风电机组自适应步进惯量控制策略

若风电机组参与调频时采用步进惯量控制(stepwise inertial control,SIC)策略,其退出调频时有功快速下降可能会引发系统频率二次跌落(frequency second drop,FSD)问题。已有文献中一类改进的SIC策略通过减小风电机组退出调频后有功下降阶段的斜率来应对FSD问题,然而该类改进的SIC策略使得风电机组在退出调频后其有功需要一段时间才会小于风能捕获,在此期间转子转速会继续下降并有可能低于转速下限,危及风电机组运行安全。文章对这一类改进的SIC策略做了进一步完善,提出了一种风电机组自适应SIC策略,根据风电机组退出调频时的转子转速自适应设置风电机组退出调频后有功下降阶段的斜率,在确保风电机组退出调频后转子转速不会低于转速下限的前提下,最小化FSD的幅度。

考虑频率二次跌落和转速恢复的风电机组柔性频率响应策略

风电机组具备主动频率响应能力成为未来风电并网的前提条件,但频率支撑阶段与转速恢复阶段间控制策略切换不当可能引起系统频率二次跌落。针对这一问题,文中提出一种风电机组柔性频率响应策略。首先,在初始运行点将风电机组非线性模型线性化,分析初始运行点对风电机组出力特性的影响;其次,基于风电机组线性化模型推导包含风电和火电的电力系统频率响应传递函数,分析系统参数对频率响应动态特性的影响;然后,研究频率二次跌落和转速恢复间的矛盾,利用分段函数和Logistic函数构造附加功率参与因子,通过形状系数调节风电机组输出电磁功率;最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink平台进行对比仿真研究。仿真结果表明,所提出的策略在消除频率二次跌落的同时,具有良好的转速恢复过程。

基于模糊控制的智能输液自动控制系统设计

为高精度控制输液滴速,并实现智能输液自动预警,设计基于模糊控制的智能输液自动控制系统。将输液进度检测信息传输至单片机后,根据输液进度预设值与实际输液进度信息,判断输液是否正常结束或者滴速出现异常,输液正常结束后通过输液关断装置结束输液进度,若滴速不符合设定值,便通过基于模糊PID控制的智能输液滴速控制方法将滴速控制为设定值,实现输液自动控制。实验结果显示:系统对输液滴速的检测结果与实际滴速一致,对输液滴速的控制符合滴速设定值,可高精度控制输液滴速,可实现智能输液自动控制。

HTPB固体推进剂落锤撞击试验及点火响应模拟

HTPB复合固体推进剂在低幅值长脉冲压力作用下可能发生意外点火,进而发展成燃烧或爆轰导致严重后果。为研究HTPB复合固体推进剂药片在撞击作用下的受力状态及点火机制,建立了卡斯特落锤仪的冲击力测试系统,并获得了落锤撞击作用下推进剂药片特性落高值及其不同高度时药片的落锤冲击力载荷曲线。基于落锤撞击测试装置建模,开展推进剂药片的落锤撞击点火试验数值模拟。研究结果表明,药片在2 kg落锤下的特性落高值H50为29.5 cm,药片表面受到冲击力峰值36.9 kN及作用时间0.40 ms;数值模拟结果显示,药片发生点火的特性落高在28~30 cm之间,与试验结果相吻合;药片受到落锤冲击发生径向变形,且表面局部应力集中,同时HTPB粘结剂发生塑性流动及摩擦,导致药片局部点高温,直至诱发AP颗粒热分解发生点火响应;模拟计算得到了2 kg落锤撞击药片点火的压力峰值470.9 MPa,点火时间约为0.30 ms。

基于惯量同步的构网型永磁直驱风电机组频率支撑及转速恢复策略

针对风电机组频率响应后有功支撑与转速恢复切换易诱发二次频率跌落的问题,提出了一种考虑转速恢复的构网型风电机组频率支撑策略。首先阐述了构网型风电机组的“惯量同步”原理;其次,基于转子运动方程,分析了构网型风电机组调频及转速恢复策略对频率最低点及二次频率跌落的影响机理;最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台,构建基于惯量同步的构网型风电并网系统,并在不同扰动下验证所提控制策略的有效性。

