The characteristics of recycling gas drilling technology

Recycling gas drilling is a new drilling technology. This paper can be divided into three parts, with the purpose of introducing and analyzing the characteristics of this new technology. First, the major equipment characteristic of this technology was introduced. Secondly, compared with conventional gas drilling, Angel＇s model was used to analyze the wellbore flow characteristics. Due to the closed loop and the effect of back pressure caused by the equipment, the gas flow rate decreases dramatically during drilling. Apart from this, it is also found that the kinetic energy at the casing shoe is always smaller than that at the top of the collar. The proposing of the drilling limit concept points out the basic difference between the two gas drilling technologies. Lastly, according to the results of the theoretical analysis, gas supplement operations for the wellbore must be conducted. Thus, two gas supplement schemes are presented in this paper, to provide some guidance for field operations.

Progress in the Ultradeep Well Drilling Technology of SINOPEC

Ultra-deep formations in China contain rich hydrocarbon resources.In recent years,the number of ultradeep wells has been continuously increasing.However,efforts to facilitate tlte drilling and exploration of these ultra-deep reservoirs are facing many challenges,such as complicated formation pressures,complicated formation lithologic features,complicated formation fluids,difficulties in the accurate calculation of formation parameters,difficulties in borehole structure design optimization,instabilities in the performances of drilling fluid and key cementing materials/systems,high temperature-resistance and pressure-resistance requirements for downhole tools and instruments,complicated engineering problems,and slow drilling speeds.Under such circumstances,it is very difficult to ensure the performance of such drilling operations.In order to address these challenges,SINOPEC has developed relevant drilling technologies for ultra-deep wells in complicated geological conditions through intensive research on accurate descriptions of complex geologic characteristics,borehole structure design optimization,fast drilling techniques for deep and hard formations,temperature-resistant highdensity drilling fluid,anti-channeling cementing in high-pressure gas wells,borehole trajectory control in ultra-deep horizontal wells and other key technologies.These technologies can provide sound engineering and technical support for tlte exploration and development of hydrocarbon resources in ultra-deep formations in China.

Research on slim-hole drilling technology for shale gas geological survey in China

Over the last 10 years,the China Geological Survey has deployed 137 slim-hole shale gas geological exploration wells for coring entire wellbores.These wells are primarily located in new blocks and geological formations where neighboring well data are insufficient,beyond the scope of developed oil fields in China,or outside of oil and gas company mining-right areas.The drilling rig equipment,coring tools,and core drill bits of slim-hole shale gas drilling technology are different from those associated with traditional petroleum drilling.Many studies have been conducted on non-coring slim-hole drilling technology.This paper focuses on coring technology and drilling safety,summarizing a set of high-efficiency shale gas drilling equipment and technology systems based on geological drilling equipment and techniques(that can be used for solid mineral exploration).We report on:1)an improved vertical shaft drilling rig adapted to shale gas well control safety;2)high-efficiency core drilling techniques,focusing on coring tools,and techniques incorporating an inverted tower drilling tool combination,air circulation follow-through technology,and expanded casing technology;3)research progress on high-efficiency core drill bits,including non-planar tooth polycrystalline diamond compact bits and impregnated diamond core bits,along with their application effects.This research provides substantial advances in drill-core technology and improvements in exploration efficiency.Moreover,it provides a reference frame for well structural design and selection of construction technology for shale gas exploration drilling projects.

