Disinfection Byproducts and Their Precursors in Drinking Water Sources:Origins,Influencing Factors,and Environmental Insights

Tracing the contamination origins in water sources and identifying the impacts of natural and human processes are essential for ecological safety and public health.However,current analysis approaches are not ideal,as they tend to be laborious,time-consuming,or technically difficult.Disinfection byproducts(DBPs)are a family of well-known secondary pollutants formed by the reactions of chemical disinfectants with DBP precursors during water disinfection treatment.Since DBP precursors have various origins(e.g.,natural,domestic,industrial,and agricultural sources),and since the formation of DBPs from different precursors in the presence of specific disinfectants is distinctive,we argue that DBPs and DBP precursors can serve as alternative indicators to assess the contamination in water sources and identify pollution origins.After providing a retrospective of the origins of DBPs and DBP precursors,as well as the specific formation patterns of DBPs from different precursors,this article presents an overview of the impacts of various natural and anthropogenic factors on DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources.In practice,the DBPs(i.e.,their concentration and speciation)originally present in source water and the DBP precursors determined using DBP formation potential tests—in which water samples are dosed with a stoichiometric excess of specific disinfectants in order to maximize DBP formation under certain reaction conditions—can be considered as alternative metrics.When jointly used with other water quality parameters(e.g.,dissolved organic carbon,dissolved organic nitrogen,fluorescence,and molecular weight distribution)and specific contaminants of emerging concern(e.g.,certain pharmaceuticals and personal care products),DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources can provide a more comprehensive picture of water pollution for better managing water resources and ensuring human health.

High-Precision Direct Determination of the ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr Isotope Ratio of Bottled Sr-Rich Natural Mineral Drinking Water Using MC-ICP-MS

Strontium has four naturally occurring stable isotopes,84Sr,86Sr,87Sr,and 88Sr,with abundances of 0.56,9.87,approximately 7.04,and 82.53 atomic %,respectively.The 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio is variable due to the addition of radiogenic 87Sr produced by the beta decay of 87Rb with a half-life of 4.88 ± 0.05 Ga.Thus,

Effects of natural mineral-rich water consumption on the expression of sirtuin 1 and angiogenic factors in the erectile tissue of rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome

Consuming a high-fructose diet induces metabolic syndrome （MS）-Iike features, including endothelial dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction is an early manifestation of endothelial dysfunction and systemic vascular disease. Because mineral deficiency intensifies the deleterious effects of fructose consumption and mineral ingestion is protective against MS, we aimed to characterize the effects of 8weeks of natural mineral-rich water consumption on the structural organization and expression of vascular growth factors and receptors on the corpus cavernosum （CC） in 10% fructose-fed Sprague-Dawley rats （FRUCT）. Differences were not observed in the organization of the CC either on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） or the components of the angiopoietins/Tie2 system. However, opposing expression patterns were observed for VEGF receptors （an increase and a decrease for VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, respectively） in FRUCT animals, with these patterns being strengthened by mineral-rich water ingestion. Mineral-rich water ingestion （FRUCTMIN） increased the proportion of smooth muscle cells compared with FRUCT rats and induced an upregulatory tendency of sirtuin I expression compared with the control and FRUCT groups. Western blot results were consistent with the dual immunofluorescence evaluation. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein and plasma testosterone levels were similar among the experimental groups, although a tendency for an increase in the former was observed in the FRUCTMIN group. The mineral-rich water-treated rats presented changes similar to those observed in rats treated with MS-protective polyphenol-rich beverages or subjected to energy restriction, which led us to hypothesize that the effects of mineral-rich water consumption may be more vast than those directly observed in this study.

