Thermal performance of cast-in-place piles with artificial ground freezing in permafrost regions

During the construction of cast-in-place piles in warm permafrost,the heat carried by concrete and the cement hydration reaction can cause strong thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost.Since the bearing capacity of the pile is quite small before the full freeze-back,the quick refreezing of the native soils surrounding the cast-in-place pile has become the focus of the infrastructure construction in permafrost.To solve this problem,this paper innovatively puts forward the application of the artificial ground freezing(AGF)method at the end of the curing period of cast-in-place piles in permafrost.A field test on the AGF was conducted at the Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment(34°51.2'N,92°56.4'E)in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(QTP),and then a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the thermal performance of piles using AGF under different engineering conditions.Additionally,the long-term thermal performance of piles after the completion of AGF under different conditions was estimated.Field experiment results demonstrate that AGF is an effective method to reduce the refreezing time of the soil surrounding the piles constructed in permafrost terrain,with the ability to reduce the pile-soil interface temperatures to below the natural ground temperature within 3 days.Numerical results further prove that AGF still has a good cooling effect even under unfavorable engineering conditions such as high pouring temperature,large pile diameter,and large pile length.Consequently,the application of this method is meaningful to save the subsequent latency time and solve the problem of thermal disturbance in pile construction in permafrost.The research results are highly relevant for the spread of AGF technology and the rapid building of pile foundations in permafrost.

Refreezing of cast-in-place piles under various engineering conditions

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission Line （QTPTL）, cast-in-place piles （CIPPs） are widely applied in areas with unfavorable geological conditions. The thermal regime around piles in permafrost regions greatly affects the stability of the towers as well as the operation of the QTPTL. The casting of piles will markedly affect the thermal regime of the surrounding permafrost because of the casting temperature and the hydration heat of cement. Based on the typical geological and engineering conditions along the QTPTL, thermal disturbance ofa CIPP to surrounding permafrost under different casting seasons, pile depths, and casting temperatures were simulated. The results show that the casting season （summer versus winter） can influence the refreezing process of CIPPs, within the first 6 m of pile depth. Sixty days after being cast, CIPPs greater than 6 m in depth can be frozen regardless of which season they were cast, and the foundation could be reffozen after a cold season. Comparing the refreezing characteristics of CIPPs cast in different seasons also showed that, without considering the ground surface conditions, warm seasons are more suitable for casting piles. With the increase of pile depth, the thermal effect of a CIPP on the surrounding soil mainly expands vertically, while the lateral heat disturbance changes little. Deeper, longer CIPPs have better stability. The casting temperature clearly affects the thermal disturbance, and the radius of the melting circle increases with rising casting temperature. The optimal casting temperature is between 2 ℃ and 9 ℃.

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level,the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pileesoileraft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.

Field observation of the thermal disturbance and freezeback processes of cast-in-place pile foundations in warm permafrost regions

The bearing capacity of pile foundations is affected by the temperature of the frozen soil around pile foundations.The construction process and the hydration heat of cast-in-place(CIP)pile foundations affect the thermal stability of permafrost.In this paper,temperature data from inside multiple CIP piles,borehole observations of ground thermal status adjacent to the foundations and local weather stations were monitored in warm permafrost regions to study the thermal influence process of CIP pile foundations.The following conclusions are drawn from the field observation data.(1)The early temperature change process of different CIP piles is different,and the differences gradually diminish over time.(2)The initial concrete temperature is linearly related with the air temperature,net radiation and wind speed within 1 h before the completion of concrete pouring;the contributions of the air temperature,net radiation,and wind speed to the initial concrete temperature are 51.9%,20.3%and 27.9%,respectively.(3)The outer boundary of the thermal disturbance annulus is approximately 2 m away from the pile center.It took more than 224 days for the soil around the CIP piles to return to the natural permafrost temperature at the study site.

Field study of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile

The compositions, technical principles and construction equipments of a new piling method used for ground improvement plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile were introduced. The results from static load tests on single piles with different forms of pile shoes and on their composite foundations were analyzed. The distribution patterns of axial force, shaft friction and toe resistance were studied based on the measurements taken from buried strain gauges. From the point of engineering application, the pile has merits in convenient quality control, high bearing capacity and reliable quality, showing higher reasonability, advancement and suitability than other ground improvement methods. The pile can be adopted properly to take place of ordinary ground improvement method, achieving greater economical and social benefits.