落锤撞击试验引起的环境振动研究

对某大学结构试验室落锤撞击试验引起的环境振动问题进行了研究,利用3602T型动态数据采集系统分别测试并记录了不同撞击能量下,试验室不同位置下x、y、z 3个方向的最大振动速度,并采用GB 50040-2020《动力机器基础设计规范》中提到的地面振动衰减计算公式对试验结果进行验证,计算结果与试验结果基本一致。振动测试结果表明:落锤撞击试验引起的环境振动可以通过GB 50040-2020《动力机器基础设计规范》中的地面振动衰减计算公式进行计算分析,且目前落锤试验机提供的最大撞击能量对试验室的主体结构影响较小,可安全使用。

Experimental investigations of mechanical and reaction responses for drop-weight impacted energetic particles

Low-velocity drop-weight impact experiments on individual and multiple Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) energetic particles were performed using a modified drop-weight machine equipped with high-speed photography components. Multiple particles experienced more severe burning reactions than an individual particle. Comparisons between impacted salt and HMX particle show that jetting in HMX is mainly due to the motion of fragmented particles driven by gaseous reaction products. Velocity of jetting, flame propagation, and area expansion were measured via image processing, making it possible to quantify the chemical reaction or mechanical deformation violence at different stages.

A uniform representation in the calculation of seismic radiation efficiency and rupture speed

According to energy partition principle,we have derived a generalized formula used to calculate the radiation effi-ciency.It overcomes the numerical errors involved in the estimation of radiation efficiency caused by the uncer-tainties owe to the different frictional mechanisms which is used to describe the earthquake faulting.Using real seismic data published in the previous studies,we have recalculated the radiation efficiency with associated to the different frictional mechanisms,and compared with previous results lack of consideration of frictional mechanism.The results indicate that,based on the new formula,the radiation efficiency we have estimated is always less than 1,and the unphysical conclusion of radiation efficiency greater than 1 is avoided completely.

一种新型调平装置结构及抗冲击性能研究

针对小型军用装备经机动布设后处于斜坡上使姿态不正确的问题,设计了一种新型的调平装置,经过电机驱动旋转2次后,实现装置对载物面的调平。再以该调平装置为研究对象,用LS-DYNA对装置跌落撞击地面的过程进行了模拟分析,获得了10 m/s,7 m/s,4 m/s和0°,10°,20°,30°倾斜姿态对调平装置动态响应的影响规律。结果表明:冲击强度随着跌落速度增加而增大,随着跌落角度的增加而减小。根据分析结果提出优化方案,使调平装置的抗冲击性能得到提升。

干气脱硫塔压力降控制方法与实践

介绍了某公司液相柴油加氢装置干气脱硫塔压力降高的解决方法。通过Storks定律理论分析与试验相结合的方法,确定控制干气脱硫塔压力降主要措施:降低含硫干气流量和解决填料层堵塞问题。将含硫干气流量由7600 m^(3)/h降至6500 m^(3)/h,干气脱硫塔压力降下降6.5 kPa,效果不佳。填料层堵塞主要是因上游贫胺液中含有大量高碳固体颗粒,且其在贫胺液中悬浮沉降。根据Storks定律并利用该项曳力特征,固体黑色颗粒沉降速度为0.012 m/s,故通过满塔操作快速外送填料塔内贫胺液,高速流动产生与沉降相反的曳力足以使其悬浮,将大量高碳固体颗粒从填料中清除,干气脱硫塔压力降从53 kPa快速降至1 kPa,解决了填料层因高碳固体颗粒物堵塞而导致压力降高的问题,可操作性较强,效果显著。

Constraints on rupture speed of the 2001 MS 8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake by co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements based on the slip-weakening mechanism with frictional undershoot involved

With co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements provided by the field observation for the 2001 MS8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake, this paper estimates the rupture speed on the main faulting segment with a long straight fault trace on the surface based on a simple slip-weakening rupture model, in which the frictional overshoot or undershoot are involved in consideration of energy partition during the earthquake faulting. In contrast to the study of Bouchon and Vallée, in which the rupture propagation along the main fault could exceed the local shear-wave speed, perhaps reach the P-wave speed on a certain section of fault, our results show that, under a slip-weakening assumption combined with a frictional undershoot (partial stress drop model), average rupture speed should be equal to or less than the Rayleigh wave speed with a high seismic radiation efficiency, which is consistent with the result derived by waveform inversion and the result estimated from source stress field. Associated with the surface rupture mechanism, such as partial stress drop (frictional undershoot) associated with the apparent stress, an alternative rupture mechanism based on the slip-weakening model has also been discussed.

