Simulation and experimental research on droplet flow characteristics and deposition in airflow field

In order to study the motion law of droplet flow under the airflow action of long-range air-blast sprayers,a CFD-based 3D model was established for the air-blast sprayer duct and its external airflow field,and the discrete phase model was introduced to simulate the motion of droplet flow in the airflow.The simulation data of the droplet flow trajectory,droplet flow parameters and droplet deposition were obtained by establishing the monitoring sections and bilateral coupling calculation in the airflow field.Results showed that gravity had an obvious effect on droplets and large droplets settled faster.Some of the larger droplets were formed by polymerization in droplets motion.The smaller droplets were transported further along with the airflow,and the long-range sprayer has a significant effect on the directional transport of small droplets.Besides,the spraying swath in the direction perpendicular to the range enlarged gradually with the increase of the spraying range.At the end of the range,the diffuse and drifting of the droplets were dominant.Given that the outlet airflow velocity of the sprayer duct was 25.01 m/s and the spray pressure 1.8 MPa,the maximum motion distances of aerosol,mist,fine mist and coarse mist in the airflow field were 18.5 m,19.5 m,17.5 m and 10.5 m,respectively.Droplet size and number as well as number density and volume density of droplet flow on all monitoring sections showed a regression function with changes in the distance of the spraying range.The simulation results of the model adopted in this paper were verified by Chi-square test between the simulation results of the droplet deposition and the spray measurement results.Research results provide a new method for the study of orchard air-blast spraying technology and references for the optimization of spraying technology.

Velocity Slip and Interfacial Momentum Transfer in the Transient Section of Supersonic Gas-Droplet Two-Phase Flows

Modelling and simulations are conducted on velocity slip and interfacial momentum transfer for super-sonic two-phase (gas-droplet) flow in the transient section inside and outside a Laval jet(L J). The initial velocity slipbetween gas and droplets causes an interfacial momentum transfer flux as high as (2.0-5.0) × 104 Pa. The relaxationtime corresponding to this transient process is in the range of 0.015-0.090 ms for the two-phase flow formed insidethe LJ and less than 0.5 ms outside the LJ. It demonstrates the unique performance of this system for application tofast chemical reactions using electrically active media with a lifetime in the order of 1 ms. Through the simulationsof the transient processes with initial Mach number Mg from 2.783 to 4.194 at different axial positions inside theLJ. it is found that Mg has the strongest effect on the process. The momentum flux increases as the Mach numberdecreases. Due to compression by the shock wave at the end of the L J, the flow pattern becomes two dimensionaland viscous outside the LJ. Laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measurements of droplet velocities outside the LJ arein reasonably good agreement with the results of the simulation.

Formation mechanism of micro-flows in aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) droplets on a substrate at different temperatures

The drying of aqueous poly（ethylene oxide） （PEO） droplet on a substrate at different temperatures was studied. It was found that the contact line receded when the substrate was at a temperature above 60 ℃. Different nucleation behavior and surface profiles of PEO films were found in different droplets drying processes. The rheological properties of aqueous PEO solutions were studied to understand the mechanism of contact line recession and micro-flow in drying aqueous PEO droplets. It was found that at low temperature, the contact line was static because of great viscous stress; while at high temperature, it receded because of great Marangoni force and the decrease of viscous stress. It was indicated that Marangoni convection was inhibited by the outward capillary flow and viscous stress at low temperature, whereas it became dominant at high temperature. Two types of mechanism for surface profiles and nucleation of PEO film from drying droplets are proposed, providing a theoretical guide for polymer solution application in oil and gas foam flooding technology.

Hydrodynamics of passing-over motion during binary droplet collision in shear flow

A combined experimental and numerical study is undertaken to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of singlephase droplet collision in a shear flow. The passing-over motion of interactive droplets is observed, and the underlying hydrodynamic mechanisms are elucidated by the analysis of the motion trajectory, transient droplet deformation and detailed hydrodynamic information（e.g., pressure and flow fields）. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic interaction process under shear could be divided into three stages: approaching, colliding, and separating. With the increasing confinement, the interaction time for the passing-over process is shorter and the droplet processes one higher curvature tip and more stretched profile. Furthermore, the lateral separation ?;/R;exhibits larger decrease in the approaching stage and the thickness of the lubrication film is decreased during the interaction. As the initial lateral separation increases, the maximum trajectory shift by the collision interaction is getting smaller. During the collision between two droplets with different sizes, the amplitude of the deformation oscillation of the larger droplet is decreased by reducing the size ratio of the smaller droplet to the bigger one.

