Green High-yield and High-efficiency Cultivation Techniques of Integrated Management of Water and Fertilizer for Maize under Mulch Drip Irrigation

The green high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques of integrated management of water and fertilizer for maize under mulch drip irrigation are described from the aspects of high yield target of maize and its component factor indexes,pre-sowing preparation,sowing,post-sowing management,field management at the seedling stage,integrated management of water and fertilizer for target yield of maize,rational application of micro-fertilizer,comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests,timely harvest,etc.,in order to provide a reference for agricultural technicians,maize farmers and maize industry development in northern Xinjiang.

Study on Liquid Special Fertilizer for Drip Irrigation of Sugarcane and Its Irrigation Mode in Guangxi Lateritic Red Soil Region

[Objective] Liquid special fertilizer for drip irrigation of sugarcane was de- veloped and the fertilizer patterns were explored in the production to provide techni- cal support for fertigation production of modern agriculture. [Method] ROC22 was selected as experimental material, two formulas of liquid special fertilizer for sugar- cane developed by the cooperation between Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sci- ences and New Orientation （Guangxi） Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd. were selected, namely, balanced 21-21-21 ~ TE of Xinfangxiang and hyperkalemic 13-6-39-TE of Xinfangxiang. Taking conventional fertilization as the control （CK）, two modes of ap- plying base fertilizer at the earlier stage ＋ fertigation in the tillering stage and ferti- gation in the whole growth period were set. [Result] The two modes of fertilization had not significant effects on the emergence of sugarcane, but applying base fertil- izer at the earlier stage ＋ timely applying water soluble fertilizer in the tillering stage was conducive to the tillering of sugarcane. Harvest results showed that the effects of different treatments on plant height and yield were significant, in which the yield of sugarcane under the treatment of hyperkalemic water-soluble fertilizer increased by 13.04% compared with conventional treatment, and the income increased by 4 500 yuan/hm2, [Conclusion] Liquid special fertilizer for drip irrigation of sugarcane signifi- cantly promoted the growth of sugarcane, moreover, under the same condition, the effect of hyperkalemic water-soluble fertilizer was better.

Effects of Different Drip Irrigation Fertilizers on Nutrient Levels in Celery and Soil under Drip Irrigation

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different fertilizers on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ＇absorption and distribution by celeo, and the changes of soil nutrients in the 0 -40 cm soil layer under drip irrigation, so as to provide a theoretical basis for nutrient management of greenhouse celery culti- vation and special fertilizer development. With celery as an experiment material and the ratio of conventional fertilization as control treatment, the effects of different ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on nutrient absorption by celery and changes of soil nutrients were investigated by plot experiment in greenhouse. The results showed that the contents and distribution proportions of N and P in leaf were higher than those in stem, while for K, the content and distribution proportion were higher in stem than in leaf. The absorption amount of K was the highest in celery, followed by N, and the absorption amount of P element was the least. The mean ratio of N, P and K in celery was 1：0.556： 1.609. There were evident dynamic changes in contents of soil available nutrients in the 0 -20 cm soil layer in various growth stages of celery under different drip irrigation fertilizers. The contents of soil available nutrients were higher on the 28＇h , 47~ and 83＇h d ＂after fieht planting, while those before field planting and after harvest were lower. So the amounts of soil available nutrients were closely related to the growth stage of celery. In the whole growth period of celery, the mean input amounts of N, P205 and K20 were 805, 1 049 and 916 kg/hm2 , respectively, but the absorption amounts of nutrients by celery were far less than inputs, and the amounts of N, P205 and K20 absorbed by celery＂ were only 23% -26% , 10% and 31% -35% of the appli- cation amounts, respectively. The apparent balance of N, P2 O5 and Kz O were 613,943 and 609 kg/hm2 , respectively, indicating excess fertilization in this experi- ment. Under this experiment condition, Tj （ N： PzOs： K20 = 1 ： 0.63： 1.08） favored increase of celery yield and absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and petassium by celery. The results will provide a scientific basis for study and utilization of special fertilizer for drip irrigation on celery. Key words Drip irrigation; Fertilizer for drip irrigation; Celery; Soil nutrient; Apparent balance

Competitiveness and Profitability of Intercropping Sunflower with Peanut under Different Irrigation Water Levels and Potassium Fertilizer Rates

