Effect of dynamic loading conditions on the dynamic performance of MP1 energy-absorbing rockbolts:Insight from laboratory drop test

Energy-absorbing rockbolts have been widely adopted in burst-prone excavation support, and their serviceability is closely related to the frequency and magnitude of seismic events. In this research, the splittube drop test with varying impact energy was conducted to reproduce the dynamic performance of MP1rockbolts under a wide range of seismic event magnitudes. The test results showed that the impact process could be subdivided into four distinct stages, i.e. mobilization, strain hardening, plastic flow(ductile), and rebound stage, of which strain hardening and plastic flow are the primary energy absorbing stages. As the impact energy per drop increases from 8.1 to 46.7 k J, the strain rate of the shank varies between 1.20 and 2.70 s^(-1), and the average impact load is between 240 and 270kN, which may be considered as constant. The MP1 rockbolt has a cumulative maximum energy absorption(CMEA) of 31.9–40.0 k J/m, with an average of 35.0 k J/m, and the elongation rate is 11.4%–14.7%, with an average of 12.7%, both of which are negatively correlated with the impact energy per drop. Regression analysis shows that energy absorption and shank elongation, as well as momentum input and impact duration,conform to the linear relationship. The complete dynamic capacity envelope of MP1 rockbolts is proposed, which reflects the dynamic bearing capacity, elongation, and distinct stages. This study is helpful to better understand the dynamic characteristics of energy-absorbing rockbolts and assist design engineers in robust reinforcement systems design to mitigate rockburst damage in seismically active underground excavations.

TEST AND CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF LANDING GEAR DROP TEST RIG

A control and test system of a landing gear drop test rig is developed considering the drop test specifica- tions for the ＂Seagull 300＂ multi-functional amphibious airplane. In order to realize the automation of drop test process, a servo system is proposed and programmable logic controller（PLC） technology is used. Several key technologies for measuring the horizontal load, the vertical load and the transient rotational speed are studied. According to the requirements of CCAR-23-R3, the drop test of landing gears of the ＂Seagull 300＂ airplane is accomplished. Test results show that the system has a high accuracy of data collection. The system is stable and reliable. The drop test satisfies the requirements of the drop test specifications and the results can be used as the certification of airworthiness for this kind of airplane.

Wettability,reactivity,and interface structure in Mg/Ni system

The sessile drop method was applied to the experimental investigation of the wetting and spreading behaviors of liquid Mg drops on pure Ni substrates.For comparison,the experiments were performed in two variants:(1)using the Capillary Purification(CP)procedure,which allows the non-contact heating and squeezing of a pure oxide-free Mg drop;(2)by classical Contact Heating(CH)procedure.The high-temperature tests were performed under isothermal conditions(CP:760℃for 30 s;CH:715℃for 300 s)using Ar+5 wt%H_(2) atmosphere.During the sessile drop tests,images of the Mg/Ni couples were recorded by CCD cameras(57 fps),which were then applied to calculate the contact angles of metal/substrate couples.Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses,both coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,were used for detailed structural characterization of the solidified couples.It was found that an oxide-free Mg drop obtained by the CP procedure showed a wetting phenomenon on the Ni substrate(an average contact angleθ<90°in<1 s),followed by fast spreading and good wetting over the Ni substrate(θ_((CP))~20°in 5 s)to form a final contact angle ofθ_(f(CP))~18°.In contrast,a different wetting behavior was observed for the CH procedure,where the unavoidable primary oxide film on the Mg surface blocked the spreading of liquid Mg showing apparently non-wetting behavior after 300 s contact at the test temperature.However,in both cases,the deep craters formed in the Ni substrates under the Mg drops and significant change in the structure of initially pure Mg drops to Mg-Ni alloys suggest a strong dissolution of Ni in liquid Mg and apparent values of the final contact angles measured for the Mg/Ni system.

