Disinfection Byproducts and Their Precursors in Drinking Water Sources:Origins,Influencing Factors,and Environmental Insights

Tracing the contamination origins in water sources and identifying the impacts of natural and human processes are essential for ecological safety and public health.However,current analysis approaches are not ideal,as they tend to be laborious,time-consuming,or technically difficult.Disinfection byproducts(DBPs)are a family of well-known secondary pollutants formed by the reactions of chemical disinfectants with DBP precursors during water disinfection treatment.Since DBP precursors have various origins(e.g.,natural,domestic,industrial,and agricultural sources),and since the formation of DBPs from different precursors in the presence of specific disinfectants is distinctive,we argue that DBPs and DBP precursors can serve as alternative indicators to assess the contamination in water sources and identify pollution origins.After providing a retrospective of the origins of DBPs and DBP precursors,as well as the specific formation patterns of DBPs from different precursors,this article presents an overview of the impacts of various natural and anthropogenic factors on DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources.In practice,the DBPs(i.e.,their concentration and speciation)originally present in source water and the DBP precursors determined using DBP formation potential tests—in which water samples are dosed with a stoichiometric excess of specific disinfectants in order to maximize DBP formation under certain reaction conditions—can be considered as alternative metrics.When jointly used with other water quality parameters(e.g.,dissolved organic carbon,dissolved organic nitrogen,fluorescence,and molecular weight distribution)and specific contaminants of emerging concern(e.g.,certain pharmaceuticals and personal care products),DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources can provide a more comprehensive picture of water pollution for better managing water resources and ensuring human health.

A review of physicochemical and biological contaminants in drinking water and their impacts on human health

Clean drinking water is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.Despite significant progress in the water purification technology,many regions still lack access to clean water.This paper provides a review of selected water contaminants and their impacts on human health.The World Health Organization(WHO)guidelines and regional standards for key contaminants were used to characterise water quality in the European Union and UK.The concept of safe drinking water was explained based on the non-observed adverse effect level,threshold concentrations for toxic chemicals,and their total daily intake.Various techniques for monitoring water contaminants and the drinking water standards from five different countries,including the UK,USA,Canada,Pakistan and India,were compared to WHO recommended guidelines.The literature on actual water quality in these regions and its potential health impacts was also discussed.Finally,the role of public water suppliers in identifying and monitoring drinking water contaminants in selected developed countries was presented as a potential guideline for developing countries.This review emphasised the need for a comprehensive understanding of water quality and its impacts on human health to ensure access to clean drinking water worldwide.

Genotoxicity evaluation of drinking water sources in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay

The potential harm of organic pollutants in drinking water to human health is widely focused on in the wodd; more and more pollutants with genotoxic substances are released into the aquatic environment. Water source samples were collected from 7 different localities of Nanjing City. The potential genotoxicity of organic extracts from drinking water sources were investigated by means of the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. The results showed that all the organic extracts from all the water source samples could induce DNA damages of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different levels. A significant difference （P 〈 0.01） was observed when compared with the solvent control, The DNA damage increased with the increase of the dosage of the original water source. Significant differences of DNA damage were observed in different drinking water sources, as shown by the multiple comparisons analysis at the dosage of 100x; the degree of DNA damage treated by Hushu waterworks （at town level） was the most serious, the arbitrary units （AU） was 141.62±6.96, however, that of Shangyuanmen waterworks （at city level） was only 109.64±2.97. The analysis also revealed that the genotoxicity of town＇s water sources was higher than that of the city. The results demonstrated that the comet assay can be successfully applied to the genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water sources.

A Novel Method to Improve Quality of Drinking Water, Based on the Eye’s Biology

Water represents a critical nutrient, the absence of which will be lethal within days. Water’s importance for the prevention of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases has received more attention recently. There are major gaps in knowledge related to the measurement of total fluid intake and hydration status at the population level. It is poorly understood the effects of chronic mild dehydration and fluid consumption on specific health outcomes including obesity. Urolithiasis is the only disorder that has been consistently associated with chronic low daily water intake. Water is an essential nutrient required for life, but until now, it was considered mainly as a universal solvent, which served to prepare the broth of life inside the cells, but the function of water now takes unusual importance with our discovery of the unsuspected ability of the human body to transform the power of light into chemical energy by dissociating the molecule from water, as it happens in plants. The process that we replicated in the laboratory for the first time in 2007, represents a light at the end of the tunnel, in the growing and serious problem of contamination of the mysterious and vital liquid that we call water.

Occurrence,seasonal variation and human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water,groundwater and drinking water in Lagos State,Nigeria

The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,Nigeria.The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,respectively.This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial strains.Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local community.Measured concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian adults.Results revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,respectively.While there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure.

Occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in drinking water and in its sources:A review

Since many waterborne diseases are caused by human pathogenic viruses,virus monitoring of drinking water(DW)and DW sources is crucial for public health.Therefore,the aim of this review was to describe the occurrence of human pathogenic viruses in DW and DW sources;the occurrence of two viruses proposed as novel indicators of human faecal contamination(Peppermild mottle virus and Tobacco mosaic virus)was also reported.This research was focused on articles that assessed viral occurrence using molecular methods in the surface water used for DW production(SW-D),groundwater used for DW production(GW-D),DW and bottled-DW(BW).A total of 1544 studies published in the last 10 years were analysed,and 79 were ultimately included.In considering the detection methods,filtration is the most common concentration technique,while quantitative polymerase chain reaction is the most common quantification technique.Regarding virus occurrence in SW-D,GW-D,and DW,high percentages of positive samples were reported for adenovirus,polyomavirus and Pepper mild mottle virus.Viral genomes were frequently detected in SW-D and rarely in GW-D,suggesting that GW-D may be a safe DW source.Viral genomes were also detected in DW,posing a possible threat to human health.The lowest percentages of positive samples were found in Europe,while the highest were found in Asia and South America.Only three articles assessed viral occurrence in BW.This review highlights the lack of method standardization and the need for legislation updates.

Groundwater Quality Assessment in Rural Areas of Caapiranga City in Brazilian Amazon

About 75% of the entire surface of the planet Earth is covered by water, with only about 3% of freshwater. The Amazon region has the largest freshwater basin in the world and the uncontrolled growth of the population in this region has become a problem concerning water contamination since a large part of the region’s population obtains water from artesian wells. This study aimed to investigate some physical-chemical parameters of groundwater in the municipality of Caapiranga, Amazonas (AM), Brazil. Water samples obtained from 14 tubular wells were evaluated, as well as a sample of surface water from Lake Caapiranga that passes in front of the municipality. The vast majority of water samples showed low pH, and were of the parameters established for drinking water, aquaculture and animal watering. High levels of nitrate are also found in most samples, which indicates contamination of these waters by domestic effluents. In wells 1, 6, 9 11, and 13 the levels of nitrate were very high and can cause serious diseases in people who use this water for consumption. According to the parameters evaluated, the quality of groundwater in 5 of the 14 wells is unfit for human consumption.

某饮用水源地水体重金属分布特征及健康风险评价

为探讨湖库型饮用水源地水体重金属的分布特征及引起的人体健康风险,以云南中部某水库饮用水源地水体为研究对象,基于当地生态环境监测部门2019—2021年水质监测数据,分析了研究区库区和入库河流水体中8种重金属Zn、Pb、Fe、Cd、Mn、Cr6+、As、Hg的质量浓度和分布特征,并运用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行人体健康风险评价。结果表明:2019—2021年研究区库区和入库河流水体中均未检出Hg、Cr6+、Pb和Cd,但Zn、As、Fe和Mn均有不同程度检出,且检出质量浓度高值集中在入库河流,入库河流水体重金属质量浓度高值出现在丰水期,库区重金属质量浓度高值出现在枯水期,其中Fe、Mn质量浓度最大值超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2022)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水标准限值;经饮水途径,非致癌重金属Pb、Hg、Zn、Fe和Mn对成人和儿童的年健康风险均值处于10-10/a水平,为无风险;致癌重金属As、Cd和Cr6+对成人的最大年健康风险接近国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐限值,需引起高度重视,而对儿童的最大年健康风险已超过ICRP推荐限值,有致癌风险;致癌重金属Cr6+和As为儿童致癌风险的决定元素,在儿童饮水方面应优先管控。

低剂量莠去津暴露饮用水诱导小鼠肝损伤模型的建立及验证

目的 建立长期饮喂低剂量莠去津诱发小鼠肝损伤模型,并评价莠去津引起的肝毒性作用。方法 C57BL/6-N雄性小鼠随机分为对照组以及1.5 mg/L和150 mg/L剂量(ATR-L、ATR-H)组,于饮喂后第35天和63天检测血清肝功能生化指标和炎性因子水平,计算肝体比并对肝进行病理组织学和超微结构观察,检测肝组织中脂质过氧化水平和抗氧化能力,以及主要Ⅰ相代谢酶和Ⅱ相解毒酶的活性及相关蛋白表达。结果 与对照组相比,莠去津组AST/ALT比值,促炎性因子CCL2、TNF-α和IL-6,H2O2含量以及代谢酶NCR、CYT b5和UDPGT活性均有显著变化(P<0.05);150 mg/L剂量组肝功能GGT含量,过氧化物MDA水平及CYP1A2表达量极显著升高(P<0.01),而GSH含量显著降低(P<0.05),观察肝细胞损伤和线粒体空泡化更严重。结论 在建立低剂量莠去津诱导小鼠肝损伤模型时,1.5 mg/L和150 mg/L莠去津饮用水暴露均能够引起小鼠肝损伤,其中150 mg/L莠去津暴露63 d后引起的肝代谢毒性更强。