ON THE DRIVING BEHAVIOR，VARIABLE－DIAMETEREFFECT AND BEAKING CAPACITY OF DRIVENCAST－IN－SITU PILE WITHFLAT

ＯＮＴＨＥＤＲＩＶＩＮＧＢＥＨＡＶＩＯＲ，ＶＡＲＩＡＢＬＥ－ＤＩＡＭＥＴＥＲＥＦＦＥＣＴＡＮＤＢＥＡＫＩＮＧＣＡＰＡＣＩＴＹＯＦＤＫＩＶＥＮＣＡＳＴ－ＩＮ－ＳＩＴＵＰＩＬＥＷＩＴＨＦＬＡＴＯＶＥＲＳＩＺＥＴＩＰＳｈｉＰｅｉｄｏｎｇ，ＦｕＺｈｅｎｑｉｕ...

Influence of the penetration of adjacent X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile on the existing XCC pile in sand

A series of small-scale 1g X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile-penetration model tests were conducted to study the effects of soil density and pile geometry on the lateral responses of an existing pile and the variations in surrounding soil stress.The results showed that the bending patterns of existing XCC piles varied with penetration depth.The lateral response of the existing pile was sensitive to the change in relative density and pile geometry.For example,the bending moment of the existing pile increased along with these parameters.The development of the radial stressσ′r/σ′v0 of the soil around an existing pile showed different trends at various depths during the penetration of the adjacent pile.Moreover,the change in radial stress during the penetration of the XCC pile did not exhibit the“h/R effect”that was observed in the free-field soil,due to the shielding effect of the existing piles.The peak value of radial stressσ′r_max/σ′v0 decreased exponentially as the radial distance r/R increased.The attenuation ofσ′r_max/σ′v0 with r/R in the loose sand was faster than in the medium-dense or dense sands.Theσ′r_max/σ′v0 at the same soil location increased with the cross-section geometry parameter.

动力打桩桩周泥岩损伤特性与损伤模型

针对泥岩地基同施工场地条件下动力打入桩的承载力差异性大且部分打入桩承载力不足等异常现象,文章开展了桩周0.2m处打桩前后的桩周泥岩单轴抗压强度对比试验,和打桩后的桩端中风化泥岩三轴压缩试验,明确打桩后桩周泥岩的损伤特性,基于统计损伤理论建立考虑受打桩影响的桩周泥岩损伤本构模型,并对泥岩地基打入桩的承载性能进行探讨。研究表明:打桩后桩周0.2m处泥岩强度平均损伤28.2%,弹性模量平均损伤41.4%;桩端中风化泥岩损伤后抗剪强度参数平均值为c=217.2kPa、φ=21.6°,φ仅是同场地原状强风化和全风化泥岩的49.1%和51.4%;打桩后桩周泥岩应力-应变曲线的损伤模型计算值的与实测值吻合较好,验证模型的合理性;泥岩地基打入桩承载力异常特征为桩端受力小,但桩端沉降显著,静载破坏时桩端阻力的平均占比为5.25%;动力打桩对桩周泥岩的损伤是泥岩地基打入桩承载力异常的重要原因;泥岩地基打入桩的设计计算与数值模拟采用原状泥岩力学参数不合理,泥岩损伤后不易恢复,建议按损伤特性赋予参数。研究结果对泥岩地基打入桩的设计、施工、承载力评价有较强的参考价值。

Exothermic process of cast-in-place pile foundation and its thermal agitation of the frozen ground under a long dry bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

A number of dry bridges have been built to substitute for the roadbed on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,China.The aim of this study was to investigate the exothermic process of cast-in-place (CIP) pile foundation of a dry bridge and its harm to the stability of nearby frozen ground.We present 3D heat conduction functions of a concrete pile and of frozen ground with related boundaries.Our analysis is based on the theory of heat conduction and the exponent law describing the adiabatic temperature rise caused by hydration heat.Results under continuous and initial conditions were combined to establish a finite element model of a CIP pile-frozen ground system for a dry bridge under actual field conditions in cold regions.Numerical results indicated that the process could effectively simulate the exothermic process of CIP pile foundation.Thermal disturbance to frozen ground under a long dry bridge caused by the casting temperature and hydration heat of CIP piles was substantial and long-lasting.The simulated thermal analysis results agreed with field measurements and some significant rules relating to the problem were deduced and conclusions reached.

