Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Relating to HIV among Motorbike Taxi Drivers in Parakou, Benin, in 2021

Background and Objective: HIV infection is a major global Public Health threat worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa of which Benin. The level of knowledge determines the attitudes and behaviors of the populations towards this infection. The study objective was to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices related to HIV infection among motorbike taxi drivers (MTD) in Parakou in 2021. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study targeting MTD in Parakou in 2021. Participants were selected by cluster sampling. Pretested Digitized questionnaire using KoboCollect@ applicationserved as a data collection tool. Knowledge, attitudes and practices variable were treated on a score scale. A knowledge score was considered to reflect a good knowledge of HIV if at least two-thirds of the knowledge statements had been correctly answered provided the subject recognized the sexual route as one of modes of HIV transmission, identified at least one preventive measure and meant the incurability of the disease. Quantitative and qualitative variables were appropriately described using the EPI Info 7.1.3.3 software. The participant was classified at positive attitude/practice for HIV prevention, when it has a score of at least 80% and suggests a good preventive measure face a risk of exposure to HIV. Results: A total of 374 subjects were recruited into the study. The mean age was 31.51 ± 7.76 years. Most participants (86.06%) had good knowledge of condom use as an HIV prevention method. The sources of information mentioned were mainly the media (77.07%), relatives or friends (63.38%), and field-workers from non-governmental organizations (37.26%). Routine HIV testing was 50.53%. Among participants, 76.10% reported at least two different sexual partners. Condom use was 59.18 % during the casual sexual intercourse. Within the client-provider relationship with female sex workers, 33.17% had had sexual intercourse with them. The sexual route was the most cited (92.99%), and 90.23% stated that HIV infection can be stabilized by medication in a health structure. Conclusion: The level of knowledge of motorbike taxi drivers in Parakou does not match their behavior with regard to HIV prevention. Appropriate strategies are needed to develop prevention skills in this population. To effectively comb at HIV, it will be necessary to strengthen the targeted HIV preventive interventions at key and bridge populations including motorbike taxi drivers in Benin.

Leading Pattern of Spring Drought Variability over East Asia and Associated Drivers

Drought events have become more frequent and intense over East Asia in recent decades,leading to huge socioeconomic impacts.Although the droughts have been studied extensively by cases or for individual regions,their leading variability and associated causes remain unclear.Based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI)and ERA5 reanalysis product from 1979 to 2020,this study evealuates the severity of spring droughts in East Asia and investigates their variations and associated drivers.The results indicate that North China and Mongolia have experienced remarkable trends toward dryness during spring in recent decades,while southwestern China has witnessed an opposite trend toward wetness.The first Empirical Orthogonal Function mode of SPEI variability reveals a similar seesawing pattern,with more severe dryness in northwestern China,Mongolia,North China,South Korea,and Japan but increased wetness in Southwestern China and southeast Asia.Further investigation reveals that the anomalously dry(wet)surface in North(Southwestern)China is significantly associated with anomalously high(low)temperature,less(more)precipitation,and reduced(increased)soil moisture during the previous winter and early spring,regulated by an anomalous anticyclone(cyclone)and thus reduced(increased)water vapor convergence.The spring dry-wet pattern in East Asia is also linked to cold sea surface temperature anomalies in the central-eastern Pacific.The findings of this study have important implications for improving the prediction of spring drought events in East Asia.

Seroprevalence Survey of HIV and Hepatitis B Virus and Behavioral Characteristics among Heavy Truck Drivers along Port Sudan-Khartoum Highways

