隧道钻孔机器人多模态交互界面设计方法。从隧道钻孔机器人作业场景、多模态交互方式、多模态交互界面等方面对隧道钻孔机器人多模态交互界面设计进行了设计实践。理论和实践证明,多模态交互界面对于推动工程设备的创新交互体验设计,丰富工程设备交互设计场景,具有一定的理论和现实意义。

Analysis on Well Drilling Example of Deepwater Block in the Gulf of Mexico

With the innovation and development of offshore oil drilling technology, drilling wells in deep waters areas have become an important activity for the development of new hydrocarbon reservoirs in this type of environment. CNOOC (China National Offshore Oil Corporation) won the rights to exploit two unexplored deepwater blocks in the Gulf of Mexico, in a bid realized by the Mexican Government (CNH), in 2016. The challenge to combine the newest technology with the oil industry experienced knowledge to lead the exploration and development of these deep-water blocks in Mexico is around the corner. Therefore, the basic techniques for deep waters wells drilling and the main potential risks are expounded in this paper. A set of deep waters wells drilling processes and methodologies are previously designed, and a specific case is demonstrated next, which provides a referential model for deep waters wells drilling in the Gulf of Mexico.

基于NAPA Designer的钻台结构参数化设计

钻台作为钻井船或钻井平台中钻井模块的载体,既要满足作业功能的需求,又受到主船体尺度和重量控制等因素的制约,故在初步设计阶段需快速制定不同设计方案供比较选择。在此背景下,该文基于NAPA Designer软件提供的二次开发功能,编写了钻台结构参数化设计模块,通过用户自定义界面数据交互驱动钻台参数化模型的创建和更新,可实现快速提供多种设计方案进行比选,并导出三维有限元模型用于结构强度的分析校核,从而得到钻台结构的优化设计方案。经过实船项目测试表明,基于NAPA Designer软件的钻台结构参数化设计方法可有效降低使用者门槛并显著提高设计效率。

高精度钻机自动布孔在石灰石矿山中的应用

为提升钻孔爆破的智能化水平,降低人员工作强度,提高钻孔质量,矿山以现有的阿特拉斯科普柯D45露天潜孔钻机为目标进行改造,通过在钻机上安装高精度定位系统、倾角仪、深度检测传感器和车载智能终端等设备,建立精准数学模型,结合布孔设计软件、数字采矿软件,融合智能管控平台,实现露天矿钻机钻孔的自动化和无人化。

New development of theories in gas drilling

Theories established from engineering fundamentals have been of great value in supporting the design and execution of drilling operations in gas drilling where gas is used as a drilling fluid.This work presents an overview of new theories developed in recent years for special gas drilling operations including horizontal wells.These new theories are found in the areas of gas-mixture flow hydraulics in deviated and horizontal boreholes,hole cleaning of solids accumulation,hole cleaning of formation water,flow diverging for washout control,bit orifice optimization,and depression of formation water influx.This paper provides drilling engineers with updated mathematical models and methods for optimizing design to improve gas drilling performance.

Trend analysis and comparison of basic parameters for tunnel blast design models

One of the most important factors influencing on a tunnel blast efficiency is the proper design of blasting pattern. Among blasting parameters, blasthole diameter and tunnel face area are more significant so that any change in these parameters could finally affect on specific charge and specific drilling. There are mainly two groups of methods for tunnel blast design categorized based on the parallel cuts and angular cuts. In this research, a software for tunnel blast design was developed to analyze the effect and sensitiveness of blasthole diameter and the tunnel face area on blasting results in different blast design models. Using the software, it is quickly possible to determine specific charge, specific drilling and number of blastholes for each blast design model. The relations between both of blasthole diameters and the tunnel face area with the above parameters in different blast design models were then investigated to yield a set of equations with the highest correlations to compare the methods. The results showed that angular method requires more blasthole numbers than parallel method in similar condition(blasthole diameter and tunnel face area). Moreover, the specific charge values yielded by the two methods are approximately the same and very close together.