Modeling Evaporating Droplets in Complex Unsteady Flows

In many applications, a moving fluid carries a suspension of droplets of a second phase which may change in size due to evaporation or condensation. Examples include liquid fuel drops in engines and raindrops or ice-crystals in a thunderstorm. If the number of such particles is very large, and, if further, the flow is inhomogeneous, unsteady or turbulent, it may be practically impossible to explicitly compute all of the fluid and particle degrees of freedom in a numerical simulation of the system. Under such circumstances Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) of a small subset of the particles is used to reduce the computational effort. The purpose of this paper is to compare the LPT with an alternate method that is based on an approximate solution of the conservation equation of particle density in phase space by the method of moments (MOM). Closure is achieved by invoking the assumption that the droplet size distribution is locally lognormal. The resulting coupled transport equations for the local mean and variance of the particle size distribution are then solved in conjunction with the usual equations for the fluid and associated scalar fields. The formalism is applied to the test case of a uniform distribution of droplets placed in a non homogeneous temperature field and stirred with a decaying Taylor vortex. As a benchmark, we perform a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of high resolution that keeps track of all the particles together with the fluid flow.

Asymmetric breakup of a droplet in an axisymmetric extensional flow

The asymmetric breakups of a droplet in an axisymmetric cross-like microfluidic device are investigated by using a three-dimensional volume of fluid(VOF) multiphase numerical model. Two kinds of asymmetries(droplet location deviation from the symmetric geometry center and different flow rates at two symmetric outlets) generate asymmetric flow fields near the droplet, which results in the asymmetric breakup of the latter. Four typical breakup regimes(no breakup, one-side breakup, retraction breakup and direct breakup) have been observed.Two regime maps are plotted to describe the transition from one regime to another for the two types of different asymmetries, respectively. A power law model, which is based on the three critical factors(the capillary number,the asymmetry of flow fields and the initial volume ratio), is employed to predict the volume ratio of the two unequal daughter droplets generated in the direct breakup. The influences of capillary numbers and the asymmetries have been studied systematically in this paper. The larger the asymmetry is, the bigger the oneside breakup zone is. The larger the capillary number is, the more possible the breakup is in the direct breakup zone. When the radius of the initial droplet is 20 μm, the critical capillary numbers are 0.122, 0.128, 0.145,0.165, 0.192 and 0.226 for flow asymmetry factor AS= 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, respectively, in the flow system whose asymmetry is generated by location deviations. In the flow system whose asymmetry is generated by two different flow rates at two outlets, the critical capillary numbers are 0.121, 0.133, 0.145, 0.156 and 0.167 for AS= 1/21, 3/23, 1/5, 7/27 and 9/29, respectively.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF NEAR-WALL FLOWS OF TWO- PHASE MIXTURE WITH EVAPORATING DROPLETS

In the framework of the two-continuum approach, using the matched asymptotic expansion method, the equations of a laminar boundary layer in mist flows with evaporating droplets were derived and solved. The similarity criteria controlling the mist flows were determined. For the flow along a curvilinear surface, the forms of the boundary layer equations differ from the regimes of presence and absence of the droplet inertia deposition. The numerical results were presented for the vapor-droplet boundary layer in the neighborhood of a stagnation point of a hot blunt body. It is demonstrated that, due to evaporation, a droplet-free region develops near the wall inside the boundary layer. On the upper edge of this region, the droplet radius tends to zero and the droplet number density becomes much higher than that in the free stream. The combined effect of the droplet evaporation and accumulation results in a significant enhancement of the heat transfer on the surface even for small mass concentration of the droplets in the free stream.