昆明市重点饮用水源地水体抗生素的赋存及其风险评估

饮水是抗生素进入人体的主要途径,为探明昆明市饮用水源地水体中抗生素的污染现状、来源及潜在风险,于2023年枯水期(4月)和丰水期(8月)采集并分析了云龙水库及其前置库双化水库水体中7类共38种抗生素浓度及部分常规理化参数,利用PCA分析解释水体抗生素的主要来源,同时评估了生态风险及人体健康风险。结果表明:①昆明市重点饮用水源地2023年枯水期(4月)和丰水期(8月)共检出31种抗生素,所有采样点抗生素总浓度呈丰水期(1109.0 ng/L)远高于枯水期(414.7 ng/L)的特征,枯水期和丰水期单体抗生素检出浓度范围分别为ND(低于检出限)~37.5 ng/L和ND~139.3 ng/L。主要污染物为磺胺类、四环素类和氟喹诺酮类抗生素(检出率均达50%)。②PCA分析表明,畜禽养殖废水、医疗废水与生活污水均为昆明市重点饮用水源地水体抗生素污染的主要来源。③昆明市重点饮用水源地枯水期和丰水期所有抗生素的生态风险熵值(RQ)均小于0.1,健康风险熵值(RQH)均小于0.01。研究显示,昆明市重点饮用水源地水体单体抗生素对生态环境造成的风险可忽略不计,对不同年龄、性别人体健康造成的风险可忽略不计。

新疆生产建设兵团畜牧业高质量发展规划资源环境承载力研究

[目的]为科学制定新疆生产建设兵团(以下简称兵团)“十四五”畜牧业发展规划提供基本生产参数。[方法]以兵团及13个师2025年畜禽计划存出栏数为依据,从畜禽养殖饲草料资源承载力、水资源承载力、粪污土地承载力3个环境制约因素来分析兵团及各师未来畜牧业发展资源环境承载力。[结果]到2025年,兵团苜蓿缺口19.29万t,需种植21.43万hm^(2);玉米青贮缺口687.07万t,需种植11.452万hm^(2);秸秆等主要粗饲料原料盈余169.63万t;玉米籽实缺口为337.04万t,需种植42.80万hm^(2);棉粕盈余60.99万t。兵团2025年畜禽饮用水需要量增长39.63%,达563.41万t,其中第十二师增长率最大(294.94%),第八师增长量最大(88.52万t)。兵团整体畜禽粪污土地承载力不超载,达到2025年计划养殖量后仍可增加3053万个猪当量,土地消纳粪污的潜力仍很大,但第十二师以氮测算承载力指数为4.90>1,以磷测算承载力指数为3.26>1,属于严重超载,需要进行调整。[结论]“十四五”兵团及13个师的畜禽养殖数量设定与环境资源禀赋比较符合,但个别师仍需调整。

新时代水利人饮工程建设与管理研究

为保证饮用水的质量,守护广大人民群众的身体健康,针对工程建设问题,分析施工质量不达标、财政支持有限以及养护管理机制不完善等方面存在的困扰。着重探讨新时代水利人饮工程建设与管理的意义,强调其对水利工程施工技术的重要性。在此基础上,提出了一系列解决问题的策略。首先,通过全面提高水利人饮工程建设质量,以确保项目的可持续性和长期效益。其次,建议加大资金投入及管理力度,以应对财政支持有限的问题。完善工程养护管理机制,以确保工程的可靠性和使用寿命。通过以上措施的实施,有望解决当前水利人饮工程建设与管理中存在的问题,促进行业的可持续发展。

基于水温对肉牛生长性能影响的冬季恒温饮水系统优选

为缓解西北地区拴系肉牛在冬季产生的冷应激,提高肉牛生长性能,研究根据连通器原理设计恒温饮水系统,为牛只提供温水。试验选取西门塔尔牛作为试验牛,对饮水器内水温、肉牛的饮水行为、生理以及日增质量进行测定。试验结果表明:恒温饮水系统能为处理组牛只提供17.69℃的温水,处理组牛的日增质量为1.53 kg/(d·头),较对照组提高0.36 kg/(d·头),差异极显著(P<0.01)。在处理组中,牛只饮用16~18℃的温水表现出更多的饮水次数和更好的增重效果(日增质量达到(1.69±0.44)kg/(d·头))。饮水后牛只瘤胃处体表温度处理组比对照组高3.29℃,差异极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,在拴系肉牛舍中采用这种恒温饮水系统能够有效改善肉牛因冬季饮用冷水造成的冷应激,并能显著提高肉牛生长性能,具有技术和经济可行性。