The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) and hepatitis B virus among heavy truck drivers and their assistants has been well documented globally in correlation with their behavioral characteristics. The present study aimed to screen for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and behavioral characteristics among heavy truck drivers in Port Sudan. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 274 heavy truck drivers and their assistants who used the highway Port Sudan-Khartoum in Port Sudan city during 2019-2021. Data on behavioral characteristics and substance use habits were collected using a structured questionnaire, and an ELISA test was used to screen for HIV and HBV infections in the study participants. The chi-square test, odds ratio, and confidence intervals were used to find the association between behavioral characteristics and seropositive HIV/HBV. Of the 274 enrolled participants, the seroprevalence rates of HIV were 2.7% and HBV was 23.7%. Ninety-four (34.3%) of them had a history of high-risk sexual behavior outside of marriage;only two (0.7%) used condoms;14.2% of participants reported alcohol use;and 1.1% reported drug use. Univariate analysis revealed that having a sex history outside of marriage with ≥1 sex partner and never using a condom with a spouse or casual partner were significant risk factors for HIV and HBV among drivers. Fortunately, we found that most of the drivers reported low alcohol and drug use. Concerning this study, the seroprevalence of HIV and HBV is highly associated with a history of having sex outside of marriage and sexual behavior among truck drivers and assistances. Additional studies are needed to further investigate other STIs and behavioral characteristics associated with factors in truck drivers/assistance in different truck stop regions in Sudan.

OSMR is a potential driver of inflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease,and the molecular mechanism underlying its pathology remains poorly understood.However,inflammation is known to play an important role in the development of this condition.To identify driver genes that affect the inflammatory response in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,as well as potential treatment targets,it is crucial to analyze brain tissue samples from patients with both sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and C9orf72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.Therefore,in this study we used a network-driven gene analysis tool,NetBID2.0,which is based on SJARACNe,a scalable algorithm for the reconstruction of accurate cellular networks,to experimentally analyze sequencing data from patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.The results showed that the OSMR gene is pathogenic in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and participates in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by mediating the neuroinflammatory response.Furthermore,there were differences in OSMR activity and expression between patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and those with C9orf72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.These findings suggest that OSMR may be a diagnostic and prognostic marker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

A Framework for Driver DrowsinessMonitoring Using a Convolutional Neural Network and the Internet of Things

One of the major causes of road accidents is sleepy drivers.Such accidents typically result in fatalities and financial losses and disadvantage other road users.Numerous studies have been conducted to identify the driver’s sleepiness and integrate it into a warning system.Most studies have examined how the mouth and eyelids move.However,this limits the system’s ability to identify drowsiness traits.Therefore,this study designed an Accident Detection Framework(RPK)that could be used to reduce road accidents due to sleepiness and detect the location of accidents.The drowsiness detectionmodel used three facial parameters:Yawning,closed eyes(blinking),and an upright head position.This model used a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)consisting of two phases.The initial phase involves video processing and facial landmark coordinate detection.The second phase involves developing the extraction of frame-based features using normalization methods.All these phases used OpenCV and TensorFlow.The dataset contained 5017 images with 874 open eyes images,850 closed eyes images,723 open-mouth images,725 closed-mouth images,761 sleepy-head images,and 1084 non-sleepy head images.The dataset of 5017 images was divided into the training set with 4505 images and the testing set with 512 images,with a ratio of 90:10.The results showed that the RPK design could detect sleepiness by using deep learning techniques with high accuracy on all three parameters;namely 98%for eye blinking,96%for mouth yawning,and 97%for head movement.Overall,the test results have provided an overview of how the developed RPK prototype can accurately identify drowsy drivers.These findings will have a significant impact on the improvement of road users’safety and mobility.

Statistical Analysis of Accident Proneness of Drivers

A mathematical model describing the risks of road accidents has been built on the basis of statistical data of drivers’ accident rate. It has been revealed that drivers can be divided by the degree of their accident proneness into four categories with sharply differing probabilities of road accidents. It has been shown that there is a possibility of classification of drivers in accordance with specified categories.

Sonam Wangta:A Driver on the Worlds Highest Train Line

In midsummer,the banks of the Yarlung Zangbo River were covered in lush green.Bathed in the bright plateau sunshine,the Fuxing bullet train ran through the mountains and valleys like a long green dragon.In the cab,Sonam Wangdrak was holding the brake handle,his eyes fixed on the horizon ahead and his handsome face full of confidence.

