Experimental study of the influencing factors and mechanisms of the pressure-reduction and augmented injection effect by nanoparticles in ultra-low permeability reservoirs

Nanoparticles(NPs)have gained significant attention as a functional material due to their ability to effectively enhance pressure reduction in injection processes in ultra-low permeability reservoirs.NPs are typically studied in controlled laboratory conditions,and their behavior in real-world,complex environments such as ultra-low permeability reservoirs,is not well understood due to the limited scope of their applications.This study investigates the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of NPs in decreasing injection pressure under various injection conditions(25—85℃,10—25 MPa).The results reveal that under optimal injection conditions,NPs effectively reduce injection pressure by a maximum of 22.77%in core experiment.The pressure reduction rate is found to be positively correlated with oil saturation and permeability,and negatively correlated with temperature and salinity.Furthermore,particle image velocimetry(PIV)experiments(25℃,atmospheric pressure)indicate that the pressure reduction is achieved by NPs through the reduction of wall shear resistance and wettability change.This work has important implications for the design of water injection strategies in ultra-low permeability reservoirs.

A Guide to Cheek Augmentation: Single-Point Deep Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Filler at Midface in Close Proximity to Medial Suborbicularis Oculi Fat (SOOF) Area

Loss of volume in midface can result in an aged, wasted appearance. Osseous and fat atrophy with aging may further contribute to the loss of soft tissue support and midface ptosis. In the aging of periorbital area and midface, fat atrophy occurs mostly in the suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF) area. The authors proposed that injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler to support the SOOF area could counteract the aging sign due to fat atrophy, restore volume loss and achieve a more youthful appearance. The authors described the treatment of 10 female patients who received CHAP®-particle hyaluronic acid (CHAP®-HA) injections for cheek augmentation, using single-point deep injection technique at midface in close proximity to SOOF area. Such approach provides satisfactory cheek augmentation results without significant complications. The authors discussed a rationale for their choice of dermal filler and provided an injection technique for restoring volume in the midface region with CHAP®-HA. Such technique is relatively quick to perform, have little down time, and result in a high rate of patient satisfaction.

Study on the downhole permanent low frequency pulsating water injection technique

Waterflood technique with pressure fluctuation, especially with low, ultra low frequency, changes the continuous water flow into the flow with pressure fluctuation, and can prevent contamination precipitation, formation plugging and Jamin effect. It also can prevent the plugging of water injection well, decrease the pressure of waterflood and increase the rate of water injection. On the basis of the existing eccentric injection mandrel, used the energy storage character of air energy accumulator and the pressure switch character of pressure control valve, fixed the plunger valve for pressure control on the position of blanking plug, then developed one new injection mandrel with low frequency character, which can inject water continuously with low, ultra low frequency. Water fluctuation produced during the water injection affect the formation directly and is useful to break down, prevent plugging and augment injection.

Short-term results of incremental penile girth enhancement using liquid injectable silicone： words of praise for a change

Aim： To report our experience with penile girth augmentation using liquid injectable silicone. Methods： Between August 2003 and July 2006, 324 men （mean age 35 years, range 19-65 years） received a series of liquid silicone subcutaneous injections between the penile skin and the corpora cavernosa on the dorsal and lateral aspects of the penile shaft, under local anesthesia. Digital photographs taken pre- and post-procedure （n = 324）, and penile contour measurements （n = 30） yielded objective results. Subjective results were derived from patient and partner testimony of satisfaction. Follow-up averaged 20 months （range 1-36 months）. Results： Three hundred and twenty-four procedures were primary augmentations. Most men （61%） were married, 7% were accompanied by their partners, and 93% were circumcised. The mean measured penile circumference was 9.5 cm （7.5-11.5 cm） pretreatment and 12.1 cm （10.3-15.3 cm） post-treatment （mean increase of 27% in circumference and 0.84 cm in diameter）. Patient and partner satisfaction was already expressed after the first two treatments. Sexual activity could be resumed after 8 h. Complications （mild bruising） were easily resolved. Conclusion： Penile girth augmentation using liquid injectable silicone yields very satisfactory short-term results with no immediate or short-term complications.