A two-year study was carried out at Ismailia Agricultural Research Station, Egypt during 2016 and 2017 summer seasons to evaluate competitive effects of intercropping sunflower and peanut under different drip irrigation water amounts and K fertilizer rates for increasing farmer profitability. Three irrigation amounts (70%, 100% and 120% ETo), three K fertilizer levels (57, 86 and 114 K2O kg/ha) and four intercropping patterns of sunflower and peanut (different spatial arrangements) were implemented. The experimental design was strip split plot with three replications. The results showed that there were no significant differences between 100% and 120% ETo on most of yield traits of the intercrops. The highest K fertilizer level had the highest values of most yield traits of the intercrops. The highest values of peanut and sunflower traits were obtained from intercropping sunflower with peanut, where peanut seeds were sown on both sides of all the raised beds, sunflower seeds were sown on one row above the raised beds and the following bed was left without intercropping (P1). Thus, to attain the highest yield of intercrops and water equivalent ratio (WER), the lowest competitive pressure and the highest farmer profitability, 120% ETo, 114 K2O kg/ha and P1 intercropping pattern should be implemented. This research found that the result of competitiveness was consistent with the result of profitability.

Effects of drip irrigation modes on growth and physiological characteristics of Arabica coffee under different N levels

The objective of this study was to obtain the water-saving and efficient production mode of Arabica coffee. The effects of three drip irrigation modes,conventional drip irrigation( CDI),alternate drip irrigation( ADI) and fixed drip irrigation( FDI) on growth,photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation and irrigation water use efficiency of Arabica coffee were investigated under three nitrogen levels,high nitrogen( NH),middle nitrogen( NM) and low nitrogen( NL). The results show that there was a significant Logistic curve between the plant height,the stem diameter of Arabica coffee and growth days. Compared with CDI,ADI had no significant effects on leaf net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,instantaneous water use efficiency and biomass accumulation above ground of Arabica coffee,while FDI decreased significantly,ADI and FDI increased irrigation water use efficiency by 50. 59% and 32. 85%,respectively. Compared with NH,with the reduction of N application rate,net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,biomass accumulation above ground and irrigation water use efficiency decreased by 6. 81%-12. 30%,13. 70%-22. 69%,9. 61%-16. 67% and 9. 78%-15. 64%,respectively. Compared with CDINH,ADINHdecreased net photosynthesis rate and the stomatal conductance not significantly,other treatments decreased by 9. 16%-19. 22%,14. 49%-32. 91%,and decreased biomass accumulation above ground by 8. 26%-27. 34% except ADINH,and increased irrigation water use efficiency by 16. 46%-60. 95% except CDINMand CDINL. Therefore,alternate drip irrigation under high N level( ADINH) is the best water and nitrogen coupling mode of young Arabica coffee tree for water efficiency.

露地辣椒生产固碳增活全程施肥方案

河北露地辣椒种植历史悠久,但生产中粗放的养分管理,导致土壤有机质消耗,植株抗逆性差,连作障碍频发。本文基于露地辣椒生产固碳增活施肥技术,围绕肥料养分均衡减量、有机替代固碳增效、菌剂滴灌沃土增活3项核心内容,从肥料养分总量推荐、有机物料多源配施、滴灌肥水协同运筹等方面制定了河北露地辣椒生产固碳增活全程施肥解决方案,并对比四种固碳技术模式应用效果,发现基施多样化来源的有机物料朝天椒增产效果优于单一有机物料,优选牛粪堆肥+秸秆类生物炭模式或牛粪堆肥+玉米秸秆+秸秆类生物炭技术模式(秸秆还田条件),以助力传统辣椒产区耕地保护与土壤质量提升,促进种植户养分管理由盲目粗放向合理精准转变。

滴灌不同浓度水溶肥对樱桃产量和品质的影响

以辽宁主栽的“美早”和“砂蜜豆”两个樱桃品种为试材,通过设置不同浓度大量元素水溶肥滴灌处理,探究不同施肥浓度对樱桃产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明:800倍液滴灌施肥处理的效果最佳,两品种单果重分别为13.86 g、13.50 g,单株产量分别为30.14 kg、29.44 kg,可溶性固形物含量分别为18.73%、18.68%,维生素C(Vc)含量分别为45.55 mg·kg^(-1)、44.90 mg·kg^(-1),酸度含量分别为0.80%和0.83%。