手机用TFT-LCD Source Driver电路模块研究与设计

SourceDriver电路模块是彩色TFT-LCD驱动控制芯片的关键电路之一,其功能是将数字图像显示数据转换成模拟驱动电压,从而驱动TFT-LCD显示各种彩色图像。本文从TFT-LCD的驱动原理出发,提出了一种适合于手机用TFT-LCD的低功耗、小面积的SourceDriver电路体系结构,用0.25μmCMOS工艺设计并实现了显示26万(26×26×26)色,支持132RGB×176分辨率的手机用TFT-LCD驱动控制芯片中的SourceDriver电路,电路面积约15mm×0.6mm。Hspice仿真结果表明,SourceDriver电路的响应时间为1.49μs,静态功耗小于1mW。

基于IVI Driver的仪器互换性的研究

分析IVI Driver的分类及IVI的体系结构,说明IVI驱动器的三个主要技术特征,即硬件无关性、状态缓存机制和仪器仿真功能。讨论了IVI Driver技术中类驱动器的作用,特别对动态链接库调用方式的选择和类驱动器影射方法的实现进行了研究,提出不修改用户测试程序,对类仪器前缀和特定仪器前缀进行替换,最终实现仪器互换。同时给出实现类驱动器的一般方法,并进行了实验验证。

基于Mirror Driver的自适应屏幕录制算法

提出一种基于Mirror Driver的自适应屏幕录制算法MDAC,该算法运用Mirror Driver技术检测屏幕显示内容的变化,并通过检测该区域的更新频率,自适应地选择图像编码算法。实验结果表明,该算法能够在保证屏幕录像质量的情况下,大幅度降低CPU占用率和录制文件的大小。

Intersection capacity based on driver's visual characteristics

In order to reflect the influence of the drivers＇ characteristic differences on intersection capacity under a mixed traffic flow, a driver correction coefficient for the intersection capacity calculation according to the driver＇s visual characteristics is proposed. First, the parameters of the driver＇s visual characteristics at some real roads, including gaze fixation distribution, mean fixation duration, visual angle distribution and some other parameters at intersections, are collected. Then, the relationship between the traffic flow rate at intersections and the parameters of driver eye movements are established. The analytical results indicate that when the traffic flow is unsaturated, the parameters of driver eye movements change relatively little; however, when the traffic flow is saturated, the parameters of driver eye movements change drastically. Finally, the saturation-flow-rate model is modified according to the parameters of driver eye movements; thus, a capacity model of intersections considering the driver＇s visual characteristics is obtained.

Robot driver for vehicle durability emission test on chassis dynamometer

A method for a vehicle durability emission test using a robot driver insteadof human drivers on the chassis dynamometer is presented. The system architecture of vehicledurability emission test cell, the road load simulation strategy and the tele-monitoring systembased on Browser/Client structure are described. Furthermore, the construction of the robot driver,vehicle performance self-learning algorithm, multi-mode vehicle control model and vehicle speedtracking strategy based on fuzzy logic arealso discussed. Besides, the capability of controlparameters self-compensation on-line makes it possible to compensate the wear of vehicle componentsand the variety of clutch true bite point during the long term test. Experimental results show thattherobot driver can be applicable to a wide variety of vehicles and the obtained results stay withina tolerance band of ± 2 km/h. Moreover the robot driver is able to control tested vehicles withgood repeatability and consistency; therefore, this methodpresents a solution to eliminate theuncertainty of emission test results by human drivers and to ensure the accuracy and reliability ofemission test results.

Two-Stage Driving Circuit for One-Chip TFT-LCD Driver IC

A two-stage driving circuit of a one-chip TFT-LCD driver IC for portable electronic devices is proposed. The driving buffers of the new circuit are built in the γ-correction circuit rather than in the source driver. The power consumption,die area, and driving capability of the driving circuit are discussed in detail. For a two-stage driving circuit with 13 driving buffers, the settling time of the driving voltage within 0.2% error is about 19.2μs when 396 pixel-loads are driven by the same grayscale voltage. The quiescent current of the whole driving circuit is 518μ~A,and the power consumption can be reduced by 77%. The proposed driving circuit is successfully applied in a 132RGB × 176-dot,260k color one-chip driver IC developed by us for the TFT-LCD of mobile phone, and it can also be used in other portable electronic devices, such as PDAs and digital cameras.