Electro-Pulse-Boring(EPB): Novel Super-Deep Drilling Technology for Low Cost Electricity

The inexhaustible heat deposit in great depths （5-10 km） is a scientific fact. Such deposit occurs around the globe. Thereby, everybody is enabled to generate autonomously clean and renewable energy, ample electricity and heat. The economical exploration and exploitation of this superdeep geothermal heat deposit requires a novel drilling technique, because the currently only deep drilling method （Rotary） is limited to about 5 km, due to the rising costs, depending exponentially on depth. Electro-pulse-boring （EPB） is a valuable option to Rotary drilling. EPB, originally investigated in Russia, is ready to be developed for industrialization. The feasibility of EPB is proven by many boreholes drilled up to 200 m in granite （crystalline）. Estimates show outstanding low costs for drilling by EPB： 100 E/m for a borehole with a large diameter （φ） such as 20 （50 cm）, independent on depth and applicable likewise for sediments and crystalline rocks, such as granite. The current rate of penetration （ROP） of 3 m per hour is planned to be augmented up to 35 m per hour, and again, irrespective whether in sedimentary or crystalline formations. Consequently, a 10 km deep borehole with φ 50 cm will ultimately be drilled within 12 days. EPB will create new markets, such as： （i） EPB shallow drilling for geotechnics, energy piles, measures in order to mitigate natural hazards, etc., （ii） EPB deep drilling （3-5 km） for hydro-geothermics, exploration campaigns etc. and （iii） EPB super-deep drilling （5-10 km） for petro-geothermies, enabling the economic generation of electricity. The autonomous and unlimited supply with cost efficient electricity, besides ample heat, ensures reliably clean and renew- able energy, thus, high supply security. Such development will provide a substantial relief to cope with the global challenge to limit the climate change below 2 ℃. The diminution of fossil fuels, due to the energy transition in order to mitigate the climate change, implies likewise the decrease of air pollution.

Advances in Drilling Instead of Trenching Technology

Traditional surface exposure methods,such as trenching and exploratory shaft sinking,have their own limitations and do harm to the environment.Thus,shallow drilling was applied in geological mapping to expose shallow orebody and to determine the thickness of top soil layer,and then to illustrate bedrock lithology and geological boundary.It can also help to study geological structures and to reveal the orebody shape,and further to combine with rock core sampling and chemical analysis to develop the systematic method of drilling instead of trenching technology.

Rock mass structural recognition from drill monitoring technology in underground mining using discontinuity index and machine learning techniques

A procedure to recognize individual discontinuities in rock mass from measurement while drilling(MWD)technology is developed,using the binary pattern of structural rock characteristics obtained from in-hole images for calibration.Data from two underground operations with different drilling technology and different rock mass characteristics are considered,which generalizes the application of the methodology to different sites and ensures the full operational integration of MWD data analysis.Two approaches are followed for site-specific structural model building:a discontinuity index(DI)built from variations in MWD parameters,and a machine learning(ML)classifier as function of the drilling parameters and their variability.The prediction ability of the models is quantitatively assessed as the rate of recognition of discontinuities observed in borehole logs.Differences between the parameters involved in the models for each site,and differences in their weights,highlight the site-dependence of the resulting models.The ML approach offers better performance than the classical DI,with recognition rates in the range 89%to 96%.However,the simpler DI still yields fairly accurate results,with recognition rates 70%to 90%.These results validate the adaptive MWD-based methodology as an engineering solution to predict rock structural condition in underground mining operations.

Scientific Drilling-to Construct the Telescopes that Inserting to the Earth Interior