滴灌节水技术应用机理及热点研究进展

滴灌是一种用水效率高的节水灌溉技术,具有少量多次、节水增产的特点。它能有效减少土壤蒸发和深层渗漏,提高灌溉水利用效率,同时其自动化程度高,可减少劳动力和运行管理成本。滴灌已成为国内外缺水地区的重要灌溉技术之一。目前,我国农业现代化发展过程中广泛使用滴灌技术,但也存在一些问题。从多个层面对滴灌技术的发展现状、适应作物类型、滴灌节水技术应用的研究热点、滴灌节水节肥机理以及存在的问题进行了梳理和分析,并提出了滴灌技术未来发展的建议,旨在为智慧滴灌技术的应用与研究提供借鉴和参考,为有效缓解我国农业用水紧缺,实现农田科学用水,提高作物的水分利用效率和农业生产的可持续性提供理论依据。

施钾对新疆滴灌花生生长特性及产量的剂量效应

为提高新疆滴灌条件下的花生产量,研究钾肥适宜施用量,在新疆乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站,以花育9610(T1,新疆常播品种)和黑花5号(T2,高产品种)为材料,设置4个钾肥(K2O)梯度,K0,K1,K2和K3分别代表施用量为0、150、225和300 kg/hm^(2),按苗期15%、花针期40%、结荚期30%、饱果成熟期15%进行追肥。结果表明,花育9610和黑花5号花生的主茎高和侧枝长均随钾肥施用量增加基本呈抛物线形变化,干物质量均以K2水平最大,分别为84.37 g/株、89.37 g/株;与不施钾肥相比,K2处理主茎高、侧枝长分别比K0增加了17.91%和16.56%、7.4%和12.31%,根瘤数均在结荚期最高,分别为42.0个/株和45.3个/株;叶面积指数基本随钾肥施用量增加而增大,在出苗后90 d达到最大值;光合势随钾肥施用量增加也基本呈抛物线形态变化,K2处理出苗后75~90 d分别达到最大值4.38 m^(2)·d和4.51 m^(2)·d。两品种肥料贡献率、农学利用率均以K2处理最大,花育9610分别为26.06%和1.83 kg/kg,黑花5号分别为25.18%和1.67 kg/kg,两品种产量分别为9628.38 kg/hm^(2)和10368.35 kg/hm^(2),说明225 kg/hm^(2)可作为新疆滴灌花生钾肥施用参考用量。

沟水回灌水肥耦合对滴灌油葵节水控盐、增产提质的影响

为探究宁夏引黄灌区滴灌条件下盐碱化土壤油葵增产提质的适宜灌溉量与施肥量,以油葵为研究对象,以沟水为灌溉水源,通过3个灌溉水平与3个施肥水平的不同组合,探究不同水肥条件对油葵的生长、产量、品质、作物水分利用效率以及土壤pH和脱盐率的影响,并采用CRITIC综合评价法进行分析,以期为宁夏引黄灌区盐碱化土壤油葵水肥管理提供参考。研究结果表明,滴灌条件下,高水高肥(S3F3)处理生长、产量指标均最优,但就产量而言,与中水中肥(S2F2)处理差异不显著;就水分利用效率而言,中水中肥处理(S2F2)最优;对于油葵品质而言,中水高肥(S2F3)处理粗脂肪含量最高,高水低肥(S3F1)处理油酸含量最高,中水中肥(S2F2)处理亚油酸含量最高;就降低土壤pH而言,中水高肥(S2F3)处理表现最优;对于提高脱盐率而言,中水中肥(S2F2)处理显著优于其他处理,较对照提高86.12%;通过CRITIC权重法,得出以沟水为灌溉水源,滴灌技术下适宜宁夏引黄灌区盐碱化土壤油葵节水控盐、增产提质最有效的水肥耦合处理为中水中肥(S2F2)处理,即沟水含盐量为506mg/L,灌溉定额为1875m^(3)/hm^(2),尿素450kg/hm^(2),氯化钾150kg/hm^(2)。