Pyrogenicity of hyaluronic acid hydrogel crosslinked by divinyl sulfone for soft tissue augmentation

Hyaluronic acid hydrogels (HAHs) were synthesized by immersing the microbeads in phosphate buffered saline solution to assess short term biocompatibility of the gels by means of the rabbit pyrogen test and the bacterial endotoxin test. The rise in body temperature of 3 male New Zealand white rabbits weighing about 2~3 kg (12~16 weeks old) following intravenous injection of the test article (10 mL/kg) was mo nitored at 30 min intervals in 3 h to examine the pyrogenicity. No rabbits showed an individual rise in temperature of 0.5oC or more above its respective control temperature. The temperature rises of the rabbits after injection were 0.12oC, 0.13oC, and 0.18oC, respectively, sugge sting that HAH meets the requirements for the absence of pyrogens. The bacterial endotoxin test revealed that the concentration of endoto xins required to cause the lysate to clot under standard conditions was < 0.125 EU/mL. Comparing the HAHs that was synthesized in this experiment to the ones approved by FDA, the amount of < 0.125 EU/mL endotoxins is relatively safe and effective. The test solution did not contain any interfering factors under the ex perimental conditions used. It is conceivable that the HAHs are likely to be suitable injectable dermal filler for facial soft tissue augmentation due to the absence of

Augmented Effect of Composite Salvia Miltiorrhiza Injectionon Radiosensitivity of Leukemia Cells

Objective: To explore the effect of Composite Salviae miltiorrhizae Injection (CSMI) on radiosensitivity of leukemia cells. Methods:Semisolid agar culture and flow cytometry assay were performed for studying the change in radiosensitivity of HL60 cell line and fresh human leukemia cells after exposing to CSMI.Results: The D0 (the inverse of the slope of the survival curve) and SF2 (survival fraction at 2 Gy) of HL60 cell line were decreased from 1. 53, 0. 34 to 0. 93, 0. 12, respectively and apopotosis rates after radiation were raised significantly by CSMI. Furthermore, the concentration of CSMI and the time of mixed culture with CSMI before irradiation had positive relation to the effects mentioned above. Compared with control group, CSMI could increase the radiation-induced apoptosis of fresh leukemia cells (5. 89 ± 2. 91 vs 12. 05 ± 3. 06). Conclusion: CSMI could obviously enhance the radiosensitivity of leukemia cells.Original article on CJIM(Chin) 1998; 18(5): 279

低渗透油藏微纳米乳液增注技术实验研究

基于纳米材料在低渗透油藏中良好的降压增注前景,对微纳米乳液作为增注剂的性能进行了研究。利用纳米粒度分析仪、接触角测量仪、岩心驱替装置等对微纳米乳液的基本性能进行评价,并对注入参数进行优化。实验结果表明,该微纳米乳液粒径较小,有一定的吸附性和改变润湿性的能力,能将岩石表面润湿性由强水湿变为弱水湿;该微纳米乳液具有良好的耐温性、防膨性、配伍性,当注入含量为0.5%(w)时,油-水表面张力最低降至0.60 mN/m;当优化后的工艺参数为单一段塞焖井、注入含量为0.3%(w)、注入流量为0.1 mL/min时,注水压力降低16.87%。基于实验室研究结果,现场试验6井次,平均注水压力下降1.8 MPa,日增注35 m^(3),有效持续时间达362 d,为低渗透油藏纳米降压增注技术提供了理论依据。

老年危重症患者使用注射用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠后发生肾功能亢进的危险因素分析