燃料电池气体扩散层表面液相涌出行为

燃料电池流道内的两相分布特性对于提升燃料电池水管理能力至关重要,探究多液滴在流道表面流动行为利于优化结构及运行条件。使用流体体积(Volume of Fluid)法对液态水从气体扩散层(Gas diffusion layer)涌出到流道内的动态过程进行模拟,研究流道内气体流速、GDL表面接触角和水孔间距对水涌出过程和流动行为影响。结果表明,液滴在GDL表面经历了生长、分离、传输和碰撞凝并等过程。气体流速明显影响压降和液滴分离周期,随着气体流速增加,压降增加,液滴分离周期从14.7 ms降至4.7 ms,水去除能力显著增强,高气体流速造成液滴形态和流动情况不稳定。GDL表面润湿性改变了表面张力,影响液滴形态和流动,显著影响水覆盖率,随着接触角增大,GDL表面平均水覆盖率从20.03%降至9.01%;水孔间距对液滴碰撞周期影响大,小水孔间距时液滴在生长中发生凝并,大液滴飞溅造成流道内气流速度下降,压降和GDL表面水覆盖率产生大波动;大水孔间距时,流道内速度场受影响明显,前一液滴获得大速度后发生碰撞更易造成液滴飞溅,导致最大水孔间距时水覆盖率下降,从16.84%(D=0.8 cm)骤降至14.69(D=1.2 cm)。研究结果为流道表面接触角,GDL孔隙分布、进气条件等参数优化提供理论指导和技术借鉴,改善质子交换膜燃料电池水传输能力提高工作效率。

分岔结构处双乳液滴的动力学特性研究

复合液滴在化工、医药和生物检测等领域有着广泛的应用,尺寸以及壳层厚度是复合液滴应用过程中的关键特征参数,研究复合液滴的动力学特性对建立相应的操控方法具有重要意义,有助于进一步实现复合液滴的按需制备.采用微流控技术制备了Y形和T形两种分岔结构,研究了双重乳化液滴(双乳液滴)在分岔结构处的流动行为.根据内、外液滴的分裂次数,将流动模式划分为二次分裂、一次分裂和不分裂3种.分析了流动模式的转变规律以及液滴长度对流动模式转变的影响,通过内、外液滴延伸长度、颈部宽度和缝隙宽度等特征参数的演化过程,将液滴运动过程划分为3个阶段,不分裂模式下为挤压、过渡和恢复,一次分裂以及二次分裂模式下为挤压、过渡和断裂,并讨论了相应的动力学机制.发现液滴长度的增加能有效降低液滴与通道之间的间隙宽度,导致双乳液滴所受的挤压力与剪切力增加,有利于液滴的分裂.基于比较成熟的单乳液滴理论,分别建立了内、外液滴的临界分裂条件,T形分岔结构的分裂临界线高于Y形,并进一步构建了内、外液滴毛细数和初始长度决定的流动模式分布图,可以很好地划分不同模式的分布区域,对于调控双乳液滴特性参数具有重要参考价值.

T型通道微流控芯片中液滴生成的影响因素研究

高效、可控的微液滴生成技术在药物封装、病毒检测、材料筛选、细胞培养、微流控芯片等生化领域具有广泛的应用前景。而液滴生成频率、大小以及生成位置是试剂定量以及结构改进的重要参考因素。该文基于两相流理论,采用水平集方法追踪连续相与分散相流体界面,探讨了不同流速比情况下壁面接触角、通道宽度比以及主管长度比对的液滴生成频率、大小和生成位置等的影响。结果表明:主要捕捉到分层平行流、段塞流、滴状流和泡状流四种流型,其中滴状流型分布较广,是稳定生成液滴中出现最多的一种流型,只要流速比η足够大(η≥3.0),在不同毛细数下,均能生成。压力差是段塞流的主要生成因素,而滴状流和泡状流液滴主要是由黏性剪切力、压差和界面张力的共同作用形成;流速比越大,液滴生成频率越高,直径越小,生成位置越远;接触角越大则连续相流体与壁面粘滞力越大,从而提高了两相流界面的剪切力,加速了液滴脱落,液滴生成频率增加,同时,凝并时间缩短,也使得液滴直径减小。但是接触角对液滴生成频率和大小的影响有限,而对生成位置的影响较大,尤其在接触角θ_(w)≥160°后液滴生成位置曲线呈收敛趋势,因此更高的连续相与壁面间黏性有助于提高系统的可控性;在流速比不变的情况下,通道宽度比λ对液滴的生成有促进作用,液滴生成频率、大小和生成位置均随通道宽度比的增加呈递增趋势。λ=0.3-0.55区间是不同流速下均能生成液滴的稳定区间;主管长度比φ=15为液滴生成位置的临界点,此时液滴生成位置较稳定;总之,液滴生成位置受接触角、主管长度比和通道宽度比的影响较大,接触角、主管长度比越大,管内沿程阻力越大、压力幅值越高,则生成位置越提前。而通道宽度比越大,则流动越顺畅,促使液滴生成位置靠后,越来越远离交叉口。