Separation occurring during the drop weight tear test of thick-walled X80 pipeline steels

A separation phenomenon occurring during the drop weight tear test of commercial thick-walled API （American Petroleum Institute） X80 strip steel was investigated in this work. Microstructural analysis showed that the band structure of bainite elongated along the rolling direction works as the initiation sites of separation. The propagation of separation can be promoted not only by the occurrence of the band structure of martensite/austenite constituent, prior austenite grain boundaries, and elongated bainite, but also by fine acicular ferrite and bainite. Wide separation formed in the former case, while the narrow one appeared in the latter case. acicular ferrite in thick-walled X80 pipeline steel in order Some methods were proposed to obtain fine and homogeneous to minimize the occurrence of separation.

Performance of identical rockbolts tested on four dynamic testing rigs employing the direct impact method

Impact drop tests are routinely used to examine the dynamic performance of rockbolts.Numerous impact tests have been carried out in the past decades on independently designed,constructed and operated testing rigs.Each laboratory has developed testing procedures;thus,the results are often reported in different ways by various laboratories.The inconsistency in testing procedures and reporting formats presents a challenge when comparing results from different laboratories.A series of impact tests of identical rockbolts was carried out using the direct impact method(i.e.the mass free-fall method)on the rigs in four laboratories in different countries.The purpose of these tests was to investigate the level of consistency in the results from the four rigs.Each rig demonstrated a high level of repeatability,but differences existed between the various rigs.The differences would suggest that there is noticeable equipment-dependent bias when test results obtained from different laboratories are compared.It was also observed that the energy dissipated for the plastic displacement of the bolt was smaller than the impact energy in the tests.The average impact load(AIL)and the ultimate plastic displacement(D)of the bolt describe the ultimate dynamic performance of the bolt.In the case where the bolt does not rupture,the specific plastic energy(SPE)is an appropriate parameter in describing the impact performance of the bolt.Two other relevant parameters are the first peak load(FPL)and the initial stiffness(K)of the bolt sample.The information from this test series will guide the formulation of standardised testing procedures for dynamic impact tests of rockbolts.

Experimental studies on rock failure mechanisms under impact load by single polycrystalline diamond compact cutter

Percussive drilling shows excellent potential for promoting the rate of penetration(ROP)in drilling hard formations.Polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC)bits account for most of the footage drilled in the oil and gas fields.To reveal the rock failure mechanisms under the impact load by PDC bits,a series of drop tests with a single PDC cutter were conducted to four kinds of rocks at different back rake angles,drop heights,drop mass,and drop times.Then the morphology characteristics of the craters were obtained and quantified by using a three-dimensional profilometer.The fracture micrographs can be observed by using scanning electron microscope(SEM).The distribution and propagation process of subsurface cracks were captured in rock-like silica glass by a high-speed photography system.The results can indicate that percussive drilling has a higher efficiency and ROP when the rock fractures in brittle mode.The failure mode of rock is related with the type of rock,the impact speed,and the back rake angle of the cutter.Both the penetration depth and fragmentation volume get the maximum values at a back rake angle of about 45°.Increasing the weight and speed of falling hammer is beneficial to improving the rock breaking effects and efficiency.The subsurface cracks under the impact load by a single PDC cutter is shaped like a clamshell,and its size is much larger than the crater volume.These findings can help to shed light on the rock failure mechanisms under the impact of load by a single PDC cutter and provide a theoretical explanation for better field application of percussive drilling.

Dynamic Buffering Performance of the Honeycomb Paperboard Filled with Polyurethane

A new kind of composite buffering material was made by filling the voids of honeycomb paperboard with polyurethane. Drop tests were performed to evaluate the dynamic energy absorption capacity of the material. Based on the tests results, we analyzed the mechanical behaviors of the material under different conditions and obtained the inherent influencing laws of some factors on the material＇s dynamic buffering performance. It was shown that the dynamic buffering performance varied directly with impact velocity, and inversely with the void diameter, thickness and buffeting area of the composite material.

Experimental Research on the Dynamic Energy Absorbing Capacity of the Honeycomb Paperboard Filled with Polyurethane

A kind of composite buffering material was made by filling the voids of honeycomb paperboard with polyurethane. Drop tests were performed to evaluate the dynamic energy absorption capacity of the material. Based on the tests results,the mechanical behaviors of the material under low velocity dynamic impact conditions were analyzed. It was shown that the absorbed energy of the composite material varies inversely with the void diameter. The absorbed energy of the composite material is 1- 2 times than that of honeycomb paperboard and polyurethane. The energy absorption efficiency of the composite material is better than those of honeycomb paperboard and polyurethane.