Pilot Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of a Natural Mineral Water Rich in Hydrogen Carbonate on Functional Dyspepsia and Heartburn

Background: Dyspepsia and heartburn are among the most frequent complaints of the upper gastrointestinal tract impacting quality of life. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of drinking a natural mineral water (medicinal product category “Heilwasser” in Germany) high in hydrogen carbonate (Staatl. Fachingen STILL) on functional dyspeptic complaints and heartburn. Methods: 56 men and women with self-reported heartburn were enrolled to this one-arm pilot study. They had to drink 1.5 L of a hydrogen carbonate rich mineral water each day over a course of six weeks. Participants reported the number and duration of heartburn episodes in a daily dairy. The Reflux Disease Questionnaire (RDQ), Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia questionnaire (QOLRAD) and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GILQI) were used to assess the therapeutic course of the treatment and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) to assess general quality of life. Mean ± standard deviation were calculated and pre- and post-treatment changes were compared using the Wilcoxon test. Results: The consumption of a hydrogen carbonate rich mineral water decreased the number of heartburn episodes per week significantly by 4.8 ± 8.2 at the end of the study (p < 0.001). The duration of episodes was also significantly reduced by 25.7 minutes after six weeks of intervention (p < 0.001). Accordingly, the subjectively perceived severity of heartburn, regurgitation and dyspeptic complaints as well as the GERD dimension as assessed by Reflux Disease Questionnaire improved significantly. There was a significant improvement in the disease-specific quality of life as measured by the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (p < 0.001) and by the Quality Of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia (p < 0.001) questionnaires and the general health-related quality of life as assessed by SF-12 (p < 0.007). Conclusions: The present pilot study provides evidence that supplementation with natural mineral water rich in hydrogen carbonate may improve heartburn and dyspeptic symptoms, which finally resulted in an improvement of the subjectively perceived quality of life. Drinking mineral water rich in hydrogen carbonate may be an alternative remedy for the treatment of dyspeptic symptoms and heartburn. Trial Registration: Eudra CT No 2013-001256-36.

Combination of chlorine and magnetic ion exchange resin for drinking water treatment of algae

The effectiveness of a magnetic ion exchange resin(MIEX) for the treatment of Hongze Lake water in China was evaluated.The kinetics of natural organic matter(NOM) removal at various MIEX doses and contact time,multiple-loading experiments,impacts of MIEX prior to coagulation on coagulant demands and the effectiveness of combination of MIEX,pre-chlorination and coagulation were investigated.Kinetic experimental results show that more than 80%UV254 and 67%dissolved organic carbon(DOC) from raw water can be removed by the use of MIEX alone.94%sulfate,69%nitrate and 98%bromide removals are obtained after the first use of MIEX in multiple-loading experiments.It is suggested that MIEX can be loaded up to 1 250 bed volume(BV,volume ratio of tested water to resin) or more without saturation when regarding organics removal as a target. MIEX can remove organics to a greater extend than coagulation and lower the coagulant demand when combining with coagulation. Chlorination experimental results show that MIEX can remove 57%chlorine demand and 77%trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) for raw water.Pre-chlorination followed by MIEX and coagulation can give additional organic and THMFP removals.The results suggest that MIEX provides a new method to solve the problem algae reproduction.

Low-Cost Sustainable Technologies for the Production of Clean Drinking Water—A Review

Water has always been an important and life-sustaining drink to humans and is essential to the survival of all known organisms. Over large parts of the world, humans have inadequate access to drinking water and use water contaminated with disease vectors, pathogens or unacceptable levels of toxins or suspended solids. Drinking such water or using it in food preparation leads to widespread, acute and chronic illnesses and is a major cause of death and misery in many countries. The UN estimates that over 2.0 billion people have limited access to safe water and nearly 800 million people lack even the most basic supply of clean water. The main issue is the affordability of water purifying systems. Many people rely on boiling water or bottled water, which can be expensive. Therefore, technologies that are cost effective, sustainable, ease of operation/maintenance and the treatment processes with locally available materials are required. In this article, some unique low-cost sustainable technologies available/or in-use, i.e. natural filtration, riverbank filtration, biosand filtration, membrane filtration, solar water disinfection technique, biologically degradable materials such as moringa powder, scallop powder treatment, and biosand pitcher treatments have been discussed.