锤击打桩桩周岩土体力学特性试验研究

为研究打桩前后桩周黏性土和泥岩力学性质的变化,在打桩前后分别进行标准贯入试验,分析了桩周黏性土与泥岩经打桩扰动后的力学特性,探讨了桩周岩土体力学性质变化的影响因素,提出了减小扰动、保证桩周岩土体力学性质的工程措施。研究表明:锤击打桩导致桩周泥岩力学性质降低,桩周泥岩产生损伤;黏性土随打桩产生的超静孔隙水压力逐渐消散,其力学性质28d后基本恢复,但不同黏性土的消散速率不同,力学性质恢复存在差异;泥岩打桩损伤后很难恢复,打桩前后同深度处以标贯锤击数表征的力学性质最大差异超过2倍;若存在软弱夹层,会加剧打桩对泥岩的影响;地下水、软弱夹层、打桩扰动是影响桩周泥岩力学性质的关键因素。

大直径单桩基础稳桩平台结构强度分析

针对自升式海上风电安装船/平台自带的抱桩器纠偏载荷较小、传统稳桩平台作业水深有限、均无法满足大直径单桩基础沉桩作业需求等问题,设计一款可适用于大直径单桩基础施工的新型稳桩平台。考虑稳桩平台底部有支撑和无支撑两种情况,采用SESAM软件对其整体结构强度进行计算分析;基于DNV规范,分别采用手工计算校核和ANSYS Workbench软件模拟两种方式,对其主吊耳局部结构强度进行评估。结果表明,新型稳桩平台整体结构强度和主吊耳局部结构强度均满足要求,主吊耳有限元计算应力值较手工校核应力值更大。

锤击沉桩引起的周围土体振动分析研究

预制桩锤击沉桩常引起周围土体振动,这些振动会对周边建筑物造成不同程度影响。本文针对该问题,依托某2×100万kW机组扩建项目,针对场地某43m桩锤击沉桩过程进行了全过程振动监测。利用三轴测振仪实测了锤击沉桩引起的桩周土体径向、切向和竖向的振动加速度,分析了桩周土体的振动衰减特性,同时得到了不同离桩位置处土体振动随桩基入土深度的变化情况,并绘制出峰值加速度云图,进一步揭示了桩周土体随桩基入土深度及离桩距离变化的振动规律。结果发现桩周土体的振动呈波动衰减的趋势。

打入型土工筒袋在河道塌坡生态治理中的应用

通过将打入型土工筒袋与直立式预制桩组合技术在河道塌坡中应用,能有效解决预制桩等直立式挡墙护岸结构在不能采取大开挖情况下挡土和滤水等方面存在的瓶颈问题。以八一大沟河道塌坡工程为例,通过现场查勘及钻探工作,查明了塌坡段规模及土性,分析了塌坡成因,并结合河道不能断流施工、临河道路不能中断交通等因素,经经济技术比选选用坡顶灌注桩、坡脚管桩联合支护方案。在坡脚水位变化区采用不连续布置管桩+桩后土工筒袋措施,成功解决了传统做法不易实施的问题,达到了桩间防漏土以及桩前后水体交换的目的,从而降低了云龙湖大坝坝后渗水出逸点高度,且该治理方案造价相对较低并具有生态治理效果。

桩基施工振动对环境影响的研究与对策

在房屋密集区,建筑施工造成的环境影响问题已引起了岩土工程师们的密切关注。锤击沉管灌注桩施工过程中的最主要影响是振动,严重时将导致房屋倾斜、墙体开裂等问题。笔者对某在建粮库地基处理工地锤击沉管灌注桩的施工振动进行了测试,测得临近房屋内的最大峰值速度为4.92 mm/s。结合国内外现有的相关规范,进行综合分析后,给出了振动的安全阈值(5 mm/s),因而,判定该项目施工振动的影响在安全范围以内,而后辅助以开挖减振沟、多台桩机间隔施工等措施,顺利完成了施工。