基于变系数PI控制的双馈风电机组自适应转速恢复策略

针对现有的双馈风电机组转速恢复策略无法兼顾抑制频率二次跌落和转速恢复性能的问题,提出一种基于变系数PI控制的转速恢复策略。首先,揭示转速恢复策略启动时刻、有功减载量对频率二次跌落和转速恢复性能的影响机制;其次,提出基于定系数PI控制的双馈风电机组转速恢复策略,初步实现有功减载量以“先抑后扬”的输出方式进行转速恢复;然后,针对基于定系数PI控制的转速恢复策略的不足,根据不同运行工况,将PI控制系数与风机转速建立耦合关系,提出基于变系数PI控制的自适应转速恢复策略,实现了在兼顾抑制频率二次跌落的同时,保障转速恢复性能;最后,通过EMTP-RV软件搭建不同扰动、风电渗透率的电力系统模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。

Analysis of drop deformation dynamics in turbulent flow

Drop breakage and coalescence influence the particle formation in liquid–liquid dispersions.In order to reduce the influencing factors of the whole dispersion process,single drops where coalescence processes can be neglected were analyzed in this work.Drops passing the turbulent vicinity of a single stirrer blade were investigated by high-speed imaging.In order to gain a statistically relevant amount of drops passing the area of interest and corresponding breakage events,at least 1600 droplets were considered for each parameter set of this work.A specially developed fully automatic image analysis based on Matlab®was used for the evaluation of the resulting high amount of image data.This allowed the elimination of the time-consuming manual analysis and furthermore,allowed the objective evaluation of the drops' behavior.Different deformation parameters were considered in order to describe the drop deformation dynamics properly.Regarding the ratio of both main particle axes(θaxes),which was therefore approximated through an ellipse,allowed the determination of very small deviations from the spherical shape.The perimeter of the particle(θperi) was used for the description of highly deformed shapes.In this work the results of a higher viscosity paraffin oil(ηd= 127 m Pa·s) and a low viscosity solvent(petroleum,ηd= 1.7 m Pa·s) are presented with and without the addition of SDS to the continuous water phase.All results show that the experimentally determined oscillation but also deformation times underlie a wide spreading.Drop deformations significantly increased not only with increasing droplet viscosity,but also with decreasing interfacial tension.Highly deformed particles of one droplet species were more likely to break than more or less spherical particles.As droplet fragmentation results from a variety of different macro-scale deformed particles,it is not assumed that a critical deformation value must be reached for the fragmentation process to occur.Especially for highly deformed particles thin particle filaments are assumed to induce the breakage process and,therefore,be responsible for the separation of drops.

Development of control strategy of variable speed limits for improving traffic operations at freeway bottlenecks

A control strategy of variable speed limits(VSL)was developed to reduce the travel time at freeway recurrent bottleneck areas.The proposed control strategy particularly focused on preventing the capacity drop and increasing the discharge flow.A cell transmission model(CTM)was developed to evaluate the effects of the proposed VSL control strategy on the traffic operations.The results show that the total travel time is reduced by 25.5% and the delay is reduced by 56.1%.The average travel speed is increased by 34.3% and the queue length is reduced by 31.0%.The traffic operation is improved by the proposed VSL control strategy.The way to use the proposed VSL control strategy in different types of freeway bottlenecks was also discussed by considering different traffic flow characteristics.It is concluded that the VSL control strategy is effective for merge bottlenecks but is less effective for diverge bottlenecks.

基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略

为解决大规模风电并网带来的系统频率稳定性降低问题,风电机组通过虚拟惯量控制可为系统提供短期频率支撑,然而惯性响应期间风电机组转速收敛缓慢,导致一部分转子动能被无故浪费;转速恢复阶段的有功突变易造成频率二次跌落。为此,提出基于转矩极限的改进风电机组虚拟惯量控制策略,实现在释放较少动能的前提下提供与传统策略相同的频率响应服务;并在频率步入准稳态时,借助时变功率函数开始转速恢复,实现转速快速恢复的同时缓解二次频率跌落。基于EMTP-RV仿真软件搭建包含风电场的电力系统模型,验证了所提策略的有效性。

超音速虹吸式空气雾化喷嘴雾化特性研究

针对传统雾化喷嘴喷雾捕集微小粉尘效率不佳的问题,利用自主搭建的喷雾特性和降尘效率测试实验系统,对比分析超音速虹吸式空气雾化喷嘴与内混式空气雾化喷嘴的雾化性能和降尘效率。研究结果表明:随着供气压力增高,雾滴粒径逐渐减小;雾滴粒径随喷嘴出口距离的增加而增大;最佳雾化条件下,超音速虹吸式空气雾化喷嘴雾化粒径更小且雾滴分布均匀;距喷嘴30~60 cm区域内,供气压力越大,雾滴速度越快,雾滴轴向速度衰减程度越小;距喷嘴60~90 cm区域内,供气压力越大,雾滴速度越快,雾滴轴向速度衰减程度越大;在最佳雾化条件下,超音速虹吸式喷嘴对全尘、呼吸性粉尘的降尘效率高达91.46%、90.77%,内混式喷嘴的降尘效率仅为80.31%、75.22%,超音速虹吸式空气雾化喷嘴对煤粉全尘与呼吸性粉尘的除尘效率更高,降尘效果更佳。