Natural marmatite photocatalyst for treatment of mineral processing wastewater to help zero wastewater discharge

Mineral processing wastewater(MPW)with large discharge and high toxicity affects environmental safety,and the realizing zero discharge of MPW is of great significance for reducing environmental pollution,saving water resources,and promoting the sustainable development of the mining industry.In this study,we reported natural marmatite(NM)as a low-cost and efficient photocatalyst for the treatment of MPW to help zero wastewater discharge.The photocatalytic activity of NM was evaluated by the removal of total organic carbon(TOC)from MPW under visible-light illumination,and the optimal degradation conditions were discussed.Results showed that superoxide free radicals(^(·)O_(2)^(-))were the dominant active species responsible for organic pollutants degradation,and 74.25%TOC removal was obtained after 120 min reaction under the optimum treatment conditions.Meanwhile,the wastewater treated by NM photocatalysis can be reused in the flotation system without adverse impact on the product index.Based on these findings,a model of zero wastewater discharge for flotation with the help of photocatalytic treatment was established,it indicated that the water of the whole system can be balanced without affecting the ore dressing index,which showed that visible light-driven photocatalyst has a promising application prospect in the treatment and recycling of industrial wastewater.

Problems of drinking water treatment along Ismailia Canal Province, Egypt

The present drinking water purification system in Egypt uses surface water as a raw water supply without a preliminary filtration process.On the other hand,chlorine gas is added as a disinfectant agent in two steps,pre-and post-chlorination.Due to these reasons most of water treatment plants suffer low filtering effectiveness and produce the trihalomethane(THM) species as a chlorination by-product.The Ismailia Canal represents the most distal downstream of the main Nile River.Thus its water contains all the proceeded pollutants discharged into the Nile.In addition,the downstream reaches of the canal act as an agricultural drain during the closing period of the High Dam gates in January and February every year.Moreover,the wide industrial zone along the upstream course of the canal enriches the canal water with high concentrations of heavy metals.The obtained results indicate that the canal gains up to 24.06×106 m3 of water from the surrounding shallow aquifer during the closing period of the High Dam gates,while during the rest of the year,the canal acts as an influent stream losing about 99.6×106 m3 of its water budget.The reduction of total organic carbon(TOC) and suspended particulate matters(SPMs) should be one of the central goals of any treatment plan to avoid the disinfectants by-products.The combination of sedimentation basins,gravel pre-filtration and slow sand filtration,and underground passage with microbiological oxidation-reduction and adsorption criteria showed good removal of parasites and bacteria and complete elimination of TOC,SPM and heavy metals.Moreover,it reduces the use of disinfectants chemicals and lowers the treatment costs.However,this purification system under the arid climate prevailing in Egypt should be tested and modified prior to application.

Evaluating Raw and Treated Water Quality of Tigris River within Baghdad by Index Analysis

A water quality index (WQI) is a single value indicator of the water quality determined through sum-marizing multiple parameters of water test results into simple terms for management and decission makers. In this paper, thirteen parameters were considered. On the basis of these data, raw and treated drinking water from Tigris River within Baghdad were analyzed. Cluster analysis conducted on the WQI data in this area was applied to detect the fluctuation of water quality. In this study, WQI showed that Tigris water never reached “Excellent” levels nor fallen to “Unsuitable” condition, except in occasional untreated water samples. Effects of various sources of pollution were evident and the needs for intensive studies on WQI became evident.

