Transition to chaos in lid-driven square cavity flow

To date,there are very few studies on the transition beyond second Hopf bifurcation in a lid-driven square cavity,due to the difficulties in theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.In this paper,we study the characteristics of the third Hopf bifurcation in a driven square cavity by applying a consistent fourth-order compact finite difference scheme rectently developed by us.We numerically identify the critical Reynolds number of the third Hopf bifurcation located in the interval of(13944.7021,13946.5333)by the method of bisection.Through Fourier analysis,it is discovered that the flow becomes chaotic with a characteristic of period-doubling bifurcation when the Reynolds number is beyond the third bifurcation critical interval.Nonlinear time series analysis further ascertains the flow chaotic behaviors via the phase diagram,Kolmogorov entropy and maximal Lyapunov exponent.The phase diagram changes interestingly from a closed curve with self-intersection to an unclosed curve and the attractor eventually becomes strange when the flow becomes chaotic.

Simulating high Reynolds number flow in two-dimensional lid-driven cavity by multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method

By coupling the non-equilibrium extrapolation scheme for boundary condition with the multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method, this paper finds that the stability of the multi-relaxation-time model can be improved greatly, especially on simulating high Reynolds number （Re） flow. As a discovery, the super-stability analysed by Lallemand and Luo is verified and the complex structure of the cavity flow is also exhibited in our numerical simulation when Re is high enough. To the best knowledge of the authors, the maximum of Re which has been investigated by direct numerical simulation is only around 50 000 in the literature; however, this paper can readily extend the maximum to 1000 000 with the above combination.

The second Hopf bifurcation in lid-driven square cavity

To date, there are very few studies on the second Hopf bifurcation in a driven square cavity, although there are intensive investigations focused on the first Hopf bifurcation in literature, due to the difficulties of theoretical analyses and numerical simulations. In this paper, we study the characteristics of the second Hopf bifurcation in a driven square cavity by applying a consistent fourth-order compact finite difference scheme recently developed by us. We numerically identify the critical Reynolds number of the second Hopf bifurcation located in the interval of(11093.75, 11094.3604) by bisection. In addition, we find that there are two dominant frequencies in its spectral diagram when the flow is in the status of the second Hopf bifurcation, while only one dominant frequency is identified if the flow is in the first Hopf bifurcation via the Fourier analysis. More interestingly, the flow phase portrait of velocity components is found to make transition from a regular elliptical closed form for the first Hopf bifurcation to a non-elliptical closed form with self-intersection for the second Hopf bifurcation. Such characteristics disclose flow in a quasi-periodic state when the second Hopf bifurcation occurs.

SUPG finite element method based on penalty function for lid-driven cavity flow up to Re = 27500

A streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin （SUPG） finite element method based on a penalty function is pro- posed for steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The SUPG stabilization technique is employed for the for- mulation of momentum equations. Using the penalty function method, the continuity equation is simplified and the pres- sure of the momentum equations is eliminated. The lid-driven cavity flow problem is solved using the present model. It is shown that steady flow simulations are computable up to Re = 27500, and the present results agree well with previous solutions. Tabulated results for the properties of the primary vortex are also provided for benchmarking purposes.

A Study on Natural Convection of Air in a Square Cavity with Partially Thermally Active Side Walls

In this present work, we study heat transfer in a confined environment. We have to determine the thermal and dynamics fields of the cavity while observing the effect of the Rayleigh number which depends on the characteristics of the fluid and the temperatures imposed. The behavior of boundary layers in natural convection is analyzed along this square cavity. The central halves of its vertical walls are heated at different temperatures. The left active part is at a higher temperature than the one on the right wall. The remaining inactive parts and the horizontal walls (upper and lower) are adiabatic. The thermal and dynamic modeling of two-dimensional problem was done using a calculation code Fortran 90 and a visualization software ParaView based on the finite volume method. The equations governing this phenomenon of unsteady flow have thus been solved. This allows the modeling of both air flow and heat transfer with a numerical stabilization of the solution. So, we have presented our results of numerical simulations using a visualization tool. The results show the different velocity and temperature curves, velocity vectors and isotherms in laminar flow regime.