人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验检测饮用水水质毒性研究

应用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验对无锡充山水厂、中桥水厂 ,常州西石桥水厂进出水及金坛市拟用水源地长荡湖湖心水样的生物毒性进行了研究 .结果表明 ,各水样的有机浓集物均可对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA产生不同程度的损伤 ,存在一定的遗传毒性 .试验结果与各水样水质污染状况基本一致 .同时 ,季节变化以及常规水处理过程对水样的生物毒性也有影响 .研究表明 。

饮用水与人体健康关系研究

水是人的生存基础,是人体循环系统、消化系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统正常工作的必要物质保证、生命活动不可缺少的关键要素。饮用水在人体水分的获取中发挥着重要作用,饮用水的优劣对健康有直接的影响。随着饮用水水质的恶化,饮用水与健康的关系研究已日益引起人们的重视。本文叙述了饮用水与人体健康关系的形成与发展、对饮用水与人体健康关系研究的内容、方法及主要研究成果进行了综述,提出了目前研究中存在的主要问题,最后展望了饮用水与人体健康关系研究的重点领域和方向。

人血淋巴细胞彗星试验检测南京市水源水的遗传毒性

采用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验,对N市多个自来水厂水源水中的有机浓集物进行了毒性检测.结果表明,各水样浓集物均能引起不同程度的DNA损伤,与对照组相比均有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01).以每管100mL剂量组进行多重比较发现,不同水厂源水间的遗传毒性存在较大差异,镇级水厂>市级水厂.试验结果与环保部门对各水厂水源水水质检测结果基本一致,证实了彗星试验作为一种简便、快速和灵敏的遗传毒性检测方法可以引入环境监测,能有效检测饮用水源有机浓集物的遗传毒性.

实验动物饮用水纯化处理和污染控制

使用高质量的实验动物是保证各类生物学试验结果正确可靠的重要前提。实验动物饮用水中的污染物对实验动物的健康、福利和试验数据的可靠性造成了严重的威胁,因此控制饮用水污染成为了保证水质量的首要任务。实验动物饮用水可以通过纯化和无菌处理达到无菌要求,纯化方法包括活性炭吸附和过滤膜过滤等方式,紫外线消毒及臭氧杀菌等也是无菌处理的重要保障,但水质监测和不良监测结果的处理对控制水的微生物污染也很重要。

苏南地区部分饮用水源水的有机污染物研究

以美国EPA建议的多污染物分析与评价系统,对苏南地区部分饮用水源水质的危险度进行了评价。评价结果各水样健康危险度均>1,表明各水样对人健康均存在潜在危害,而生态风险度均<1。同时,采用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验,对各水样有机浓集物的生物毒性进行了研究,结果表明水样浓集物可对淋巴细胞DNA产生不同程度的损伤,存在一定的遗传毒性。试验结果与水质状况基本一致,表明上述两种方法对于评价水体有机物污染的有效性。

北京地区动物实验设施动物饮水无菌检测及绿脓杆菌污染菌株鉴定

目的了解北京地区动物实验设施动物饮水微生物控制状况。方法根据实验动物无菌动物生活环境国家标准检测方法,对实验动物设施内的动物饮用水样品进行分离培养。扩增分离绿脓杆菌的16SrRNA,并进行测序,绘制发育树。结果在27个参与检测的单位中,未经过处理的饮水无菌生长率41%;经过处理的饮水无菌生长率仅29%。绿脓杆菌检出率30%,主要为RHH13和ZAQ22两个菌株。结论本次检测的实验动物饮水在处理后的效果普遍不甚理想,存在绿脓杆菌的污染,直接影响实验动物质量。

4种不同处理的实验动物饮水储存时间-细菌培养报告

目的通过模拟现实环境,对国家药物安全评价监测中心可能使用的4种处理动物饮水的储存时间-菌落进行监测,为该中心的实验动物饮水管理提供参考。方法将4种水样存放在模拟现实环境下,每周分别取样接种血平皿进行细菌培养,为控制样品传递可能造成的污染,取样及接种操作安排在临近储存环境的设备中进行。结果高压灭菌管道自来水连续5周未检测到细菌,高压灭菌过滤水连续8周未检测到细菌;新鲜未高压灭菌管道自来水及过滤水水样细菌检出阳性,其中新鲜自来水存放1周后每毫升水样中菌落单位超过100个,新鲜过滤水存放1周后每毫升水样中菌落单位平均34个(范围:29～37 cfu/mL)。结论高压灭菌水储存5周满足无菌要求,可提供给清洁级以上动物饮用;未经高压灭菌过滤水储存1周内可满足国标要求,可供普通级动物使用,但接取新鲜水样将更加安全;新鲜管道自来水满足国标要求,可供普通级动物使用,但建议不要储存过夜饮用。