饮用水处理过程中天然有机物引起的超滤膜污染机制研究进展

天然有机物(NOM)存在于地表水、地下水和土壤水中。超滤(UF)膜技术具有运行压力小、设备集成化程度高和占地面积小等优势,但NOM造成的复合污染使超滤膜在水处理的应用管理变得复杂。本文在概述NOM的来源、组成和化学性质的基础上,通过分析不同结构特征的NOM间的相互作用机制,阐述了不同结构特征的NOM的复合膜污染。从离子与NOM络合的影响因素、络合对NOM理化性质的影响等,分析了离子与NOM的复合膜污染。最后,分析了目前研究面临的挑战,并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。

不同类型居民饮用水天然放射性核素特性分析

为探究不同类型饮用水源中天然放射性核素的差异性,本文对某地区地下水、地表水(河流水、水库水)集中式饮用水源中总α、总β、U_(天然)、Th_(天然)、^(226)Ra、^(40)K、^(210)Pb、^(210)Po放射性活度浓度进行监测分析。结果表明,不同类型饮用水源中总α、总β放射性水平及40K、226Ra等天然放射性核素含量呈一定规律性分布,同时该地区饮用水中总α、总β均未超过GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》规定的限值(总α≤0.5 Bq·L^(-1),总β≤1 Bq·L^(-1)),该地区饮用水源辐射环境状况安全可控。

昆仑山北坡黑刺沟大型天然矿泉水成因分析

昆仑山区现代冰川林立,构造及地貌的发育形成了西大滩大型矿泉水、昆仑圣泉以及昆仑山等诸多优质天然矿泉水源。目前仅昆仑山矿泉水进行了较大规模的开发,其余大量的矿泉水尚处于未开发的原始状态,矿泉水资源十分丰富。通过EH-4音频大地电磁测深、水化学分析及动态监测等手段,采用Piper三线图解法、Gibbs图解法、同位素分析等方法对昆仑山北坡黑刺沟大型天然矿泉水的导水与控水断裂、水化学特殊组分来源及形成机制进行分析研究。结果显示矿泉群主要补给水源为刚欠查鲁马峰一带现代冰川底部冰雪覆盖融区水,冰雪融水通过多期活动的正断层组向深部运移,径流至北侧南倾阻水断层后形成富水区和上涌通道,并沿着通道溢出地表形成矿泉群;泉水中锶元素来源于南部昆仑山硅酸盐组与地下水的水-岩相互作用。

某锶型天然矿泉水资源允许开采量评价

为合理评价承德地区某锶型天然矿泉水资源的允许开采量,以水源地所在水文地质单元为研究对象,在研究含水层岩性及富水性特征、地下水流动系统特征、地下水动态特征、地下水水化学特征的基础上,建立了区域地下水系统概念模型,运用均衡计算,评价含水系统的水资源量为450.52万m^(3)/a(12343.01 m^(3)/d)。通过开展多落程单孔抽水试验,认为该水源地允许开采量为812.16 m^(3)/d(C级),为资源开采提供依据。

湖南省矿泉水产业发展现状及对策研究

湖南省矿泉水资源禀赋突出,矿泉水产业却发展滞后,为促进湖南省矿泉水产业发展,将资源优势转化为经济优势、竞争优势,提升矿泉水品牌价值和市场影响力,对湖南省矿泉水产业进行了研究。研究发现:湖南省矿泉水资源丰富,品质优良,并且拥有珍稀的矿泉水资源,但是矿泉水市场规模小、企业少、开发利用程度低;湖南省矿泉水分布均衡,地处中部地区,交通便利,物流方便,但缺乏省级政策支持,矿泉水企业成长缓慢;人民健康饮水意识提高,对矿泉水需求增加,但本土矿泉水优秀品质和矿泉水品牌却鲜有人知;外省发挥资源优势产业得到飞速发展,但湖南却缺少大企业、大品牌参与开发,矿泉水市场占有率低。为此建议:(1)高起点谋划,从省级层面制定扶持政策、成立推进机构、打造产业集群、做好配套建设;(2)高标准建设,加大招商引资、建立企业联盟、打造公共品牌、优选区位开发;(3)高强度推广,纳入政府采购目录、优先使用本土产品、多场合多平台销售;(4)高频率宣传,加大广告投入、讲好湖南水故事、增强公民健康饮水意识、提高本土企业知名度;(5)高力度打击,加强市场监管、严禁非法开采、打击违规违法生产企业。

