Characteristics of Mulching Plastic Film Residue in Cotton Fields in the Yellow River Delta

In order to get a clear picture of distribution characteristics of mulching plastic film residue in cotton fields in the Yellow River Delta and make scientific pollution prevention and control strategies, an investigation was conducted in Dongying City. Five typical cotton fields were chosen, and then the number, distri- bution density and area of residual film were measured. The results showed that the residual film was 18. 84-53. 53 kg/hm^2 in cotton fields for more than 20 years, and the differences between fields were larger. The residual density was 225-340 thousand per hectare. There were great differences among residual pieces. The proportion of residual pieces over 25 cm^2 was 94. 1%, that between 100 cm^2 and 500 cm^2 was more than 50. 0%, and that bigger than 500 cm^2 was about 21. 0%. In the Yellow River Delta cotton region, large, thin and difficult to recovery were the main characteristics of mulching plastic film residue, and it had the possibility of mi- grating to deep soil. Thus, the ecological risk of mulching plastic film residue was higher. Key words The Yellow River Delta; Cotton field; Residue of mulching plastic film; Distribution characteristic

Analysis and Control of Soil Residual Film Pollution Load in Cotton Fields in the Yellow River Delta

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the characteristics of soil residual film pollution load in cotton fields in the Yellow River Delta,so as to effectively control soil film pollution.[Methods]Cotton field mulching film survey and residue monitoring were conducted in the Yellow River Delta area.[Results]The amount of mulching film residues in cotton fields in the Yellow River Delta was 37.7-128.7 kg/hm^(2),which had a significant increase compared with 5 years ago,and the differences between plots were large;and after straw was returned to the field,the soil residual film obviously gathered in the 20-30 cm soil layer.The residual film blocks with a size of more than 25 cm^(2) accounted for 62.6%,which was a relatively high proportion,indicating that soil pollution can be caused easily,and it is difficult to control.During a certain period of time,the soil residual film pollution may have a tendency to aggravate,and the ecological risk is higher.[Conclusions]This study has important theoretical and practical significance for improving soil quality in the region and ensuring the safety of cotton field ecosystem and environmental health.

Green Prevention and Control Technology of Pests in Cotton Fields in Shandong Province

In order to better serve cotton farmers,green prevention and control technologies of pests are formulated according to the sowing,seedling and adult stages of cotton from the aspects of ecological prevention and control,physical prevention and control,biological control and scientific use of pesticides,thus realizing green prevention and control of pests during the whole growth period of cotton.

Analysis on Variation of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Content and Carbon Storage in the Oasis Cotton Field of Manas River Valley

Objective] The research aimed to study soil organic carbon and total ni-trogen distribution in oasis cotton farmland. [Method] With the oasis cotton field of Manas River Val ey in Tianshan Mountains as the research area and abandoned farmland as a control, the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content in the cotton field of Manas River Val ey in the last 23 years were investigated by using geographic methods. [Result] Presenting vertical distribution, cotton soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content in Manas River Val ey de-creased with the increase of soil depth, and those in 0-30 cm soil layer was sig-nificantly higher than those in soil layer of below 30 cm, while organic carbon stor-age showed the trend of increase. Also in vertical distribution, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased significantly with the increase of soil depth, and soil organic carbon content in abandoned farmland decreased month by month. Howev-er, cotton soil organic carbon storage firstly decreased and then increased in the oasis cotton field that in the early growth of cotton, soil organic carbon in the layers of 0-30 and 30-100 cm decreased to the lowest in the bloom stage, and then or-ganic carbon increased with the reproductive growth of cotton into the later stages. However, due to no input of plant litter in the abandoned farmland, the soil organic carbon storage decreased month by month. There were significantly differences be-tween oasis cotton field and abandoned farmland in organic carbon contents. [Con-clusion] The soil organic carbon content and total nitrogen content in oasis cotton field were significantly higher than those in the abandoned farmland. The soil organ-ic carbon storage increased in the layer of 0-30 cm, while there was no significant change of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content in the layer of 30-100 cm, which was consistent with the previous study on the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content profile.

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fields of Northwest China.