Hydrodynamic Mixed Convection in a Lid-Driven Hexagonal Cavity with Corner Heater

Hydrodynamic mixed convection in a lid-driven hexagonal cavity with corner heater is numerically simulated in this paper by employing finite element method. The working fluid is assigned as air with a Prandtl num-ber of 0.71 throughout the simulation. The left and right walls of the hex-agonal cavity are kept thermally insulated and the lid moves top to bottom at a constant speed U0. The top left and right walls of the enclosure are maintained at cold temperature Tc. The bottom right wall is considered with a corner heater whereas the bottom remaining part is adiabatic and inside the cavity a square shape heated block Th. The focus of the work is to investigate the effect of Hartmann number, Richardson number, Grashof number and Reynolds number on the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics inside the enclosure. A set of graphical results is presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, local Nusselt number, velocity profiles, temperature profiles and average Nusselt numbers. The results reveal that heat transfer rate increases with increasing Richardson number and Hartmann number. It is also observed that, Hartmann number is a good control parameter for heat transfer in fluid flow in hexagonal cavity.

Multiple solutions and hysteresis in the flows driven by surface with antisymmetric velocity profile

Multiple steady solutions and hysteresis phenomenon in the square cavity flows driven by the surface with antisymmetric velocity profile are investigated by numerical simulation and bifurcation analysis.A high order spectral element method with the matrix-free pseudo-arclength technique is used for the steady-state solution and numerical continuation.The complex flow patterns beyond the symmetry-breaking at Re≈320 are presented by a bifurcation diagram for Re<2500.The results of stable symmetric and asymmetric solutions are consistent with those reported in literature,and a new unstable asymmetric branch is obtained besides the stable branches.A novel hysteresis phenomenon is observed in the range of 2208<Re<2262,where two pairs of stable and two pairs of unstable asymmetric steady solutions beyond the stable symmetric state coexist.The vortices near the sidewall appear when the Reynolds number increases,which correspond to the bifurcation of topology structure,but not the bifurcation of Navier-Stokes equations.The hysteresis is proposed to be the result of the combined mechanisms of the competition and coalescence of secondary vortices.

An artificial viscosity augmented physics-informed neural network for incompressible flow

Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)are proved methods that are effective in solving some strongly nonlinear partial differential equations(PDEs),e.g.,Navier-Stokes equations,with a small amount of boundary or interior data.However,the feasibility of applying PINNs to the flow at moderate or high Reynolds numbers has rarely been reported.The present paper proposes an artificial viscosity(AV)-based PINN for solving the forward and inverse flow problems.Specifically,the AV used in PINNs is inspired by the entropy viscosity method developed in conventional computational fluid dynamics(CFD)to stabilize the simulation of flow at high Reynolds numbers.The newly developed PINN is used to solve the forward problem of the two-dimensional steady cavity flow at Re=1000 and the inverse problem derived from two-dimensional film boiling.The results show that the AV augmented PINN can solve both problems with good accuracy and substantially reduce the inference errors in the forward problem.

Chaotic Lid-Driven Square Cavity Flows at Extreme Reynolds Numbers

This paper investigates the chaotic lid-driven square cavity flows at extreme Reynolds numbers.Several observations have been made from this study.Firstly,at extreme Reynolds numbers two principles add at the genesis of tiny,loose counterclockwise-or clockwise-rotating eddies.One concerns the arousing of them owing to the influence of the clockwise-or counterclockwise currents nearby;the other,the arousing of counterclockwise-rotating eddies near attached to the moving(lid)top wall which moves from left to right.Secondly,unexpectedly,the kinetic energy soon reaches the qualitative temporal limit’s pace,fluctuating briskly,randomly inside the total kinetic energy range,fluctuations which concentrate on two distinct fragments:one on its upper side,the upper fragment,the other on its lower side,the lower fragment,switching briskly,randomly from each other;and further on many small fragments arousing randomly within both,switching briskly,randomly from one another.As the Reynolds number Re→∞,both distance and then close,and the kinetic energy fluctuates shorter and shorter at the upper fragment and longer and longer at the lower fragment,displaying tall high spikes which enlarge and then disappear.As the time t→∞(at the Reynolds number Re fixed)they recur from time to time with roughly the same amplitude.For the most part,at the upper fragment the leading eddy rotates clockwise,and at the lower fragment,in stark contrast,it rotates counterclockwise.At Re=109 the leading eddy-at its qualitative temporal limit’s pace—appears to rotate solely counterclockwise.