Mankind live in the earth for countless years, but until now;people do not really understand the connotation of the Earth. We know that the earth composition including the lithosphere, the asthenosphere, mantle and core. Of course, the lithosphere supports all the life on Earth. For a long time, geoscientists trying to use all kind of methods such as geological, geophysical and geochemical methods to detect and study the earth, but the knowledge about earth are mostly indirect. Through the direct observation to the lithosphere, people can understand and recognize the plate movement of ocean and the mainland, crustal stress, earthquakes, volcanic processes, deep resources, the origins of life, global climate change and biodiversity. They are all the basis of a series of geosciences problems(Su and Yang, 2010). Geological specimens, especially the true samples from deep of the Earth, are the most directly study subjects for geologists. But the only way to access the true samples from deep of the earth is drilling. The most directly relevant evidence always originated from the deep of the earth, such as core, cuttings, fluid samples and other physical samples. Continental scientific drilling has been demonstrated which is an efficient technique for directly obtaining information from the Earth’s surface to the deep crust, and is acknowledged as ―to build a telescope inserting to the interior of the Earth‖, as well as ―a key for opening the door of the Earth‖. Over the last four decades, continental scientific drilling has achieved great success in enhancing our knowledge of the Earth, and in providing information on mineral resources, large engineering projects and global change. SinoProbe-05 is a new scientific drilling venture,which builds on the success of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project(CCSD), and is similar to the current major scientific drilling project on the Wenchuan earthquake fault. SinoProbe-05 will focus on 6 critical tectonic and mineral resource regions, including the Jinchuan Cu-Ni sulphide deposits in Gansu, the Luobusa chromite deposits in Tibet, the Tengchong volcano-thermal tectonic zone in Yunnan, the Yudu-Ganxian polymetallic deposits in South China, the Tongling polymetallic deposit and the Luzong volcanic basin and mineral deposit district in Anhui. As of the end of 2013, all of these pilot holes have been completed, all of them have achieved the desired scientific objectives. The construction of another ICDP project, Songke No.2 well, has come to an end. Current well depth is 5929 m. Drilling throughout the Cretaceous strata is just around the corner(The design well depth is 6400 m.). This will be the first complete Cretaceous stratigraphic profile in the world. The deep exploration project which will be stared soon will build a large number of different depths of scientific drilling holes. The deepest hole depth will reach to 13000 m. We believe that the construction of these scientific coring drilling holes will provide geologists with a lot of real core samples. These cores can meet the needs for different geoscience research areas. No doubt, the research results based on these cores will promote China’s geological science research to a new height, of course;will also contribute to the progress of the world’s earth science. This is also a good opportunity to promote China’s drilling technology. So, we know that no advanced drilling technology, no enough high quality samples from the deep of the Earth, the in-depth studies for geosciences will be restricted of course(Zhang et al., 2013).

Evolution and application of in-seam drilling for gas drainage

The presence of seam gas in the form of methane or carbon dioxide presents a hazard to underground coal mining operations.In-seam drilling has been undertaken for the past three decades for gas drainage to reduce the risk of gas outburst and lower the concentrations of seam gas in the underground ventilation.The drilling practices have reflected the standards of the times and have evolved with the development of technology and equipment and the needs to provide a safe mining environment underground.Early practice was to adapt equipment from other felds,with rotary drilling being the only form of drilling available.This form of drainage allowed various levels of gas drainage coverage but with changing emphasis,research and development within the coal industry has created specifc equipment,technology and practices to accurately place in-seam boreholes to provide effcient and effective gas drainage.Research into gas content determination established a standard for the process and safe levels for mining operations to continue.Surveying technology improved from the wire-line,single-shot Eastman survey instruments which was time-dependent on borehole depth to electronic instruments located in the drill string which transmitted accurate survey data to the drilling crew without time delays.This allowed improved directional control and increased drilling rates.Directional drilling technology has now been established as the industry standard to provide effective gas drainage drilling.Exploration was identifed as an additional beneft with directional drilling as it has the ability to provide exploration data from long boreholes.The ability of the technology to provide safe and reliable means to investigate the need for inrush protection and water drainage ahead of mining has been established.Directional drilling technology has now been introduced to the Chinese coal industry for gas drainage through a practice of auditing,design,supply,training and ongoing support.Experienced drilling crews can offer site specifc gas drainage drilling services utilising the latest equipment and technology.

Analysis on Pore-Forming Pouring Pile Construction Technology of House Building Project

Compared with the in-place pile, the pore-forming pouring pile is more simple and convenient, with a wider range of construction. In the actual construction process, it is able to pass through complex bottom layer and water layer underground without very high requirements in equipment. The actual bearing capacity of single pile is very strong, so that it can be better to adapt to the actual needs of different scales or the different geological conditions in building. And it has been promoted and used greatly in building construction work [1]. This paper introduces the concept of the pore-forming pouring pile technology, analyzes the pore-forming construction technology and the pile construction technology, then talks about prevention problems of the pore-forming pouring pile construction in House Building Project, at last draws a conclusion that the pore-forming pouring pile technology is the most basic construction technology and is the most effective and convenient way of construction.