水氮耦合对滴灌玉米光合特性及产量的调控效应

探索水氮施用对玉米光合参数及产出指标的影响规律,寻求适宜水氮耦合量,为西辽河流域水肥管理提供理论和应用参考。膜下滴灌田间试验设置三种灌溉水平与三种施氮量组合形成9个处理,对比分析不同水氮组合作用效果。结果表明,水氮两因素对玉米光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、胞间二氧化碳浓度Ci影响程度表现为灌水>施氮,对叶片水分利用效率WUE影响程度表现为施氮>灌水。对于Pn,W_(2)N_(2)(中水中氮)显著高于W_(3)N_(1)(高水低氮)、对于Tr,W_(2)N_(2)和W_(3)N_(1)差异不显著,因此灌溉量由中水至高水(1802~2315 m^(3)·hm^(-2))对Pn提升作用无法补偿中氮240 kg·hm^(-2)降至低氮192 kg·hm^(-2)对Pn的削弱作用,但可补偿对Tr的负效应。中高灌溉水平下氮肥192~240 kg·hm^(-2)可有效提升Pn、Tr、百粒重、穗粒重(W_(2)N_(2)显著高于W_(2)N_(1)、W_(3)N_(2)显著高于W_(3)N_(1)),继续施氮无显著作用。玉米产量提升与Pn、Tr增大呈正相关,水分亏缺时中氮240 kg·hm^(-2)至高氮288 kg·hm^(-2)无明显增产作用,中等灌溉水平下氮肥增产效果显著。W_(3)N_(2)(高水中氮)耦合下玉米可获得最佳光合能力及产量水平,但超过W_(2)N_(2)(中水中氮)的耦合量对WUE无增效、降低光合产物在籽粒中的分配比例。综合考虑光合参数及产量,推荐中等至较高的灌溉水平1802~2315 m^(3)·hm^(-2)(W2~W3)与中等施氮水平240 kg·hm^(-2)(N2)为最优水氮耦合量。

宁夏扬黄灌区玉米膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术研究

[目的]分析膜下滴灌施肥对玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,阐明膜下滴灌水肥一体化的技术优势,解决宁夏扬黄灌区玉米水肥利用效率低的问题。[方法]在相同施肥水平条件下,以常规大水漫灌(6 000 m^(3)/hm^(2))为对照,在滴灌定额为3 750m^(3)/hm^(2)的基础上设置不覆膜滴灌和膜下滴灌2个处理,研究不同灌水处理对玉米光合特性、产量、水肥利用效率及经济效益的影响。[结果]膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术在玉米抽雄期净光合速率、水分利用效率最高,比漫灌处理分别提高1.5%、11.0%,比不覆膜滴灌处理分别提高6.1%、3.2%。膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术通过提高玉米收获穗数、穗粒数和百粒重从而提高玉米产量,比漫灌处理增产8.6%,比不覆膜滴灌处理增产8.2%。膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术降低玉米耗水量,比漫灌处理降低28.4%,灌水利用效率提高73.6%,水分利用效率提高52.0%;同时提高了玉米氮磷钾肥偏生产力,比漫灌处理分别提高8.5%、8.6%、8.5%。与漫灌处理相比,膜下滴灌水肥一体化技术在成本投入增加26.9%的基础上获得了最高的经济效益,比漫灌处理增加808.4元/hm^(2),收入提高8.1%,比滴灌不覆膜处理增收787.5元/hm^(2),收入提高7.8%。[结论]在滴灌定额为3 750m^(3)/hm^(2)基础上采用膜下滴灌施肥可在节水37.5%的基础上实现增产和增收,该技术在宁夏扬黄灌区表现出一定的优势,可以应用于该地区的玉米生产。

滴灌无机肥配施水溶性有机肥对大棚生菜产量和品质的影响

为探究无机肥配施水溶性有机肥对大棚生菜生长、产量和品质的影响,以生菜为试验材料,研究CK(不施肥)、T1低浓度无机肥(N 160 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)80 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 80 kg/hm^(2))、T2中浓度无机肥(N 320 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)160 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 160 kg/hm^(2))、T3高浓度无机肥(N 480 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)240 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 240 kg/hm^(2))、T4低浓度无机肥+低浓度水溶性生物有机肥(300 kg/hm^(2))、T5低浓度无机肥+中浓度水溶性生物有机肥(600 kg/hm^(2))、T6低浓度无机肥+高浓度水溶性生物有机肥(900 kg/hm^(2))对生菜生长的影响,对生菜的株高、茎粗、最大叶面积、单株鲜重、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、产量、灌溉水分生产率、偏肥生产率、硝酸盐含量、VC含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量等进行监测分析,并采用隶属函数法进行综合评价进一步确定适宜生菜生长的施肥模式。结果表明:无论是单施无机肥还是无机肥配施水溶性生物有机肥,都可以显著提高生菜的株高、最大叶面积、单株鲜重、SPAD值和产量。在生菜品质方面,单施无机肥会增加生菜硝酸盐的含量,生菜的VC含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量均低于无机肥配施水溶性生物有机肥条件下的生菜品质指标。通过采用隶属函数值分析法,对上述指标进行综合分析,得出T6是最好的配施方式,是最适宜滴灌大棚生菜生长的施肥模式,较对照组CK相比,产量提高了28.81%,VC含量提高了30.45%,可溶性蛋白含量提高了25%,可溶性糖含量提高了39.10%。本试验可以实现无机肥减量增效,缓解农业污染,达到节水节肥保护生态环境的目的,同时可为山西省大棚生菜生产模式下的施肥模式提供一定理论依据。

滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量和追氮时期对夏玉米籽粒品质及淀粉糊化特性的影响

为探究黄淮海平原东部地区滴灌水肥一体化条件下,不同施氮量及追氮时期组合对夏玉米籽粒品质、淀粉糊化特性和产量的影响,选用玉米主推品种‘郑单958’为试验材料,设置施氮量180 kg/hm2(N1)和210 kg/hm2(N2)两个氮肥处理水平及拔节期+大喇叭口期(W1)、拔节期+开花期(W2)、拔节期+大喇叭口期+开花期(W3)3个不同追肥时期组合。结果表明:拔节期+大喇叭口期+开花期追肥处理(N1W3、N2W3)籽粒淀粉含量、粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量和产量显著高于其他处理,籽粒粗脂肪含量显著低于其他处理。相关性分析表明:籽粒支链淀粉含量与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回复值、粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关,与糊化温度、峰值时间、粗脂肪含量呈显著负相关。增加追氮频次改善籽粒直链淀粉与支链淀粉的比例和淀粉的糊化特性,提高了籽粒品质。N1W3与N2W3相比,籽粒品质与淀粉糊化特性差异不显著,但是N1W3处理减少氮肥的投入,节约投入成本,为本试验的推荐处理。

灌溉水温与施氮量对滴灌棉田土壤水热及棉花生长和产量的影响

【目的】探究膜下滴灌棉田土壤水热环境和棉花生长对灌溉水温与施氮量的响应机理,旨在确定北疆滴灌棉花合理的灌溉水温和施氮量。【方法】以新陆早42号棉花为试验材料,设置4个灌溉水温:15℃(T0)、20℃(T1)、25℃(T2)和30℃(T3);3个施氮水平:250 kg·hm^(-2)(F1)、300 kg·hm^(-2)(F2)和350 kg·hm^(-2)(F3),采用双因素完全随机试验设计。分析不同灌溉水温条件下施氮量对棉田土壤水热环境、棉花生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。【结果】常规灌溉水温与低氮处理降低土壤温度,抑制棉花生长,单株铃数降低并导致籽棉产量下降。适宜的灌溉水温和施氮量可以改善土壤水热环境,促进棉花生长发育,提高籽棉产量和水氮利用效率。与15℃常规灌溉水温相比,增温灌溉显著提高了土壤温度0.58—3.30℃,土壤储水量降低1.2%—7.2%,土壤呼吸速率显著提高5.7%—28.0%;随灌溉水温升高,棉花株高、叶面积指数及地上部干物质积累量先增高后降低,在灌溉水温为25℃时达最大。随施氮量增加,土壤储水量降低3.3%—6.7%,土壤呼吸速率显著提高3.6%—9.5%,棉花株高增加3.2%—4.9%,叶面积指数显著增加5.8%—11.0%,地上部干物质积累量显著增加1.2%—2.2%,均在施氮量为350 kg·hm^(-2)时达最大。水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力及籽棉产量随灌溉水温升高均先增加后减少,随施氮量增加分别表现为增加、减少、增加的趋势。通径分析表明,土壤温度对籽棉产量直接作用最大,而施氮量通过促进棉花生长对籽棉产量间接作用最大。籽棉产量与水分利用效率均在T2F2处理达到最大值,分别为6652.3 kg·hm^(-2)、1.17 kg·m^(-3),且T2F2处理的氮肥偏生产力(22.17 kg·kg^(-1))显著大于T2F3处理(18.80 kg·kg^(-1))。【结论】综合考虑灌溉水温与施氮量对土壤温度,土壤呼吸速率,棉花生长、产量及水氮利用效率的影响,推荐北疆棉区适宜灌溉水温为25℃,施氮量为300 kg·hm^(-2)。