Coupling of discrete-element method and smoothed particle hydrodynamics for liquid-solid flows

Particle based methods can be used for both the simulations of solid and fluid phases in multiphase medium, such as the discrete-element method for solid phase and the smoothed particle hydrodynamics for fluid phase. This paper presents a computational method combining these two methods for solid-liquid medium. The two phases are coupled by using an improved model from a reported Lagrangian-Eulerian method. The technique is verified by simulating liquid-solid flows in a two-dimensional lid-driven cavity.

Upwind Compact Method and Direct Numerical Simulation of Driven Flow in a Square Cavity*

A high-order accurate finite-difference scheme, the upwind compact method, is proposed. The 2-D unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are sOlved in primitive variables. The nonlinear convection terms in the governing equations are approximated by using upwind biased compact difference, and other spatial derivative terms are discretized by using the fourth-order compact difference. The upwind compact method is used to solve the driven flow in a square cavity. Solutions are obtained for Reynolds numbers as high as 10000. When Re≤5000, the results agree well with those in literature. When Re=7500 and Re=10000, there is no convergence to a steady laminar solution, and the flow becomes unsteady and periodic.

Least Square Finite Element Method for Viscous Splitting of Unsteady Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equations

In order to solve unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes(N–S) equations, a new stabilized finite element method,called the viscous-splitting least square FEM, is proposed. In the model, the N–S equations are split into diffusive and convective parts in each time step. The diffusive part is discretized by the backward difference method in time and discretized by the standard Galerkin method in space. The convective part is a first-order nonlinear equation.After the linearization of the nonlinear part by Newton’s method, the convective part is also discretized by the backward difference method in time and discretized by least square scheme in space. C0-type element can be used for interpolation of the velocity and pressure in the present model. Driven cavity flow and flow past a circular cylinder are conducted to validate the present model. Numerical results agree with previous numerical results, and the model has high accuracy and can be used to simulate problems with complex geometry.

Bifurcation of Bingham Streamline Topologies in Rectangular Double-Lid-Driven Cavities

Numerical simulation of the bifurcation of Bingham fluid streamline topologies in rectangular double-lid-driven cavity, with varying aspect (height to width) ratio A, is presented. The lids on the top and bottom move at the same speed but in opposite directions so that symmetric flow patterns are generated. Similar to the Newtonian case, bifurcations occur as the aspect ratio decreases. Special to Bingham fluids, the non-Newtonian indicator, Bingham number B, also governs the bifurcation besides the bifurcation parameter A.

深纵比对方腔过渡流临界特性的影响研究

流场过渡流临界特性是指流场因流动分岔而引起的流动状态和流场物理特性变化.它从根本上决定了流动演化模式和流场特性等物理规律,对解释复杂流动现象意义重大.文章针对不同深纵比(R∈[0.1,2.0])的顶盖驱动方腔内流开展数值模拟和流场稳定性分析研究.预测Hopf,Neimark-Sacker和period-doubling流动分岔及湍流始现的临界雷诺数;分析流场演化模式,发现对应不同的深纵比,有些流动遵循经典的Ruelle-Takens模式,有些流动则会由周期性流动跃变至湍流;捕捉和分析各种流动现象,如流场稳定性丧失、能量级串、流场拓扑结构变化规律等.研究成果对于揭示深纵比这一几何参数对腔体内流过渡流临界特性的影响规律意义重大,进一步完善了内流流场特性的研究.研究发现,Moffatt效应不仅存在于拥有尖锐夹角的内部流动中,也出现于挤压拉伸的狭长空间;无论是深腔还是浅腔,流场稳定性最初的破坏总是以Hopf流动分岔的出现而开始;就浅腔(R<1.0)而言,随着深纵比逐渐增加,Hopf流动分岔的临界雷诺数越来越小,流动更容易变为非定常状态,说明流场稳定性变得越来越容易被破坏;就深腔(R>1.0)而言,相较于经典方腔驱动内流(R=1.0),流场稳定性更容易丧失;沿纵向的几何外形拉伸并不是提升流场稳定性的强制约束.

A LATTICE BOLTZMANN SUBGRID MODEL FOR LID-DRIVEN CAVITY FLOW

In recent years, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) has developed into an alternative and promising numerical scheme for simulating fluid flows and modeling physics in fluids. In order to propose LBM for high Reynolds number fluid flow applications, a subgrid turbulence model for LBM was introduced based on standard Smagorinsky subgrid model and Lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (LBGK) model. The subgrid LBGK model was subsequently used to simulate the two-dimensional driven cavity flow at high Reynolds numbers. The simulation results including distribution of stream lines, dimensionless velocities distribution, values of stream function, as well as location of vertex center, were compared with benchmark solutions, with satisfactory agreements.