Research on Stress and Strength of High Strength Reinforced Concrete Drilling Shaft Lining in Thick Top Soils

High strength reinforced concrete drilling shaft linings have been adopted to solve the difficult problem of supporting coal drilling shafts penetrating through thick top soils. Through model experiments the stress and strength of such shaft linings are studied. The test results indicate that the load beating capacity of the shaft lining is very high and that the main factors affecting the load bearing capacity are the concrete strength, the ratio of lining thickness to inner radius and the reinforcement ratio. Based on the limit equilibrium conditions and the strength theory of concrete under multi-axial compressive stressed state, a formula for calculating the load-beating capacity of a high strength reinforced concrete shaft lining was obtained. Because the concrete in a shaft lining is in a multi-axial compressive stress state the compressive strength increases to a great extent compared to uni-axial loading. Based on experiment a formula for the gain factor in compressive strength was obtained： it can be used in the structural design of the shaft lining. These results have provided a basis for sound engineering practice when designing this kind of shaft lining structure.

Analysis of drilling difficulty of extended-reach wells based on drilling limit theory

With the continuous increase in vertical depths and horizontal displacements of directional wells,the difficulties of drilling operations continue to increase,and more accurate methods of drilling difficulty evaluation are needed.In this paper,a drilling difficulty evaluation method is built by combining drilling limit model and expert evaluation.Firstly,the concept of drilling difficulty index is introduced,and the method to calculate drilling difficulty index is established.Next,the meanings of five drilling difficulty levels are explained and the optimization design method with drilling difficulty as the target is built.At last,the theoretical model is applied to the extended-reach drilling of the Liuhua oilfield in the South China Sea,in which drilling difficulties are evaluated and the relationship between drilling difficulty and development control radius is revealed.The results indicate that extended-reach drilling in the Liuhua oilfield is on the“normal”difficulty level on average,rotary drilling in 8_(1/2)-in.section is the most difficult,and the main constraint conditions are excessive torque and high friction.Through technology upgradation,the drilling difficulties are decreased,the development control radius increases from 6.6 to 11.4 km,and the maximum horizontalto-vertical ratio increases from 5.3 to 8.7.Then,the development wells in marginal oilfields and adjustment wells in old oilfields can be drilled on“normal”difficulty level.Therefore,technology upgradation,especially drilling rig upgradation,is the most important development direction for extended-reach drilling in the South China Sea.

Finite Element Investigation of Flow Field Below Asymmetric Drill Bits for Reverse Circulation in Drilling Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs

Development of unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs such as shale pays presents a huge challenge to the petroleum industry due to the naturally low permeability of shale formations and thus low productivity of oil and gas wells.Shale formations are also vulnerable to the contamination of the water in the drilling and completion fluids,which further reduces reservoir permeability.Although gas-drilling(drilling with gas)has been used to address the issue,several problems such as formation water influx,wellbore collapse,excessive gas volume requirement and hole cleaning in horizontal drilling,still hinder its application.A new technique called gas-lift drilling has recently been proposed to solve these problems,but the optimal design of drilling operation requires a thorough investigation of fluid flow field below the asymmetric drill bits for evaluating the fluid power needed to clean the bottom hole.Such an investigation is conducted in this work based on the Finite Element Method(FEM)implemented in an open source computational framework,FEniCS.Pressure and flow velocity fields were computed for three designs of drill bit face characterized by radial bit blades and one eccentric orifice of discharge.One of the designs is found superior over the other two because it generates relatively uniform flow velocities between blades and provides a balanced fluid power needed to clean all the bit teeth on each bit blade.To quantify the capability of borehole cleanup presented by three drill bit designs,the energy per unit volume is calculated in each region of drill bit and compared with the required value suggested by the literature.In addition,the developed FEM model under FEniCS framework provides engineers an accurate tool for optimizing drill bit design for efficiently gas-lift drilling unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs.