Field Measurement of Cotton Seedling Evapotranspiration

Information on cotton evapotranspiration (ET) during the seedling growth stage and under field conditions is scarce because ET is a difficult parameter to measure. Our objective was to use weighable lysimeters to measure daily values of cotton seedling ET. We designed and built plastic weighable micro-lysimeters (ML) that were 0.35 m deep with a soil volume of 6300 cm3. The soil core was obtained in-situ by pushing the ML well casing into the soil using a commercial soil sampler. The soil core was weighed with tension and compression type load-cells, where a change in mass of 18 g·d-1 was equivalent to a water evaporation of 1 mm·d-1. We compared load-cell measurements of changes in mass to values measured with a portable field scale by linear regression analysis, and the slope was equal to 1, indicating no statistical difference (P = 0.05) between the two measurements. We measured and compared seedling height, root length and leaf area of cotton plants in the ML with cotton plants in the surrounding area and this comparison showed that the ML used was suitable to measure cotton seedling ET for the first 30 days after seed emergence. The root mean squared error for crop height was 0.09 cm, for leaf area index (LAI) was 0.03 m2·m-2 and 6.5 cm for root length. Also, soil temperature at a 0.1 m depth was statistically (P = 0.05) the same in and outside the ML’s. For two planting dates, we measured daily values of soil water evaporation (E) and cotton seedling ET. The day following an irrigation event, E was ~ 9 mm d-1 and quickly declined the following days. Results showed that ML’s provide an accurate tool to measure water losses from the soil and cotton plants with a LAI of ≤0.2.

Study on Site-specific Nutrient Management in Cotton Field

The study on the characteristics of spatial variability of soil nutrients and fertilizer recommendations in cotton field under certain conditions of agricultural management was conducted with GIS and systematic approach for soil nutrient constrains. The results showed that of the spatial variability of soil nutrient was greatly related to the management condition of previous crops. Grid sampling and variable rate application technology (VRAT) were the tools that would hopefully increase fertilizer efficiency. The fertilizers were applied where they were needed and at proper rate. Balance fertilization demonstration showed that fertilizer recommendations according to the available nutrient level in soil could decrease fertilizer cost with 657.4 yuan / ha and increase seed cotton yield by 19.8%. A net profit of the balanced fertilization was 5314.9 yuan / ha higher than that of local fertilization practice.

滴灌棉田节水灌溉系统控制策略研究

针对传统棉田节水灌溉系统灌溉精度低、运行稳定性差的问题,设计了一种基于Fuzzy-PID控制的棉田节水灌溉控制系统。系统通过土壤湿度传感器采集棉田的实时土壤湿度作为控制决策依据,结合专家经验制定模糊控制规则,设计了Fuzzy-PID控制器,并在Simulink中对系统进行建模与仿真试验,对Fuzzy-PID控制方法和常规的PID控制方法进行仿真分析。仿真曲线表明:与传统PID控制器相比,Fuzzy-PID控制的稳态时间减少了约7.3 s,超调量减少了5.65%。试验结果表明:模糊PID控制方式调节精度和稳态性能更好,可及时调整土壤湿度,进行适时、适量的灌溉,一定程度上提高了系统灌溉精度,可以满足大田棉花灌溉需求。

The biotypes and host shifts of cotton-melon aphids Aphis gossypii in northern China

Aphis gossypfi is a globally distributed species and therefore has a highly variable life cycle. Populations of A. gossypii in northern China exhibit greater genotypic diversity and a broader host range, yet the details of life cycles of different biotypes is still unclear. In this study, the Cytb and 16S gene regions of A. gossypfi collected from 5 common summer hosts and 4 primary hosts were analyzed. A total of 57 haplotypes were obtained from 1 046 individual A. gossyp# sequences. The sequence included 44 variable sites, 27 of which were parsimony informative sites and 17 of which were singleton variable sites. The most frequent 3 haplotypes were found in 896 individuals, representing a total of 85.7% of all individuals and 36 haplotypes were found in 1 individual. A neighbor-joining tree was constructed using 21 haplotypes that were found in more than 2 individuals. Considering the individual host plant, 5 biotypes were identified. Type 1 corresponded exactly to the cucurbit host-race and the other 4 biotypes were found as cotton host-races. Type 3 was the most abundant biotype in cotton fields in northern China.