柴达木盆地东缘德令哈柏树山大型天然饮用矿泉水成因分析

在对柴达木盆地东缘柏树山饮用矿泉群进行水文地质、控水断裂、水质等方面实地调查,对泉群的成因进行了研究。结果表明:矿泉群的水补给源为北部山区降水,补给源水通过大量的基岩裂隙补给深层地下水,径流至F2北倾活动性逆断层上盘时,形成富水“三角区”,并沿F2断层破碎带在上盘处排泄出地表,矿泉总流量达6446.3 m^(3)/d,是一处天然理想的矿泉水水源地。

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter（NOM） concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon（DOC） in the source water. KMn O4pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O3＋ activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV254 in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organic matter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2%of color, 96.0% of UV254 and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.

Naturotherapies Based on Minerals

Since the antiquity, and on an empirical basis, man has accumulated experience on the benefits and risks of minerals (such as, special clay, mud and sand) and other mineral resources (such as, salt, sea water, spring water, underground water, volcanic emissions and dust) on human health. Man and minerals are chemical systems sharing a common composition, comprising major, minor and trace chemical elements, such as, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, sulphur, phosphor, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, silicon, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese and fluorine, all essential to life, to a high standard of living and to the formation of minerals;in the natural environment where man lives minerals and chemical elements are omnipresent, therefore, interactions are expected to occur and to condition man’s life and his standard of living, in turn highly determined by our health state. Examples of the properties and medicinal use of certain types of special clay, certain types of special sand, and certain types of special natural mineral water, thermal or not, in the treatment of particular types of health affections will be disclosed.

皖江城市带饮用天然矿泉水资源开发利用现状与对策建议

基于实际地质调查资料,对照现行饮用天然矿泉水国家标准,对皖江城市带已勘查评价的饮用天然矿泉水资源及开发利用现状进行复核统计。结合矿泉水的资源禀赋、经济社会发展及生态环境保护需求,分析矿泉水开发利用中存在的主要问题并提出对策建议。皖江城市带现存矿泉水井(泉)允许开采量为17540.45 m^(3)/d,实际开采量为1306.39 m^(3)/d,仅占现存井(泉)允许开采量的7.45%。矿泉水开发利用中除了存在资源闲置和资源不足并存、优质低用、保护不力等问题外,还普遍忽视了矿泉水化学成分来源和作用机制认识不深入、资源可持续利用条件不清楚、资源储量评价方法不合理等制约因素。今后矿泉水勘查评价时,应高度重视水化学和环境同位素综合分析,深入研究水-岩作用和资源可持续利用条件,根据水文地质条件正确选择资源储量评价方法,为其开发利用提供坚实基础。同时,应科学规划矿泉水勘查开发布局,重点开展天长地区碳酸偏硅酸锶型矿泉水和大别山区矿泉水的勘查开发,助力产业结构调整和乡村振兴。

河南省金刚台一带饮用天然矿泉水找矿模式研究

以水文地质工作程度低的空白区—河南省商城县金刚台一带为矿泉水靶区,通过综合水文地质调查、采样测试、物探与化探、水文地质钻探、抽水试验、地下水动态监测等综合手段,以达到查明区内矿泉水资源量的目的。分析控水构造和地下水补径排条件,分析矿泉水成因。以动态长观结果分析评价地下水动态特征和稳定性,以水样测试结果分析评价矿泉水合格程度,并以抽水试验结果参数计算评价允许资源开采量。研究结果表明,区内存在低矿化锶·硅复合型饮用天然矿泉水,日最大开采量为600 m^(3),规模为小型,研究程度基本达到详查精度。