加氢装置循环氢流量波动原因分析

某炼油厂2.2 Mt/a渣油加氢装置循环氢压缩机出口流量出现了较大幅度的异常波动,且循环氢流量较低,反应器催化剂床层压力降波动大,装置处理量提升困难。对引起波动的原因进行了分析,确定根本原因为混合氢与热高分气螺纹锁紧环换热器内漏,装置正常生产过程中,应确保平稳操作,并密切关注螺纹锁紧环换热器螺栓预紧力的变化情况,为解决同类装置生产过程中遇见的类似问题提供借鉴。

基于原位试验地下高铁车致环境振动特性分析

研究目的:高速铁路下穿综合交通枢纽的交通交叉形式日渐兴起,地下高铁引发的环境振动问题不容忽视。为探明地下高铁运行对地表环境振动影响规律,结合在建高铁下穿机场场地工程实例,设计高铁隧道内落轴试验得到周围土体环境振动特征,建立车-轨-隧-地层半解析计算模型得到列车荷载动力初始条件,预测分析地下高铁车致环境振动幅频特性及传播规律,研究不同行车条件、轨道参数和隧道埋深的影响特点。研究结论:(1)地表振动在离线路中心线10 m范围内大幅衰减,衰减率达70%,垂向振动幅值明显大于其他两个方向,地表横向振幅最小,振动衰减速度最慢;(2)在350 km/h高速列车通过条件下,80 m范围内地表垂向和横向振级分别为20~80dB、43~72dB,Z振级最大衰减系数达0.276dB/m;(3)列车速度每提升50 km/h,地表Z振级增加约2 dB;(4)在13~50 Hz内,扣件刚度越小地表振级越大,在79 Hz以上,地表振级与扣件刚度正相关;(5)隧道埋深大于14 m时,隧道埋深对地表Z振级变化影响较小,将高铁隧道埋深控制在合理范围内可减小地表振动;(6)本研究成果可为下穿高速铁路设计和研究提供参考和借鉴。

CO_(2)在微通道内高速流动特性的研究

随着科技水平的提高,微尺度流动和传热研究在电子器件研究领域具有广阔的工程应用背景。采用理论计算的方法对CO_(2)气体高速通过矩形微通道制冷器的流动特性进行研究。微通道进口处CO_(2)气体根据压力分为5个不同工况,入口温度均为14℃,在绝热流动与非绝热流动的假设下,选取适当的摩擦因数关联式对上述工况进行理论计算。将微通道分段后估计第1管段的出口流体密度,由关联式可计算得到出口压力与比焓,根据热物性表查得新的出口流体密度并将其与估值进行对比,误差过大时重新估值。对第2管段重复上述计算即可得到其出口参数,以此类推得到所有管段出口流动参数。用同样的方法将相关实验的流动参数代入理论计算,与实验测得数据进行对比分析。结果表明:理论计算结果与实验数据十分吻合,质量流量相同时,进口压力越小,温降越大。

不同尺寸SiC陶瓷球堆积结构与抗冲击性能关系研究

为研究陶瓷球堆积结构对抗冲击性能的影响规律,用直径为5.5、7 mmSiC的陶瓷球分别制备1、2、3层堆积结构的陶瓷球复合材料。先通过低速冲击试验验证陶瓷球复合结构的有效性和防刀具穿刺效果,再用7.62 mm穿甲燃烧弹高速冲击陶瓷球复合材料靶板,观察陶瓷球复合材料、铝合金背板的破坏形貌。结果表明:陶瓷球复合材料具有较好的防刀具穿刺效果;1层密排结构在抗冲击过程中易应力集中;2层堆积结构可大幅提高其抗冲击性能,体现结构效应;3层堆积结构可解决弹着点敏感性问题,使整个靶板保持良好的完整性和稳定性,表现出优异的抗弹性能;直径为5.5 mm的SiC陶瓷球的多层堆积更利于抵抗7.62 mm穿甲燃烧弹的侵彻破坏。