Assessment of Constraints to the Adoption of Technologies Promoted by the Integrated Pest Management Training Program in Cotton-Based Cropping Systems in Western Burkina Faso

Our study was conducted from August 2008 to March 2009 in the Houet province, western Burkina Faso. It consisted in the assessment of the constraints to the adoption by cotton growers of technologies promoted by the IPM program through Farmers’ Field Schools in cotton-cereals-livestock systems. We did so by surveying a sample of 185 farmers trained in IPM and by describing farmers’ practices before and after the training in IPM. The results showed that the average dose of organic manure, NPK and urea used by famers after their training were respectively 3.8 tons/ha, 163 kg/ha and 65 kg /ha as compared with 2.4 tons/ha, 140 kg/ha and 51 kg/ha before the training. Regarding the use of pesticides, 94.6% of farmers used protection equipment during the sprayings after the training against 21.6% of them before the training. However, the average number of sprays did not vary significantly. It was 6 before the training and only 5 after. The botanical pesticides were used by 31% of farmers after the training as compared with 0% of users before the training in IPM. The training did not affect much crop yields. The constraints identified and classified according to their relative importance included the lack of agricultural equipment, and animals for ploughing, difficulties in inputs access, labor shortage, the lack of organic manure, and marketing problems. These technical, social and economic constraints have been analyzed and recommendations have been made to work them out.

作物轮作对多年连作棉田土壤细菌群落结构的影响

新疆棉田连作问题突出,作物轮作是缓解棉田连作障碍的有效措施。通过对长年连作棉田轮作苜蓿、大豆、花生等六种作物后土壤进行细菌群落结构分析,评价六种作物对棉田土壤微生态的影响程度,筛选能够显著改善提升连作棉田土壤微生态的作物。结果表明:大豆、花生、苜蓿三种豆科作物根际的土壤细菌群落结构与棉花相似性较高,对棉田土壤细菌ACE指数、Chao1指数虽有提升但无显著差异。而番茄、玉米、甜菜三种作物对棉田土壤细菌群落结构影响较大,显著降低了棉田土壤细菌Alpha多样性及不同分类水平细菌种群的数量。在物种组成方面,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为土壤中优势细菌门,变形菌门在番茄根际土壤的丰度最高(58.4%),在苜蓿根际最低(40.5%);放线菌门在苜蓿根际丰度最高(15.8%),在番茄根际最低(6.5%);酸杆菌门在大豆根际丰度最高(10.2%),在番茄根际最低(5.5%)。土壤中显著差异细菌种群主要富集在苜蓿、大豆根际,但是不同作物单季轮作未对土壤中主要有益细菌种群的相对丰度产生显著影响。综合看,大豆、花生、苜蓿三种豆科作物单季轮作对棉田土壤细菌群落结构的影响较小;番茄、玉米和甜菜能够显著降低棉田土壤细菌多样性和种群数量,其中甜菜的影响作用最显著。

热风黏合烘箱有限元仿真分析与结构优化

为研究和提升热风黏合烘箱内部流场和温度场的均匀性,采用有限元分析方法对烘箱内部流场进行了仿真分析与优化。使用SolidWorks建立了烘箱流体域三维模型,根据烘箱工作时条件设定仿真计算的边界条件,通过实验测量得到纤维网的流阻数值,设定流阻相同的多孔介质模型代替纤维网实际结构,利用Fluent软件对烘箱内部流体域模型进行仿真计算,通过实验验证了仿真建模及计算的正确性。仿真结果表明:现有结构的烘箱上风道内流场不匀,纤维网表面温度场均匀性较差,针对仿真结果反映出的问题对烘箱结构进行了优化;优化后的烘箱仿真结果显示烘箱内部流场均匀性提升,纤维网上表面温度的总体均匀度由86.43%提升到93.06%。对烘箱进行结构优化后不仅提升了烘箱内部整体流场和温度场的均匀性,同时有利于降低烘箱的能耗。

新疆棉田废弃物资源化利用技术浅析

为实现新疆棉田机械化回收的残膜秸秆废弃物综合再利用,通过分析目前新疆棉田残膜及棉田废弃物污染现状,阐述了国内现有的膜秆混合物应用技术及特点,进一步分析了新疆棉田残膜废弃物资源化利用存在的问题,并提出改进建议,以期为新疆棉田废弃物综合治理提供参考。