低雷诺数下两类柱体绕流的动力学模态分解

随着计算流体力学的迅速发展,基于特征提取技术的模态分解法已广泛应用于非定常流场的时空演化规律及流场机理研究。采用动力学模态分解法(dynamic mode decomposition,DMD),在雷诺数为100的条件下,分析了单方柱和单圆柱尾流卡门涡街发展的过渡阶段和稳定阶段的动力学特性,分别提取了两阶段两类柱体周围涡量场的子模态,分析并对比了各模态的频率及增长率,并进行了流场重构。结果表明:在过渡阶段,两类柱体的流场存在相同的内在结构—静态模态、卡门涡脱落模态、类卡门涡脱落模态、漂移模态和双倍频模态。其中静态模态代表了平均流场,卡门涡脱落模态及类卡门涡脱落模态分别对应2个阶段的卡门涡结构;此外,漂移模态的提取则体现了过渡阶段流场均值随时间的变化情况。在稳定阶段,DMD提取了稳定卡门涡街阶段的主要涡脱结构及其高次谐波模态,各模态均为周期性模态且增长率极小,随着频率的增大,模态相应的振幅及相干结构的尺度都减小。对比2个阶段的DMD结果发现,圆柱流场的主要结构在空间分布上更加接近背风面,其近尾流处的旋涡动态发展更加强烈。在重构相同精度的流场时,两类柱体皆在过渡阶段所需的DMD模态数更多,误差在空间分布上略有不同。

二阶迎风有限体积法方腔流数值模拟

介绍了一种基于非结构网格的二阶迎风有限体积离散格式,在对流项的离散过程中,为了达到二阶精度,在界面上对物理量作Taylor展开,在处理展开项中的梯度时引入NND格式的优点,克服了中心差分格式不稳定的缺点,并对方腔流动进行了系统的数值模拟.计算网格采用三角形网格,节点数为12960,单元数为25600.压强修正基于SIMPLEC方法.给出了雷诺数Re达到5000时的定常流动结果,与以往方腔流计算的标准解非常吻合,但所用的网格数要少.计算结果表明该二阶迎风有限体积算法有很好的收敛性和稳定性,且松弛因子对计算结果影响很小.

基于格子Boltzmann方法模拟方腔顶盖驱动流

格子Boltzmann方法是使用时间和空间完全离散的细观模型来模拟流体宏观行为的一种新方法,模型的平均行为符合宏观的Navier-Stokes方程。给出了格子Boltzmann方法详细的求解过程,提出了一种简化的固壁边界条件处理方法。用格子Boltzmann方法对方腔顶盖驱动流进行了数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行了分析和讨论。通过与前人已有的试验及数值研究结果对比,验证了格子Boltzmann方法的正确性。

MRT-LBM三重网格局部加密算法研究

应用MRT-LBM计算流场中运动粒子上的力和力矩时,可使用三重网格局部加密方法来提高计算结果的精度.将流场计算区域划分为互不重合的粗糙区、过渡区和加密区,相邻区域界面重合节点上的物理参数如密度、速度和应力等保持连续,不同区域的分布函数通过过渡区边界点进行传递,运算程序采用碰撞-迁移算法,给出了数据的初始化过程和加密的网格结构.通过对含非对称放置的粒子Couette流动,分别采用标准Boltzmann、全场加密、局部二重加密和三重加密的4种网格进行计算.数值计算结果表明,三重网格加密算法减少了计算结果的波动.对方腔流顶盖下方左右奇异角落处应用三重局部网格加密,结果显示,对雷诺数1 000的方腔流动,沿腔中心线的速度分布与经典文献结果对比效果良好,压力轮廓图的噪声明显降低,应力振荡明显减少.模拟结果证实了所建立的局部加密方法的有效性.

格子Boltzmann亚格子模型的研究

为了将格子Boltzmann法应用于大雷诺数流动的模拟,本文将Smagorinsky亚格子模型和LBGK模型相结合,并对该亚格子LBM模型进行了研究。利用该亚格子LBM模型,对二维顶盖驱动流进行了模拟,得到了若干大雷诺数下流线图和方腔中心线上无量纲速度分布。计算结果与基准解进行比较,两者相互吻合。