目的:探讨老年危重症患者使用注射用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠后发生肾功能亢进(ARC)的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2018—2022年该院收治的286例老年患者的住院信息,根据患者是否发生ARC将其分为ARC组97例、对照组189例。采用Logistic回归分析筛查ARC发生相关因素,采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析危险因素对ARC的预测作用。结果:(1)研究对象的ARC发生率为33.92%,ARC组患者年龄、白细胞计数、尿素氮水平、肌酐水平和SOFA评分显著低于对照组,嗜酸性细胞数、肌酐清除率、肾小球滤过率、颅脑外伤史病例数、并发症数量、发生全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)病例数显著高于对照组,重症监护室(ICU)治疗时间显著长于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)ARC组患者中位稳态谷浓度显著低于对照组(5.36μmol/mL vs.14.12μmol/mL),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=10.182,P<0.05);ARC组患者的治疗有效率显著低于对照组[38.14%(37/97)vs.56.08%(106/189)],差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=8.662,P<0.05)。(3)Logistic回归分析结果显示,颅脑外伤史、并发症数量、SOFA评分、SIRS占比与ARC发生呈正相关,年龄与ARC发生呈负相关。(4)ROC曲线结果显示,使用年龄、颅脑外伤史和SOFA评分的预测效果较好。结论:低龄、有颅脑外伤史和SOFA评分较低的老年危重症患使用注射用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠后更容易发生ARC,该类患者在治疗过程中应综合评估ARC发生风险,对治疗方案及时调整。

纳米SiO_(2)微乳液对鄂南致密油藏的降压增注效果

红河油田长8油藏断裂结构复杂,属于低孔超低渗油藏,储层非均质性强,且基质残余油饱和度高,水相渗透率低,注水压力上升速度快,已超过裂缝重启压力,水窜现象严重,注水开发效果差。结合纳米粒子与微乳液特性设计了一种纳米SiO_(2)微乳液降压增注体系,系统评价了该体系耐温性、降低界面张力能力、增溶性及与地层配伍性,并开展了岩心降压增注驱替实验。实验结果表明,该纳米SiO_(2)微乳液体系不仅抗温、抗盐性良好,且界面活性高,油水界面张力可降至10^(-2)mN/m左右;纳米SiO_(2)微乳液体系的油增溶性能良好,增溶量达到6.5 mL/30 mL。岩心降压增注实验结果显示,向水测渗透率约为0.4×10^(-3)μm^(2)的岩心中注入2 PV质量分数为1%的纳米SiO_(2)微乳液体系,降压效率达到28%以上,降压增注效果明显,能满足现场需求。

黏性骨在口腔临床治疗中的应用研究进展

在口腔医学领域中,黏性骨(sticky bone)一般指由第二代血浆基质制品可注射型富血小板纤维蛋白(injectable platelet rich fibrin,i-PRF)与一定质量的骨增量材料(bone grafting materials)混合制备而成的凝胶团块状骨移植物。黏性骨既富含血浆基质所提供的生长因子和纤维蛋白支架等组织再生所需基本要素,又具备一定的可塑性,在骨增量、上颌窦底提升和牙槽嵴保存等临床治疗中有着广阔的应用前景。本文总结临床经验和相关研究,对黏性骨的基本情况和目前在临床治疗中应用作一介绍,以期为后续研究提供参考。

Complications and management of penile augmentation with hyaluronic acid injection

Hyaluronic acid injection is becoming a popular way for penile augmentation.However,only few studies and follow-ups have investigated the various complications of hyaluronic acid injection and their corresponding management.In this study,a total of 230 patients who had penile augmentation with hyaluronic acid injection from January 2018 to December 2019 were examined on follow-up for penile girth,complications,and their corresponding management.At 1-month,3-month,and 6-month postoperative follow-ups,the penile circumference had increased by 2.66±1.24 cm,2.28±1.02 cm,and 1.80±0.83 cm,respectively.During the entire 6-month follow-up,4.3%had complications such as subcutaneous bleeding,subcutaneous nodules,and infection.There were no systemic or local allergic reactions among all the patients.All complications were treated accordingly,and no further deterioration or severe sequelae were observed.Although complications of hyaluronic acid injections are mild and rare,these may affect the patient's satisfaction postoperatively.Preoperative redundant prepuce may increase the incidence of penile edema or postoperative gel migration.Standardization of the surgery protocol and elucidation of the effects of other injection parameters are still lacking.Nevertheless,it still highlights the importance of preoperative preparation and surgical technique.