基于物联网的棉田节水灌溉自动控制系统设计

针对棉田灌溉环境下采用的传统无线通信技术功耗高、通信距离近、信号质量不稳定的问题,基于Lora技术设计了一种棉田节水灌溉自动控制系统。首先,提出了系统总体设计方案,以Arduino作为核心控制器,通过田间信息采集节点采集棉田土壤湿度信息;然后,利用Lora组网将数据传输到Lora基站,再利用4G网络将数据传输到物联网云平台,完成Web端和手机APP端的土壤湿度数据实时监测及对田间执行控制终端的控制;接着,在考虑棉田灌溉需求的情况下,完成了对系统硬件的选型与设计、软件设计与物联网平台的开发;最后,进行了系统通信测试。试验结果表明:在一定通信距离内,系统运行稳定,可以完成实时数据采集、传输与阀门远程控制,满足了复杂棉田环境通信需求。

磷添加对棉田土壤理化性质及其细菌多样性的影响

【目的】为了解不同磷肥施用量对棉田土壤理化性质及其细菌群落结构的影响,以连续6年不同磷添加的田间定位试验为背景,探讨土壤细菌群落与其理化性质的关系。【方法】试验共设5个处理:0 kg/hm^(2)(P0)、75 kg/hm^(2)(P1)、150 kg/hm^(2)(P2)、300 kg/hm^(2)(P3)和450 kg/hm^(2)(P4)。测定花铃期棉田土壤含水率、温度、容重、pH、电导率以及有机质等理化指标,运用高通量测序技术分析不同施磷水平0~20 cm土层细菌多样性及其结构组成。【结果】施磷可以降低pH和电导率含量,而对土壤容重和含水量均无较大影响;不同施磷水平对土壤有机质含量和温度均产生显著影响,且在P2时达到最高。细菌群落结构中,2个优势菌门为变形菌门和放线菌门,3个优势菌纲为γ⁃变形菌纲、α⁃变形菌纲和β⁃变形菌纲,2个优势菌目为假单胞菌目和根瘤菌目,2个优势菌科为假单胞菌科和慢生根瘤菌科,4个优势菌属为中华根瘤菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、链霉菌属和糖多孢菌属。P2处理的OTU数和Chao1指数分别为4702和6217.79,均为最高。说明磷添加可以增加土壤细菌群落的丰富度和多样性。具有溶磷作用的3个门(放线菌门、变形菌门和浮霉菌门)和2个属(慢生根瘤菌属和链霉菌属)相对丰度随磷肥施入而显著升高。RDA分析结果表明,土壤pH、电导率、有机质和容重与放线菌门呈显著正相关,与变形菌门呈负相关。【结论】与不施用磷肥相比,施用磷肥可显著提高土壤温度、有机质和细菌优势菌群(浮霉菌门、β⁃变形菌纲、慢生根瘤菌属和链霉菌属)相对丰度,降低土壤pH和电导率。其中,P2处理的土壤温度、有机质和α多样性明显提高,电导率显著下降,能够有效改善土壤生态环境,进而提高土壤肥力。