Progress of Deep Geological Survey Project under the China Geological Survey

Serving as a way to understand the material composition,structure,and dynamic process of the Earth's interior,deep earth exploration is driven by not only mankind's pursuit of natural mysteries but also mankind's basic need to obtain resources and guarantee economic and social development.The first phase of deep earth exploration of China(SinoProbe)was carried out from 2008 to 2016 and tremendous results were achieved.In 2016,the China Geological Survey launched a Deep Geological Survey Project(also referred to as the Project)to continuously explore the deep Earth.Focusing on the national energy resources strategy,the Belt and Road Initiative,and major basic issues of the geological survey,the Project was carried out in Songliao Basin(an important energy base in China)and major geological boundaries and tectonic units including Qilian Mountains-Tianshan Mountains and Qinzhou-Hangzhou juncture belt.The purpose of it is to reveal the process,structure,and forming patterns of the deep ore deposits and petroleum reservoirs,clarify the evolutionary pattern and controlling factors of Mesozoic environmental climate,and discover deep fine structures of key orogens,basins,and mountains by comprehensive geophysical exploration and scientific drilling.Great achievements have been obtained after more than three years of efforts,including a cumulative 1552 km of deep seismic reflection profiles and magnetotelluric profiles,an ultra-deep continental scientific crilling well,a scientific drilling pilot hole,and a magnetotelluric array and a portable broadband seismic array,both of which cover South China.Moreover,significant progress has been made in ultra-deep drilling technology,deep oil and gas discovery in Songliao Basin,and basic geological issues of Qilian Orogen and Qinzhou-Hangzhou juncture belt in South China,greatly accelerating the deep earth exploration in China and further consolidating China's position as a power in deep earth exploration.

Effect of the structure of backward orifices on thejet performance of self-propelled nozzles

Self-propelled nozzle is a critical component of the radial jet drilling technology.Its backward orifice structure has a crucial influence on the propulsive force and the drilling performance.To improve the working performance of the nozzle,the numerical simulation model is built and verified by the experimental results of propulsive force.Then the theoretical model of the energy efficiency and energy coefficient of the nozzle is built to reveal the influence of the structural parameters on the jet performance of the nozzle.The results show that the energy efficiency and energy coefficient of the backward orifice increase first and then decrease with the angle increases.The energy coefficient of forward orifice is almost constant with the angle increases.With the increase in the number and diameter,energy efficiency and energy coefficient of the forward orifice gradually decrease,but the backward orifice energy coefficient first increases and then decreases.Finally,it is obtained that the nozzle has better jet performance when the angle of backward orifice is 30°,the number of backward orifice is 6,and the value range of diameter is 2-2.2 mm.This study provides a reference for the design of efficiently self-propelled nozzle for radial jet drilling technology.

Wellbore Engineering Technologies for Ultra-deep Oil and Gas Exploration：Challenges and Trend

Ultra-deep formations hold abundant oil and gas resources.As the demand for oil and gas increases with economic development,more and more efforts are putting into the exploration and development of oil and gas reservoirs in deep formations around the world.In China,the exploration and development of deep oil and gas are pacing up,especially in ultra-deep formations in the Sichuan Basin,Tarim Basin and Ordos Basin.The reservoirs in these basins feature extremely large depth(over 7000 m),super high temperature(150°C-210°C),super high pressure(over 150 MPa),high acid gas content(H_2S and CO_2),strong heterogeneity,and multiple pressure systems,which pose a series of challenges to wellbore engineering technologies including drilling,drilling fluid,cementing,logging,and completion testing.Therefore,it is necessary to delve into core drilling and testing technologies for deep formations.