一种注射式软骨移植体的构建及应用探究

目的:探索一套流程实现软骨的高效颗粒化处理,与富血小板凝胶(PRG)构建注射式的软骨移植体,并利用裸鼠模型评估其效果。方法:取成年雄兔的肋软骨,切割为碎块,置入研钵依次进行液氮冷冻和30~60 s研磨获得颗粒软骨;从耳中动脉采集血液,二次离心法制备PRG。动物实验:对照组(n=5)为颗粒软骨,实验组(n=5)以颗粒软骨和PRG混合,分别注射于裸鼠皮下,8周后进行取材,观察大体形态并进行组织学观察。以实验组构建裸鼠鼻背增高功能模型(n=5)。结果:冷冻研磨处理后颗粒直径分布在10~500μm范围,可实现注射;体外培养证实颗粒软骨的细胞存活率能够达到80%。动物实验取材显示,对照组形态保持较差,存在明显颗粒感;实验组形态保持良好,表面光滑可见明显毛细血管;实验组在裸鼠鼻背增高模型实现显著的增高效果。结论:冷冻研磨技术能实现软骨的高效颗粒化处理,与PRG构建移植体适用颌面部软骨移植修复。

基于KShape数据增广与混合神经网络的注水系统故障诊断

为解决海上油田注水系统故障诊断问题,提出基于KShape数据增广与混合神经网络的故障诊断模型。首先采用KShape时间序列聚类算法实现样本数据增广,然后通过融合双向长短时记忆网络(bidirectional long short-term memory network, BiLSTM)和全卷积神经网络(fully convolutional neural network, FCN)构建混合神经网络模型,最后应用贝叶斯优化算法对模型参数进行全局寻优。结果表明:提出的数据增广方法在数字油田大数据的基础上,能够有效扩充注水系统工况样本。提出的混合神经网络模型较BiLSTM和FCN单一模型效果更好,该模型综合了BiLSTM网络对时间序列数据依赖关系的良好捕捉能力以及FCN网络对局部特征的有效提取能力,较两者在准确率上分别提升4.9%和1.8%。贝叶斯优化方法在寻找更优超参数组合方面有显著效果,为提高模型的鲁棒性和泛化性能起到了重要作用。该方法较传统调参方法在准确率上提升5%,较网格搜索和随机搜索方法分别提升3.7%和1.9%。同时,该方法产生的不同超参数组合下的模型准确率中位数为84.5%,模型准确率在90%以上的占比达到18%。所提出的故障诊断模型,可有效识别地层堵塞、配水器堵塞和油管漏失等故障,为海上油田注水系统故障诊断提供了新的解决方案和有效的技术支持。

多元复合酸酸化工艺的应用

卫城油田是典型的高压、低渗断块砂岩油藏 ,历年来酸化效果较差。从卫城油田的油藏物性等方面出发 ,分析了制约其酸化效果的因素 :酸渣的影响、铁离子二次沉淀的影响 ,残酸返排的影响。针对这些问题 ,研究应用了多元复合酸酸化工艺技术 ,该工艺采用了独特的挤酸排酸一体化管柱。室内试验表明 :该酸液具有缓速性能好、能有效防止铁离子二次沉淀、有效防止酸渣生成、与地层水配伍性好、防膨能力强、排残酸迅速等特点。现场应用高压注水井 7口 ,平均降低注水压力 1 2 .8MPa,累计增加注水量 2 7652 m3,取得了较好的降压、增注效果。

低渗透油藏高浓度表面活性剂体系降压增注试验研究

针对低渗透油藏注水井注入压力高的问题,开展了高浓度表面活性剂体系降压增注室内实验研究。以增溶量为指标,通过微乳液配制方法,对阴离子和两性表面活性剂进行了筛选和配方优化,得到一种降压效果好的体系:13.3%表面活性剂HEX+2.23%正丙醇+4.47%正丁醇,其增溶量达0.66 g/g。该体系耐盐性能良好,在1～200g/L含盐量范围内均能形成水外相微乳液。该体系的矿场岩心驱替实验结果表明:注入的7.5 PV浓表面活性剂体系在岩心中与残余油形成水外相微乳液,降低水驱注入压力35%以上;浓度和注入段塞大小对降压增注效果的影响结果表明:该体系注入浓度为100 g/L、注入段塞1 PV时便有很好的降压效果。