风化壳颗粒大小是决定典型干旱区硝态氮深部累积特征的关键因素

我国干旱区农田关键带过量施氮造成氮肥利用率低和土壤硝态氮大量累积,威胁生态环境安全。阐明干旱区土壤硝态氮累积特征及其影响因素,可为干旱区水肥综合管理提供科学参考。选择典型干旱区——新疆阿克苏地区为研究区域,从南向北沿地形序列布设三个钻孔点,分别为60年棉田XJ1(40°36′48.7″N,80°48′14.2″E)、32年老苹果园XJ2(41°16′16.2″N,80°19′9.1″E)和15年新苹果园XJ3(41°20′37.6″N,80°17′11.0″E),海拔依次为971 m、1129 m和1213 m,采样深度依次为7.75 m、10.52 m和9.91 m,利用线性和非线性相关分析方法研究了土壤有关理化性质与土壤硝态氮浓度变异的关系。结果表明,海拔低处棉田和海拔高处不同种植年限的苹果园土壤深部均出现了硝态氮显著累积特征,深部浓度高达44 mg·kg^(-1),最大累积深度超过10 m。土壤含水量和不同粒径颗粒(砾石、砂粒、粉粒与黏粒)含量等关键理化性质可解释土壤硝态氮浓度垂直变异的约50%。其中,土壤含水量和土壤颗粒大小是决定土壤硝态氮深部累积特征的重要因素,土壤含水量越高、土壤颗粒越细,土壤硝态氮浓度通常越高。棉田土壤硝态氮在4 m深地下水位以下发生了明显的反硝化作用,使累积的硝态氮浓度降至较低水平(<1 mg·kg-1)。苹果园因地下水位较深,土壤硝态氮未发生明显的反硝化作用,且已大量迁移累积至植物根系难以触及的深部区域(>5 m)。土壤含水量是影响土壤硝态氮深部累积特征的地下部直接性因素;土壤颗粒大小通过调控土壤含水量空间变异,而成为影响土壤硝态氮深部累积特征的地下部根本性因素。

不同土壤处理除草剂对棉田杂草防除效果及安全性

为筛选出适宜本地区土壤处理的除草剂。通过大田小区试验,采用土壤封闭处理,对比分析了7种土壤处理除草剂对棉花安全性和杂草防除的效果。结果显示,与对照相比,不同药剂处理对‘冈棉11号’出苗率和第一果枝结位均没有显著性差异,但鲜重、株高和果枝数有增加趋势,表明试验药剂对棉花安全。田间药效结果显示,复配剂50%扑草净可湿性粉剂(WP)+33%二甲戊灵乳油(EC)、50%扑草净WP+960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC和50%扑草净WP+50%乙草胺EC对禾本科和阔叶杂草均具有较好防效,45 d平均鲜重防效分别为83.32%、84.08%、80.57%,与单剂处理均存在极显著差异,且持效期较长,建议3种复配剂作为土壤处理除草剂用于棉田杂草防除。

冬灌制度对膜下滴灌棉田土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物群落的影响

为明确不同冬灌制度的应用效果,以南疆膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象,选取每年冬灌处理(CK)、不冬灌处理(H1)及隔年冬灌处理(H2)3种冬灌制度,结合高通量测序技术对冬灌后土壤的理化性质、生物学性质以及微生物群落组成进行测定与分析。结果表明:(1)各处理间0~20 cm土层土壤总盐含量无显著差异,与CK相比,H1和H2处理显著降低了脲酶(0.96%~1.35%)和转化酶活性(1.17%)以及微生物量氮含量(4.21%~7.03%),但H2处理显著提高了土壤有机质(14.30%)、全氮(14.29%)、全磷(4.55%)和全钾(7.40%)含量;H1处理显著降低了土壤有机质(6.03%)、全磷(12.5%)和水分(23.08%)含量,提高了微生物量碳氮比(7.37%)。(2)不同处理下细菌群落的丰度和多样性以及真菌群落的丰度无显著差异,但与CK相比,H1和H2处理显著提高了真菌的辛普森指数(4.12%~4.55%)。此外,H1较CK处理提高了细菌放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和真菌担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的相对丰度,H2较CK处理提高了细菌变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和真菌被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)的相对丰度。(3)相关性分析结果表明细菌的群落结构主要受微生物量碳含量的影响,真菌的群落结构和多样性分别受转化酶和脲酶活性的影响。在无法保证每年冬灌用水的情况下,隔年冬灌更有利于保障膜下滴灌棉田的土壤耕地质量。

棉纤维的研究进展

棉纤维作为四大天然纤维之首,是使用范围最为广泛的天然纤维材料,其广泛应用于服装面料、玩具填充材料、抗菌纺织材料等。随着科技的快速发展,以及对棉纤维的深入研究,其应用也越来越广泛,不再局限于传统的纺织领域。经过对其进行一系列处理之后,棉纤维更多应用于医疗、污染治理、防护等领域。通过介绍棉纤维材料的分类、制备、改性、性能评价标准及其应用,为未来棉纤维的研究提供了一定的思路和参考方向,推动棉纤维材料向着应用更加广泛、制作过程更加安全、产品质量更加绿色环保的方向发展。