基于离心模型试验的斜坡软弱土地基路堤加固方案研究

为研究路堤荷载作用下斜坡软弱土地基的变形特性 ,考察打入桩和抗滑桩加固斜坡软弱土地基的效果 ,结合典型工点土的物性指标 ,进行了三组 1∶ 10斜坡软弱土地基路堤的离心模型试验 (无加固措施、打入桩加固、抗滑桩加固 )。试验数据表明 ,地基变形主要发生在路堤下侧边坡下 ;打入桩和抗滑桩能约束斜坡软弱土地基的变形 ,提高其稳定性 ;打入桩方案约束变形的效果优于抗滑桩方案。

饱和软土中打入式预制桩单桩承载力的时效性

饱和软土中打入式预制桩承载力的时效性问题早已为学术界所共识，并已在工程实践中得到了验证。但对上海地区饱和软土层中的打入式预制桩的休止时间对单桩承载力的影响规律，尚待进一步研究。结合近期完成的一项实际工程的现场实测静载荷试验资料，对预制桩的静载荷试验的间歇时间问题进行了有益的探讨。饱和软土中的打入式预制拉，在沉桩两周后一定时间内，复压单桩极限承载力平均提高了将近单桩设计最大加载值的３０％。

不同布置形式的排桩隔振效果的数值分析

迅速发展的高速铁路带来方便的同时也会对周围地基造成振动影响,对于以排桩作为隔振措施的研究目前多处于理论分析阶段。本文将列车行驶引起的荷载等效成可以应用在有限元计算中的Fourier表达形式,并应用ABAQUS软件建立了排桩隔振系统的三维有限元计算模型。应用控制变量法分析桩长、桩间距、桩身材料、双排桩距离和交叉布置排桩对隔振效果的影响,为施工设计提供依据。

现浇X型混凝土桩截面几何特性研究

基于X型桩截面的外包方形截面边长、开弧间距及开弧弧度3个控制变量,推导X型截面面积、周长表达式,建立X型桩截面惯性矩的数值计算方法。X型桩的截面面积及截面惯性矩随外包方形截面边长和开弧间距的增大而增大,随开弧弧度数的增大而减小;周长随X型桩截面3个控制变量的增大均增大;周长与面积比随外包方形截面边长和开弧间距的增大而减小、随开弧弧度数的增大而增大。截面面积相同时,X型桩的周长及截面惯性矩均比圆形桩和方形桩大,且比值均随外包方形截面边长及开弧弧度数的增大而增大,随开弧间距的增大而减小。可见,截面面积相同时,X型桩的侧摩阻力大于圆形桩和方形桩,单桩承载力高。

盾构法开挖隧道对桩基础影响的有限元分析

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,采用对隧道洞室周边及开挖面的土体施加由盾构机引起的各种荷载的方法模拟天津市地铁1号线盾构施工。计算结果表明,有限元模型能够很好地模拟盾构施工过程。利用此模型研究隧道开挖对桩基础的影响。隧道开挖引起的桩顶沉降、桩身侧移主要发生在盾构机推进面逐渐接近桩的过程中,当盾构机推进面通过桩所在的位置后桩顶沉降、桩身侧移增加不明显;与隧道水平距离相同时,由于长桩能够充分发挥桩身下部的侧摩阻力,隧道开挖引起的长桩的桩顶沉降小于短桩的桩顶沉降;隧道开挖过程中12 m长桩的桩身发生了整体倾斜,16、19 m长桩的桩身出现了弯曲变形,16、19 m长桩的桩身最大弯矩发生在地面下12～13 m之间,即在隧道轴线附近;开挖过程中桩顶出现沿隧道推进方向的往复位移;桩顶作用的竖向荷载越大,由隧道开挖引起的桩顶沉降越大。

松砂中大型静压沉桩模型试验研究桩基挤土加密效应

通过砂土中的大型沉桩模型试验 ,得出了桩周土体相对密度的变化规律。根据一系列三轴试验 ,研究了砂土因相对密度改变而使其内摩擦角 φ值及邓肯双曲线弹性模型参数变化的情况 ,得到了桩周土体因沉桩引起的 φ的增大规律。利用以上两部分成果 ,结合有限元计算机分析 。