Pywinauto在Windows Twain Driver自动化测试中的应用研究

以Python为基础,结合对Twain Driver测试工具的具体需求,将Pywinauto引入到Twain Driver的自动化测试中。介绍了Pywinauto的基本概念,通过测试用例说明Pywinauto在自动化测试中的具体实现。应用结果表明,该方法大大提高了测试的自动化程度,极大地减少了Twain Driver测试的工作量,同时也确保了测试质量。

Analysis of rear-end risk for driver using vehicle trajectory data

To explore the relationship between rear-end crash risk and its influencing factors, on-road experiments were conducted for measuring the individual vehicle trajectory data associated with novice and experienced drivers. The rear-end crash potential probability based on the time to collision was proposed to represent the interpretation of rear-end crash risk.One-way analysis of variance was applied to compare the rearend crash risks for novice and experienced drivers. The rearend crash risk models for novice and experienced drivers were respectively developed to identify the effects of contributing factors on the driver rear-end crash risk. Also, the cumulative residual method was used to examine the goodness-of-fit of models. The results show that there is a significant difference in rear-end risk between the novice and experienced drivers.For the novice drivers, three risk factors including the traffic volume, the number of lanes and gender are found to significantly impact on the rear-end crash risk, while significant impact factors for experienced drivers are the vehicle speed and traffic volume. The rear-end crash risk models perform well based on the existing limited data samples.

基于WinDriver工具的PCI卡驱动程序开发

介绍了WinDriver驱动程序开发包的特点、工作原理以及利用该工具开发驱动程序的方法和步骤。以X-Scan线阵X射线探测器帧捕获卡驱动程序编写为例,介绍了基于VC++6.0环境,使用WinDriver开发Windows设备驱动程序的一种简捷而高效的方法。

用WinDriver开发ISA总线数据采集卡驱动程序

概要介绍了WinDriver驱动程序开发包的特点和体系结构,通过开发计算机ISA总线数据采集卡的驱动程序例子,介绍了用WinDriver编写硬件设备驱动程序的编程方法和步骤。

基于Driver Studio的PCI设备WDM驱动程序的设计

为了实现PCI数据采集卡的数据传输,必须开发PCI设备的驱动程序。介绍了以DriverStudio中的Driver Works为工具,开发PCI设备WDM驱动程序的方法。探讨了PCI设备的I/O端口访问、中断处理、驱动程序与应用程序之间的通信等主要问题,重点对编写驱动程序的过程和主要例程的代码进行了说明,并实现了驱动程序的安装与调试。最后对实际中遇到的问题及解决方法做了总结,实践证明该驱动程序调试通过,运行稳定。

基于WinDriver的数据采集系统的设备驱动程序研究

工业计算机断层扫描成像(Industrial Computed Tomography——简称工业CT)的图像分辨率要求越来越高、数据量急剧增加。因此,获取高分辨率、大容量的工业CT图像对数据采集提出了更高的要求。如何实时采集、存储这些庞大的数据是工业CT要解决的重要问题之一,这涉及到总线、采集与存储、设备驱动程序、系统级软件设计等关键技术。在工业CT中,设计数据采集系统的设备驱动程序是Windows编程中最复杂、最深奥的工作。设备驱动程序的设计是硬件开发过程中的重要环节,是硬件功能能够实现的保证,它不仅与所设计的硬件设备有关,而且涉及操作系统的内核。详细论述了WinDriver下数据采集系统的设备驱动程序设计与实现。

WinDriver在开发基于PLX9056芯片的PCI设备驱动程序中的应用

随着图像处理技术的发展,对图像数据的传输速率要求越来越高,PCI总线就是一种具有高速传输速率的高性能的局部总线。在设计自行开发的基于PCI总线的数据传输设备时,需要开发相应的设备驱动程序。通过对目前使用较广泛的驱动开发工具DDK、DriverStudio和WinDriver的比较,WinDriver具有适用性广、性能优良及稳定等优点。介绍了WinDriver的主要特点、结构和开发步骤。结合实践中开发的数据接收PCI插卡介绍了利用WinDriver开发PCI设备驱动程序的方法。