配方施肥对滴灌玉米生理生长及产量的影响

【目的】研究新疆南疆地区配方施肥对滴灌玉米生理生长及产量影响。【方法】以玉米品种新玉31号为供试材料,采取多点对比重复试验设计,设置4个处理:(1)配方施肥处理(OPT);N 15 kg/667m^(2),P_(2)O_(5)11.5 kg/667m^(2),K_(2)O_(6)kg/667m^(2);(2)配方施肥无氮处理(OPT-N);N 0 kg/667m^(2),P_(2)O_(5)11.5 kg/667m^(2),K_(2)O_(6)kg/667m^(2);(3)配方施肥无磷处理(OPT-P);N 15 kg/667m^(2),P_(2)O_(5)0 kg/667m^(2),K_(2)O_(6)kg/667m^(2);(3)配方施肥无钾处理(OPT-P),N 15 kg/667m^(2),P_(2)O_(5)0 kg/667m^(2),K_(2)O 0 kg/667m^(2),分析不同配方施肥对滴灌玉米农艺性状、光合特性(净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间隙CO_(2)浓度(Ci))、产量及肥料利用效率的变化。【结果】(1)配方施肥处理玉米株高、叶面积、光合特性和产量呈现最佳效果。(2)配方施肥处理比配方施肥无氮处理、配方施肥无磷处理、配方施肥无钾处理提高经济效益分别为602.4、316.8、220.8元/667m^(2)。(3)玉米产量与净光合速率、蒸腾速率、株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗、秃尖长均呈现线性关系,其中产量与净光合速率的相关性较高,穗长、穗粗、秃尖长与产量相关性亦较高,净光合速率、穗长、穗粗、秃尖长一定程度上能体现产量,而其他指标虽具有相关性,但代表性不强。【结论】N 15 kg/667m^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)11.5 kg/667m^(2)、K_(2)O_(6)kg/667m^(2)配方处理可作为新疆南疆玉米节本增效的配方施肥组合。

不同滴灌技术水肥耦合在设施黄瓜上的应用分析

【目的】研究兰州市黄壤土条件下不同滴灌方式对设施黄瓜生长发育及产量的影响。【方法】分别运用滴箭式膜下滴灌、内镶贴片式膜下滴灌、垄膜沟灌及水肥耦合处理方式对设施黄瓜理化性状、产量和品质的影响,采用三因素三水平正交试验,利用方差和回归分析得出三因素影响的最优组合方案。【结果】三因素对植株理化性状的影响不大,但对其果实的理化性状、产量、品质和水分利用率极显著,影响顺序为滴灌模式>灌水量>施肥量。三因素最优组合为滴箭式膜下滴灌:灌水量66.13 m 3/hm^(2),施肥量为25.2 kg/hm^(2),日光温室黄瓜的最高产量为256942.52 kg/hm^(2)。【结论】滴箭式膜下滴灌和内镶贴片式膜下滴灌均能在不影响设施黄瓜产量和品质的前提下,节水节肥节本,其中以滴箭式膜下滴灌效果最佳。

基于产量品质及水肥利用率的核桃水肥耦合方案优化

针对干旱区核桃水肥利用效率低及高效水肥制度不明晰的问题,以新疆阿克苏地区核桃树为研究对象,以核桃提质增效为目标,研究水肥耦合条件下对滴灌核桃的生理生长指标、果实品质、产量的影响。为了更精准地预测水肥制度,以灌水量(225 m^(3)·hm^(-2),W1;300 m^(3)·hm^(-2),W2;375 m^(3)·hm^(-2),W3)、施肥量(常规施肥量0.5倍(236.93 kg·hm^(-2)),F1;常规施肥量(473.85 kg·hm^(-2)),F2;常规施肥量2倍(947.7 kg·hm^(-2)),F3)为试验因素,通过建立关于核桃的果实品质、产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产率的二元二次回归模型,并采用二代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)对该回归模型进行验证求解,从而模拟出最优水肥制度。结果表明:灌水量和施肥量两因子及其耦合效应对核桃的生长指标均有显著影响,核桃的果实品质、产量和水肥利用率随着灌水量和施肥量的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在各处理情况下,W2F2处理为最优的灌溉施肥处理。通过NSGA-Ⅱ模拟出的最优水肥制度为灌水量和施肥量分别是336.93 m^(3)·hm^(-2)和715.21 kg·hm^(-2)。最终对应的蛋白质含量、产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产率分别是21.36%、2971.66 kg·hm^(-2)、8.76 kg·mm^(-1)·hm^(-2)和1.02。