板式湿式空气冷却器风机及喷淋系统试验研究与改造

板式湿式空气冷却器是一种综合空气侧增湿与高效低阻力降传热的新型模块化空冷产品。某炼油厂常减压装置板式湿式空气冷却器使用过程中,风机出口湿空气携带液体,形成空中飘水和地面积水,造成操作场地湿滑,成为工作安全隐患。结合板式湿式空气冷却器运行情况与工艺参数、风机性能、喷淋效果的关系以及夏季生产的实际需要,分析了产生此现象的可能原因,确定了关键影响因素。通过整机试验,开展了风量、风压、喷淋水量与空气携带液体的相关性研究,提出了产品改进措施。

同轴微通道内管结构对液滴生成的影响规律研究

研究了同轴微通道内水-硅油体系的液滴生成过程。在不同的连续毛细数Ca_(c)和分散相Weber数Wed下,观察到滴出流和喷射流两种不同的流型。实验考察了两相流量、黏度和内管结构对液滴尺寸和液滴生成频率的影响。结果表明液滴尺寸随着分散相流量增加而增大,而随着连续相流量和黏度的增加而降低。此外,随着Wed的增加,流型会从滴出流过渡到喷射流,而更大尺寸的内管会更早过渡到喷射流,从而得到更大的液滴尺寸。对于液滴生成频率,其随Ca_(c)和Wed的增加均呈现先快速增加后变缓的趋势。当内管通道尺寸基本相同时,不同结构的内管通道在固定Ca_(c)时其液滴生成频率相差不大,且随着通道尺寸的减小,液滴生成频率逐渐增加。基于实验结果,建立了液滴尺寸预测模型,预测值与实验值吻合较好。

微射流撞击形成液膜的形态演变特征

利用高速相机从正面和侧面两个视角拍摄了不同速度微射流撞击形成液膜的流动形态,以深入理解液膜形态演变的物理机制.实验中的射流韦伯数在6.3~404.5之间变化,结果表明:随着微射流速度的增加,射流的流动形态经历了从层流到湍流的变化,所形成的液膜经历了液体链条、封闭液膜、边缘失稳和波动液膜等多种流动形态.侧面视角观察到了撞击点附近射流表面存在静止毛细波,其波长随韦伯数增加呈现快速减小后缓慢减小的趋势.还观察到液膜顶端存在界面不稳定状态,其摆动导致沿液膜边缘产生向下传播的界面扰动,进而在液膜边缘形成液珠,液珠又可发展成指状液丝.指状液丝的生成带走了液膜中的部分流体,导致液膜在指状液丝根部上方撕裂.当射流中出现速度脉动后,会激励起液膜表面波动.若速度脉动间歇出现,液膜波动会在扰动消失后很快衰减;而持续的速度脉动会激励产生剧烈且持续的液膜摆动.这一发现证实了速度脉动引入的有限大小的扰动是激发液膜波动的必要条件.此外,液膜波动加速了液珠形成以及液珠向指状液丝的转变过程,还影响了指状液丝的空间分布.液膜摆动使两侧的撕裂点向液膜中心汇聚,形成下游的长液丝,完成了从液膜到液丝再到液滴的雾化过程.研究还利用纹影法获得了射流从层流向过渡流演变过程中液滴直径数据,发现液滴大小概率密度分布由多峰分布逐渐转变为符合Gamma函数的单峰分布.本研究得到的微射流撞击形成液膜的演变规律和机制,为相关应用研究提供了理论支持和定量认识.