The corrosive behaviors of GI and IF steel sheets in salt water drops

The corrosive behaviors of hot-dip galvanized steel （G I） sheets and the corresponding interstitial free （IF） steel base sheets for use in automobiles were investigated by the classical salt water drop （SWD） test at room temperature. The corrosive processes and products were observed and analyzed through morphological observation, a scanning electronic microscope （SEM） and an energy dispersive spectrum （EDS）. The results show that the anodic and cathode sites can be distinguished clearly during and after the test. The propagation of rusting, and the color, distribution and composition of the final corrosive products of the two kinds of materials are quite different. The SWD corrosive mechanisms of steel with and without galvanized coating are both discussed in this paper.

Dynamic properties of micro-NPR material and its controlling effect on surrounding rock mass with impact disturbances

A novel meta steel with negative Poisson’s ratio effect(termed as micro-NPR steel)is developed for rock support in deep underground engineering.It possesses high strength,high ductility,and high energy absorption characteristics.In this paper,static tension and modified dynamic drop hammer tests are performed on this novel material to investigate its mechanical properties first.Then based on this material,a new generation of micro-NPR anchor cable is developed and applied in field tests subjected to blasting dynamic loads.The results of laboratory tests reveal that the ultimate elongation of micro-NPR steel under dynamic impacts is more than 30%and it is over 1.5 times that of Q235;the plastic and total energy absorption of micro-NPR are both significantly higher than that of Q235.Field test indicates the fine controlling effect of micro-NPR anchor cable on surrounding rock mass under dynamic loads.Axial force confirms that micro-NPR cables can distribute and absorb the dynamic energy uniformly around the supported rock when subjected to dynamic disturbance,avoiding local failure induced by excessive stress concentration.The excavation compensation principle and energy-absorbing characteristics are used to explain the support mechanisms.Thus,micro-NPR material and anchor cable can control and prevent dynamic disasters in deep underground engineering effectively.

Drop test and crash simulation of a civil airplane fuselage section

Crashworthiness of a civil airplane fuselage section was studied in this paper. Firstly, the failure criterion of a rivet was studied by test, showing that the ultimate tension and shear failure loads were obviously affected by the loading speed. The relations between the loading speed and the average ultimate shear, tension loads were expressed by two logarithmic functions, Then, a vertical drop test of a civil airplane fuselage section was conducted with an actual impact velocity of 6.85 m/s, meanwhile the deformation of cabin frame and the accelerations at typical locations were measured. The finite element model of a main fuselage structure was developed and validated by modal test, and the error between the calculated frequencies and the test ones of the first four modes were less than 5%. Numerical simulation of the drop test was performed by using the LS-DYNA code and the simulation results show a good agreement with that of drop test. Deforming mode of the analysis was the same as the drop test; the maximum average rigid acceleration in test was 8.8 l g while the calculated one was 9.17g, with an error of 4.1%; average maximum test deformation at four points on the front cabin floor was 420 mm, while the calculated one was 406 mm, with an error of 3.2%; the peak value of the calculated acceleration at a typical location was 14.72g, which is lower than the test result by 5.46%; the calculated rebound velocity result was greater than the test result 17.8% and energy absorption duration was longer than the test result by 5.73%.

Robot Plane Drops Bomb in Successful Test

[提示]从空中扔炸弹的飞机对飞行员来说是一件危险的差使,现在,美国人已经试验成功了遥控的"下弹"飞机。在描写试验情况时,文章用了以下一句:...adding that had the bomb contained explosives,the target would have been destroyed.典型的虚拟语气句也!