Household Drill Innovative Design under the Guidance of Ergonomics

The household drill is named 90 Degree, designed by Industrial Design Pilot Program Center(Hereinafter referred to as IDPPC) of Luxun Academy of Fine Arts(Hereinafter referred to as LAFA), which is the only national pilot program center in Chinese industrial design field. 90 Degree is designed for home environment, it helps inexperience users, such as women and the elderly, complete the operation easily, and it makes sure that safe operation and assistance users solve the precise punching, location, storage trash and other operations. According to research among users who can understand or manipulate a drill, the designers find problems of users from the user central perspective, and then they integrate product innovative design methods to propose solutions. When the designers intend to design 90 Degree, they attempt using the user behavior record and analysis system, and start ergonomics study in subjects by double hands operation analysis, using gesture analysis, details of work analysis, time and motion study, etc; meanwhile taking advantages of user experience analysis, behavior intention analysis to do user subjective perceptual evaluation. The functions, structure, shape, color, material, details of 90 Degree should be consistent with the standard of usability evaluation. There are two characteristics in 90 Degree, the first one is a transparent cover installed in front of the drill, which can collect the dust, rubbish when drilling and keep the work environment clean. So it is applicable for households. When the transparent cover of the drill is removed, it also can be used as a normal hand drill; the second one is the shape of 90 Degree makes it and the operating surface fitting together, thus enhancing the stability in operation, so it is best for inexperienced users. When 90 Degree contacts with the operating surface, it can emit the laser ray which helps the user to punch accurately, and make array punch more easily. After obtaining the data, charts, creating Shadow observation by the designers, they make a comprehensive evaluation on research results; verification advantages of 90 Degree meet the requirement of usability, reducing operating failure rate; and increasing safety factors. 90 Degree, in 2011, wined German Red Dot Design Award, which had become a representative excellent design example to resolve several drilling difficulties. The designers introduce ergonomics theory into design practice, and use scientific program and methods to evaluate the products which is useful to the development and promotion of products.

Method of suspender line trajectory design

Based on the mechanical model of an elastic rod,a new trajectory design method was established.The advantages of the suspender line trajectory in reducing drag and torsion were compared,and the main controlling factors of drag and torque and their influence rules were analyzed.Research shows that the suspender line trajectory reduces drag and torque more effectively than the conventional trajectory in a certain parameter interval and has more controllable parameters than that of the catenary trajectory.The main factors affecting the drag reduction and torque reduction of the suspender line trajectory include the friction coefficient,vertical distance,horizontal distance,and deviation angle at the initial point in the suspended section.The larger the friction coefficient and deviation angle,the less the drag reduction and torque reduction.The suspender line trajectory has the best drag reduction effect when the horizontal and vertical distances are more than 3000 m and the ratio is close to 1.5.The drag in sliding drilling can be reduced up to 60%,and the torque in rotary drilling can be reduced by a maximum of 40%.Therefore,the trajectory design of the suspender line has unique application prospects in deep extended-reach wells.

Identifying Optimal Cutting Parameters in Drilling of Titanium Aluminum Vanadium Using Finite Element Analysis

Titanium alloys are widely used in the aerospace industries because of their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, high resistance to corrosion, high chemical reactivity and low thermal conductivity and ability to withstand high temperatures. However, these properties make titanium alloys difficult to machine. Drilling of titanium alloy may generate high temperature and high cutting forces. This paper is aimed at determining the suitable cutting parameters in the drilling of titanium alloys to minimize the cutting temperature and cutting forces. A finite element 3D model of the drilling process is simulated in this research. A combination of drilling speeds and feed rates are simulated to obtain the resulting responses of cutting force and temperature. The central composite design (CCD) is used to generate different combinations of cutting parameters to reduce the number of experiments and optimize the temperature and cutting force responses. Results show at the drilling speed of 5000 rpm with a feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev, temperature and cutting force significantly reduced.

Deep Drilling Technology of China

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