基于多目标综合评价的苹果水氮综合调控

【目的】探寻滴灌水氮综合调控对北方半干旱地区苹果树生长生理、水肥利用效率、产量和果实品质的综合影响,以确定最优水氮调控制度。【方法】试验设置灌水与施肥两个调控因素,灌水设3个调控水平,分别为田间持水量(θf)的75%—90%(W1)、60%—75%(W2)、45%—60%(W3);施肥设4个调控水平,施用的N-P2O5-K2O分别为:18-12-6 g/株(F1)、15-12-6 g/株(F2)、12-12-6 g/株(F3)、9-12-6 g/株(F4),分析不同水氮处理对苹果树的生长生理、水肥利用效率、干物质量、产量、果实品质等的影响,以节水节肥、高产高品质为目标,建立基于AHP-CRITIC组合赋权与TOPSIS耦合模型。【结果】水肥交互对植株生长量、叶绿素含量(SPAD)、灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)、肥料偏生产力(PFP)、单果重和产量产生了极显著影响,对基茎生长量产生了显著影响。在不同水肥耦合处理下,适度亏缺的灌水和施氮处理更有利于提高苹果树植株生长量、基茎生长量、叶面积、干物质量、产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、水分生产率(WP)、IWUE、FPP和单果重,其最大值均出现在F2W2处理,SPAD、净光合速率和蒸腾速率随灌水量和施氮量的增加呈增加趋势,但轻度亏缺的灌水和施氮处理对生理指标的影响并不大,F1W2和F2W1处理与F1W1相比,分别仅降低了3.5%、3.1%、7.7%和3.5%、3.1%、3.8%。采用AHP-CRITIC组合确定指标组合权重,其中产量的权重最大,为0.406,其次为维生素C;采用TOPSIS算法构建苹果多目标综合评价体系,评选出F2W2处理下的综合评分最高,为0.8974,F1W2和F2W1处理次之,而F4W3处理评分最低,仅为0.0177。由建立的苹果生长水肥耦合交互响应模型可得出,灌水量和施肥量对苹果生长综合评分的效应均为开口向下的抛物线,苹果生长综合评分随灌水量或施肥量的增加表现出了先增后减的趋势,符合报酬递减效应,即灌水量和施氮量超过一定的范围后再继续增加会导致综合评分下降,对苹果综合生长改善不明显;当施肥量编码值X1为0.681、灌水量编码值X2为0.488时,苹果综合评分最高,为0.923,即施肥量为34.56 g/株(N-P2O5-K2O:16.56-12-6 g/株)、灌水量控制在82.32%田间持水量,此灌水施肥处理对苹果生长最为理想。【结论】应用AHP-CRITIC-TOPSIS法构建的综合评价体系,可以有效确定苹果最佳水氮调控制度,为北方半干旱地区苹果园实际生产提供理论与实践依据。

滴灌条件下水肥调控模式对九三大豆产量影响分析

针对九三大豆水资源与肥料利用率低下的实际情况,以九三大豆为研究对象,设置不同的灌水量、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥施入水平,在滴灌条件下进行田间试验,采用二次最优饱和试验设计,建立大豆产量与水、氮、磷、钾四因素之间的回归方程,分析滴灌条件下不同水肥调控模式下的大豆产量。研究结果表明:水、氮、磷、钾四因素均能有效地影响大豆产量,影响顺序为氮>水>钾>磷,且产量随着氮、水、钾、磷施入量的增加表现为先增加后减小。通过两因素之间的交互作用可以分析得出:大豆产量的变化均表现出先增大的趋势,超过一定阈值后产量随之降低;氮对产量的影响效果大于钾、磷、水的影响效果,水对产量的影响效果大于磷、钾的影响效果,钾对产量的影响效果大于磷的影响效果。二因素交互作用对产量影响的顺序为氮钾>氮水>钾水>氮磷>磷水>钾磷,氮与钾耦合、氮与磷耦合、氮与水耦合、钾与水耦合、磷与水耦合对产量的增加具有促进作用,钾、磷耦合对大豆产量具有抑制作用。研究结果可为实现东北黑土大豆水肥资源高效利用提供理论依据与技术支撑。