基于非牛顿微液滴的粒子封装及检测

微流控液滴封装技术可将单个或者多个颗粒物封装到微尺度液滴,具有细胞培养、药物可控释放和微量成分分析等重要生物医学应用,而这些应用往往涉及多相混合的复杂非牛顿流体.目前制备尺寸均匀的非牛顿微液滴并实现高效率单粒子封装仍较难实现.针对该问题,首先基于流动聚焦微通道和聚合物溶液开展非牛顿液滴生成实验,系统探究不同非牛顿性质对液滴生成模态的影响,指出兼具剪切稀化与弹性效应的聚合物溶液可在射流模态下实现高单分散性液滴的稳定生成.在此基础上,结合惯性-黏弹性粒子排序,实现了封装率超过58%的单粒子封装,突破了传统单粒子封装的泊松限制.最后,进一步构建了粒子封装率自动检测模型,验证了其在单液滴与多液滴场景下粒子封装率高精度检测的有效性.综上,研究结果不仅一定程度上拓展对于液滴微流控基础理论的认识,还充分验证了射流模态下非牛顿液滴稳定生成用于单粒子封装策略的可行性和优越性,可为优化基于非牛顿微液滴的粒子封装技术及开发一体化装置提供一定参考.

极地环境下圆管液滴撞击特性分析

覆冰是威胁极地环境下海洋工程装备上部设施安全运行的潜在危险,而液滴收集系数反映了结冰对象捕获过冷却液滴的有效程度,因而是覆冰生长预测的关键参数。本文采用欧拉法对颗粒两相圆柱绕流进行数值仿真,通过研究液滴的斯托克斯数(St)和液滴雷诺数(Rew)两个关键因素,对液滴运动轨迹的影响规律进行分析。研究发现,斯托克斯数对液滴运动轨迹影响明显,在St较大(St>1)时,收集系数完全取决于St,而Rew的影响较弱,随着Rew的增加,整体收集系数和局部收集系数缓慢减小;在St较小(0.26<St<1)时,随着Rew的增加,局部和整体收集系数显著减小;由于流体在圆柱下游形成漩涡,在St<0.26时具有更大的随流性,驱使液滴卷吸入圆柱尾部近壁区,甚至与圆柱后壁发生碰撞,使得局部和整体收集系数随Rew增加而变大。

正极性直流电场对绝缘子雾凇覆冰的影响机理及覆冰试验验证

复杂大气环境下绝缘子覆冰是影响电网安全运行的关键科学问题。与交流相比,直流电场对荷电水滴具有较强的吸附作用,但鲜有研究涉及。基于场致荷电、流体力学和电磁学原理,对两种典型悬式绝缘子开展了电场-流场耦合仿真分析以及自然覆冰试验研究。结果表明,荷电水滴在直流电场中趋向于沿电场线运动,且其轨迹偏移量随着外施电压和水滴直径的增加而增大,而随着风速的增加而减小;直流电场下绝缘子表面产生冰树枝,不同绝缘子表面法向电场分量存在较大差异,进而影响冰树枝的生长特性;随着外施电压的升高,冰树枝逐渐从绝缘子伞裙边缘扩散至其表面,且冰树枝尖端逐渐变钝;带电情况下两种绝缘子覆冰量和覆冰长度大于不带电情况,且增长幅度均超过15%。研究结果对于建立带电绝缘子覆冰增长模型奠定了基础。