纳米聚硅材料在低渗透油田中的应用

在低渗透油田注水开发过程中,普遍存在注水井注入压力长期居高不下、注入量低、单井注入压力差异大等问题,采用纳米聚硅材料可以缓解这一问题。岩心驱替实验、微观驱油实验表明,纳米聚硅材料改善注水效果的机理是能够改变岩石润湿性、提高水相相对渗透率,其强憎水特性能够驱替吸附在孔隙内表面的水膜、扩大孔径等。现场应用表明:纳米聚硅材料能降低注水压力,提高注水量,具有较好的经济效益。

聚硅材料改善低渗透油藏注水效果实验

胜利油区低渗透油藏普遍存在注水压力高、吸水能力差、开发效果差等问题。应用纳米技术,开展了低渗透砂岩油田提高注水能力实验。聚硅纳米材料对岩心的润湿性影响和增注实验研究发现,采用合适的聚硅纳米材料处理岩心,能够改变岩石润湿性,可以较大幅度地提高岩心的渗透率,改善注水效果。

低渗透油藏表面活性剂降压增注效果影响因素

表面活性剂通过降低油水界面张力和乳化作用实现低渗透油藏降压增注。通过宏观和微观方法研究界面张力和乳化速率对降压效果的影响,并分析界面张力和乳化速率的协同作用。结果表明,当界面张力小于5.25 m N/m时,能够实现降压作用,且随着界面张力的降低,其降压效果越显著;界面张力下降,采收率上升,但当其降低到10^(-1)m N/m时,表面活性剂提高采收率的增幅有限;界面张力达到10^(-2)m N/m时,表面活性剂仍无法完全解除水流通道中残余油的附加阻力。当表面活性剂的乳化速率大于0.11 m L/min时,有降压作用,进一步提高乳化速率,从而提高降压率,但当表面活性剂的乳化速率大于0.42 m L/min时,对降压率的影响程度减弱;对采收率增幅的影响为乳化速率加快,采收率增幅加大,当表面活性剂的乳化速率大于0.21 m L/min时,继续增加乳化速率对采收率增幅的影响不大。因此,表面活性剂用于降压增注的表面活性剂形成乳状液的时间短,能够使油水充分乳化,迅速扩大波及面积后再降低界面张力、提高洗油效率,可以更有效地降低驱替压力,提高采收率。

超声对乳腺后间隙与注射式隆乳并发症关系的研究

目的 探讨乳腺后间隙与注射式隆乳并发症的关系。方法 用超声观察和测量正常女性的乳腺后间隙 ,将注射式隆乳后患者的超声检查、手术和病理资料进行相关的分析 ,以明确产生并发症的原因。结果 注射层次的错误和渗漏将导致并发症的出现。结论 超声是验证注射式隆乳是否成功的首选检查方法 ,乳腺后间隙的厚度和完整性与是否出现并发症密切相关 ,注射式隆乳的安全性值得探讨。

新型酸化解堵剂与体系研究

在对辽河油田欢喜岭采油厂地区注水压力高、地层堵塞严重等问题原因分析的基础上,研发了一种新型酸化解堵剂(ABRer-1)。室内实验表明,与土酸相比,20%的新型解堵剂水溶液具有良好的缓速性能、防二次沉淀性能。根据辽河油田欢喜岭地区的岩性特征,室内优选了缓蚀剂、黏土稳定剂、助排剂、破乳剂等酸液添加剂,并确定了各添加剂加量,得到了新型酸化解堵体系配方:20%酸化解堵剂+0.1%缓蚀剂BSA-602+3%黏土稳定剂BSA-101+0.5%助排剂EL-11+0.1%破乳剂YBP-1。两口井的现场试验表明,新型酸化解堵体系可以降低注水压力5MPa以上,大幅度提高了日注水量。