Aerodynamic characteristics of store during lateral jet assisted separation from cavity using free drop technique

Aimed at the problem of store separation from internal cavity,this paper innovatively puts forward a separation scheme of using lateral jet to assist store safe separation.The jet ensures that the store is continuously subjected to down head moment during separation,so as to ensure safe separation.The wind tunnel free drop test technique with lateral jet is established,which can ensure that there is no support interference in the motion process of the store and more truly simulate the motion of the store.The feasibility of the new separation scheme is proved by wind tunnel test.The test shows that the new scheme can also change the more dangerous state into a safe state.Through the analysis of the test data,the pitching moment coefficients of the store under different pressures in the high-pressure cylinder are obtained,and the effects of aircraft and cavity on the pitching moment of the store are obtained.The 3 stages of store passing through cavity shock wave are found.The results show that the lateral jet provides the store with continuous head down moment,and makes the store overcome the head up moment caused by the shock wave in front of the cavity,so as to ensure the safety of separation.

Development and global validation of a 1-week-old piglet head finite element model for impact simulations

Purpose:Child head injury under impact scenarios(e.g.falls,vehicle crashes,etc.)is an important topic in the field of injury biomechanics.The head of piglet was commonly used as the surrogate to investigate the biomechanical response and mechanisms of pediatric head injuries because of the similar cellular structures and material properties.However,up to date,piglet head models with accurate geometry and material properties,which have been validated by impact experiments,are seldom.We aim to develop such a model for future research.Methods:In this study,first,the detailed anatomical structures of the piglet head,including the skull,suture,brain,pia mater,dura mater,cerebrospinal fluid,scalp and soft tissue,were constructed based on CT scans.Then,a structured butterfly method was adopted to mesh the complex geometries of the piglet head to generate high-quality elements and each component was assigned corresponding constitutive material models.Finally,the guided drop tower tests were conducted and the force-time histories were ectracted to validate the piglet head finite element model.Results:Simulations were conducted on the developed finite element model under impact conditions and the simulation results were compared with the experimental data from the guided drop tower tests and the published literature.The average peak force and duration of the guide drop tower test were similar to that of the simulation,with an error below 10%.The inaccuracy was below 20%.The average peak force and duration reported in the literature were comparable to those of the simulation,with the exception of the duration for an impact energy of 11 J.The results showed that the model was capable to capture the response of the pig head.Conclusion:This study can provide an effective tool for investigating child head injury mechanisms and protection strategies under impact loading conditions.

Numerical investigation into water entry problems of a flat plate with air pockets

Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)investigations into water entry problems of a rigid flat plate with air pockets were systematically conducted.The Volume of Fluid(VOF)model was utilised to capture localised slamming phenomena that occur during,and post-impact events.The model’s geometry was modified to include a pocket on the slamming impact surface to investigate the effect of air entrapment on the magnitude and distribution of slamming forces and pressures.A parametric study was conducted on the geometric parameters of the modelled pocket by altering its area,depth,and volume to exam-ine the response of slamming force and pressure loading under several impact velocities.The numerical results of slamming forces and pressures were in good agreement with experimental drop test measure-ments(with relative error of-6%and 7%for the magnitude of slamming force and pressure,respectively).The numerical results proved that the peak pressure is proportional to the magnitude of impact velocity squared(p maxαv^(2)).

Towards total protection from impact:a viability study using EPE foam to protect falling eggs

Total protection of fragile goods and equipment during transport has become critically important as fast delivery systems are growing rapidly due to the rise of mass online commerce worldwide.This paper therefore studies the protection of falling eggs—one of the most fragile goods—through packaging.Intensive experiments are first conducted to obtain the critical stress at which the eggshell is damaged by falling impact.Tests are first conducted of unpackaged eggs dropping onto a granite platform from various heights.Finite element method(FEM)models of unpackaged eggs are then built to simulate the behaviour of eggs and compute their stress levels.The experimental data is compared with the results of FEM simulations to determine the critical stress at which the eggshell is damaged.A series of tests and numerical simulations are then carried out for eggs wrapped in expanded polyethylene(EPE)foam.The stress distribution of both a single egg and multiple eggs in packaging are studied.An empirical formula between the drop speed(or height)and the bottom thickness of the EPE foam packaging is obtained,which can be useful in the design of packaging for the total protection of eggs that may fall during usual transport and delivery operations.The experimental and numerical results from this study show that it is viable to protect fragile goods,as long as the EPE form packaging has sufficient thickness.The proposed study and design procedure are helpful for the selection of key parameters of foam packaging to protect fragile industry products from impact.