剪切流中液滴变形及破裂的数值模拟

基于格子Boltzmann颜色梯度模型,针对二维剪切流场中液滴的变形及破裂进行了数值模拟,研究了剪切流动中毛细数Ca、雷诺数Re和流体黏度比λ对液滴变形的影响,并在Re−Ca相图中区分了三种不同的液滴变形或破裂方式。为了进一步掌握界面对液滴内部不同位置流体的作用,引入示踪粒子并分析其在液滴内的运动规律。结果表明:随着Ca的增大,液滴的变形效果和偏转角度更明显,示踪粒子运动受到的影响较大;随着Re的增加,液滴的变形程度加大,但偏转角度受其影响较弱,示踪粒子运动受其影响显著;在低黏度比(λ<0.8)时,液滴会经历大幅度变形过程,当黏度比继续增大,其变形参数反而会减小;示踪粒子离初始圆心距离越近,运动路程越大,受到的剪切作用越大,且其在剪切作用下离界面越来越近,并最终达到稳定状态。

油滴与高温固体壁面碰撞的流动与传热及飞溅特性

考虑油滴(油膜)/固体壁面接触角动态变化和油液热力学特征参数受温度影响,基于流体体积法建立了油滴与高温固体壁面碰撞的三维流动与传热数值计算模型,通过试验验证了数值计算模型的正确性。基于数值计算模型,分析了油滴碰撞高温固体壁面后的流动与传热及飞溅特性,以试验和数值计算结果为基础,建立了描述油膜铺展/飞溅临界判据。结果表明:油滴碰撞高温固体壁面后的状态与碰撞条件有关,破碎、飞溅有利于油膜的铺展流动;二次油滴是油膜边缘破碎产生的油带断裂而成,大直径二次油滴分裂为小直径油滴;随油膜铺展进程,壁面平均热流密度增大,而油膜的径向热流密度则逐渐减小;增大碰撞速度、油滴直径和润滑油温度,有利于油膜的破碎与飞溅,二次油滴数量和下飞溅角均随之增大。

电流体雾化双液滴电聚结行为研究

电流体喷印技术具有分辨率高,溶液参数适应性广等优点,是新型显示制造工艺创新突破的重要载体之一,可用于OLED微米厚度有机TFE膜高效制造。为深入探索电流体雾化技术制备微纳液膜过程,解决现阶段对液膜制备过程中各因素作用机理了解不清的问题,基于相场方法建立了液滴电聚结两相流耦合模型,分析了制备过程中“双液滴电聚结”单元。研究外加电压、基板接触角、液滴间隙和直径对液滴聚结的影响,并总结了液滴可聚结工艺参数相图。研究结果表明,外加电压越大、液滴隙径比越小,聚结后液滴高径比越大,聚结越快;基板接触角越大,聚结后高径比越大,聚结越慢,甚至可能使液滴无法聚结。在亲水基板上外加适当电压或增加液滴密度缩短液滴间隙有助于促成基板上液滴电聚结.该研究结论和工艺相图可应用与电流体雾化制膜时工艺参数调控。

溶质梯度诱导悬浮液滴自驱动的数值模拟研究

悬浮液滴在溶质浓度梯度下会发生自发的移动.其原因是液滴界面处的非均匀分布溶质会使得流体界面上出现界面张力梯度,诱发界面流动.该过程涉及自驱动液滴的界面移动、界面附近流场与溶质浓度场的演化,以及多物理场的耦合效应.认识和理解这一复杂动力学过程具有一定的基础科学意义.文章通过联合守恒型Allen-Cahn方程、不可压Navier-Stokes方程和溶质的对流扩散方程,构建了一套能够描述溶质梯度诱导液滴自驱动现象的多相-多组分流体数值模型.通过算例对照和理论对比(静置液滴的拉普拉斯压差、浮力驱动的气泡上升和溶质浓度驱动液滴的迁移)验证了数值模型的准确性.模拟并研究了不同Marangoni数下溶质Marangoni效应诱导的双液滴融合或分离现象.结果表明,液滴的尺寸越大,移动速度越快,且增大Marangoni数使得自驱动液滴界面传质从扩散主导转变为对流主导,增强了液滴移动对环境溶质场的影响,进而推迟两液滴的融合发生时刻或者减小两者的分离速度.为后续解决多相-多组分流体系统中的物理问题提供了一套可靠的数值模型,为多组分微液滴操控提供了参考数据.