Numerical Study of Ural Blocking High＇s Effect Upon Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation and East China Flood and Drought

In terms of Kuo-Qian pesigma incorporated coordinate five-level primitive equation spheric band (70°N-30°S)model with the Ural high's effect introduced into it as initial and boundary conditions, study is made of the high's influence on Asian summer monsoon circulation and dryness / wetness of eastern China based on case contrast andcontrol experiments. Rusults show that as an excitation source, the blocking high produces a SE-NW stationarywavetrain with its upper-air atnicyclonic divergent circulation oust over a lower-level trough zone) precisely over themiddle to lower reaches of the Changjiang River, enhancing East Asian westerly jet, a situation that contributes toPerturbation growth, causing an additional secondary meridional circulation at the jet entrance, which intensifies theupdraft in the monsoon area. As such, the high's presence and its excited steady wavetrain represent the large-scalekey factors and acting mechanisms for the rainstorm over the Changjiang-Huaihe River catchment in the easternpart of the land.

The Relation between Atmospheric Intraseasonal Oscillation and Summer Severe Flood and Drought in the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin

The intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) is studied during the severe flood and drought years of the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the precipitation data in China. The results show that the upper-level (200 hPa) ISO pattern for severe flood (drought) is characterized by an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation over the southern Tibetan Plateau and a cyclonic (anti-cyclonic) circulation over the northern Tibetan Plateau. The lower-level (850 hPa) ISO pattern is characterized by an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation over the area south of the Changjiang River, the South China Sea, and the Western Pacific, and a cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation from the area north of the Changjiang River to Japan. These low-level ISO circulation patterns are the first modes of the ISO wind field according to the vector EOF expansion with stronger amplitude of the EOF1 time coefficient in severe flood years than in severe drought years. The analyses also reveal that at 500 hPa and 200 hPa, the atmospheric ISO activity over the Changjiang-Huaihe River basin, North China, and the middle-high latitudes north of China is stronger for severe flood than for severe drought. The ISO meridional wind over the middle-high latitude regions can propagate southwards and meet with the northward propagating ISO meridional wind from lower latitude regions over the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin during severe flood years, but not during severe drought years.

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF PERSISTENT DROUGHT/FLOOD EVENTS IN SUMMER OVER THE TWO-LAKE REGION OF CHINA

Based on the daily regional mean rainfall,the Z-index method is used to identify persistent flood and drought events lasting for at least 10 days over a region where Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake sit(referred to as the"two-lake region"hereafter).The National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis data are then utilized to perform a preliminary diagnostic analysis on these events.The results indicate that the composite standardized geopotential height at 500 hPa presents two different meridional wave trains from north to south over the East Asian-Pacific region,i.e.,a"-+-"pattern for the droughts and a"+-+"pattern for the floods,respectively.The developing,maintaining and decaying phases in the drought and flood events are closely related to the intensity and location of a subtropical high and an extra-tropical blocking high.It is shown that the East Asian summer monsoon is strong(weak)with the occurrence of persistent drought(flood)events.Droughts(floods)are accompanied by a weak(strong)tropical convergent system and a strong(weak)subtropical convergent system.Furthermore,the persistent drought(flood)events are associated with a divergence(convergence)of vertically integrated water vapor flux.In the vertical profile of water vapor flux,divergence(convergence)in the mid-and lower-levels and convergence(divergence)in the higher levels are evident in the droughts(floods).Both the divergence in the droughts and the convergence in floods are strongest at 850 hPa.

Studies on the Northern Early Summer Teleconnection Patterns, Their Interannual Variations and Relation to Drought / Flood in China

By using the one-point correlation method, calculations have been made of the northern early summer 500 hPa teleconnection patterns. Seven teleconnection patterns are revealed, namely, the Western Atlantic (WA), the Eastern Atlantic (EA), the Eurasian (EU), the Bengal / Northern Pacific (BNP), the Western Pacific (WP), the East Asian / Pacific (EAP), and the Huanghe / East Asian (HEA) patterns. Their centers are determined and their yearly intensity indices (1951-1990) are calculated. On this basis the relationship between their interannual variations and the drought / flood in China is examined. It is noted that the EU, HEA and EAP wave trains are closely related to the drought / flood in China. The HEA and EAP patterns strongly influence the precipitation in eastern China. For example, the fierce floods experienced in 1991 early summer over China are related to the weak EAP and strong HEA patterns.

DIAGNOSES OF THE SEVERE DROUGHT OVER YUNNAN AREA IN THE EARLY SUMMER OF 2005

High temperature and drought occurred in Yunnan province during the late spring and early summer in 2005, which was the most severe event in this region since 1950’s. Based on the observational data and relevant diagnoses, this extreme weather event was studied and discussed. The results show that the occurrence of this event could be due to the following observational facts that happened in 2005. (1) The seasonal adjustment of middle-high-leveled atmospheric circulation was delayed. (2) The cold air activity center was deviated north. (3) The onset of summer monsoon over South China Sea was delayed. (4) The tropical convection activity was much weaker than usual. (5) The subtropical high over the western Pacific was located southwestwards and relatively strong.

THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS AND DECADAL VARIATION OF GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN CAM3.0

Using the CAM3.0 model, we investigated the respective effects of aerosol concentration increasing and decadal variation of global sea surface temperature(SST) around year 1976/77 on the East Asian precipitation in boreal summer. By doubling the concentration of the sulfate aerosol and black carbon aerosol separately and synchronously in East Asia(100-150 °E, 20-50 °N), the climate effects of these aerosols are specifically investigated. The results show that both the decadal SST changing and aerosol concentration increasing could lead to rainfall decreasing in the center of East Asia, but increasing in the regions along southeast coast areas of China. However, the different patterns of rainfall over ocean and lower wind field over Asian continent between aerosol experiments and SST experiments in CAM3.0 indicate the presence of different mechanisms. In the increased aerosol concentration experiments, scattering effect is the main climate effect for both sulfate and black carbon aerosols in the Eastern Asian summer. Especially in the increased sulfate aerosol concentration experiment, the climate scattering effect of aerosol leads to the most significant temperature decreasing, sinking convection anomalies and decreased rainfall in the troposphere over the central part of East Asia. However, in an increased black carbon aerosol concentration experiment, weakened sinking convection anomalies exist at the southerly position. This weakened sinking and its compensating rising convection anomalies in the south lead to the heavy rainfall over southeast coast areas of China. When concentrations of both sulfate and black carbon aerosols increase synchronously, the anomalous rainfall distribution is somewhat like that in the increased black carbon concentration aerosol experiment but with less intensity.

Spatiotemporal Variations of Summer Rainfall over Eastern China during 1880-1999(1)

By applying rotated complex empirical orthogonal function (RCEOF) analysis on 1880-1999 summer rainfall at 28 selected stations over the east part of China, the spatio-temporal variations of China summer rainfall are investigated. Six divisions are identified, showing strong temporal variability, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Huaihe River, Southeast China, North China, Southwest China, and Northeast China. The locations of all divisions except Southwest China are in a good agreement with those of the rainband which moves northward from Southeast China to Northeast China from June-August. The phase relationship revealed by the RCEOF analysis suggests that rainfall anomalies in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Southeast China, and Northeast China are all characterized by a stationary wave, while a traveling wave is more pronounced in the Huaihe River division, North China, and Southwest China. The fourth RCEOF mode indicates that rainfall anomalies can propagate from south of Northeast China across lower reaches of the Huanghe River and the Huaihe River to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A 20-25-year oscillation is found at the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Huaihe River valley, North China, and Northeast China. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Northeast China also show an approximately-60-year oscillation. Northeast China and the Huaihe River division are dominated by a 36-year and a 70-80-year oscillation, respectively. An 11-year oscillation is also evident in North China, with a periodicity similar to sunspot activity. The interdecadal variability in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Huaihe River valley, and North China shows a significant positive correlation with the solar activity.

Relation among Summer Rainfall in South Shandong and High Pressure in South Asia and Atmospheric Circulation

[Objective] The aim was to study the relation among summer rainfall in south Shandong and high pressure in South Asia and atmospheric circulation.[Method] Taking the precipitation in south Shandong along the Yellow River and Huaihe River,using the NCEP/NCAR data and summer rainfall data in south Shandong in summer from 1961 to 2005,the characteristics of high pressure in South Asia and atmospheric circulation in drought year and flood year in summer in south Shandong Province were expounded.The mechanism of 100 hPa pressure in South Asian influencing precipitation in south Shandong Province was discussed.The interaction of different equipment,different altitude and different system of atmosphere circulation in low and high layer was expounded.[Results] The first mode of EOF decomposition of precipitation in summer in south Shandong Province explained above 63% variances and reflected universal form of precipitation.The difference of central position of the central position of height field of high pressure in South Asia in drought and flood year was small.But the wind field center was inconsistent.As the area of SAH was smaller and its eastern ridge line stretched to the Western Pacific between the middle of south Shandong and Changjiang Estuary,flood summer occurred when there was an unusual cyclone lied in the east of 90° E and south of Lake Baikal.The area of SAH was larger and its eastern ridge line stretching to the Western Pacific over Changjiang Estuary,drought summer occurred,when there was an unusual anticyclone lied in the east of 90° E and south of Lake Baikal.SAH and summer rainfall also had close relationship with Tele-connection Patterns over the Eurasia continent and EAP Tele-connection.When the height anomaly was in '+-+' form in the north of the Caspian Sea,around Lake Baikal and Kamchatka,and when the height anomaly in East Asia-West Pacific area was in '-+' form from low altitude to high altitude,there was much precipitation in summer;and conversely,it was drought in summer in south Shandong.[Conclusion] It provided the oretical basis for summer rainfall in south Shandong.

Interdecadal variation of East Asian summer monsoon and drought/flood distribution over eastern China in the last 159 years

Based on the drought/flood grades of 90 meterological stations over eastern China and summer average sea-level pressure （SLP） during 1850-2008 and BPCCA statistical methods, the coupling relationship between the drought/flood grades and the East Asian summer SLP is analyzed. The East Asian summer monsoon index which is closely related with interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution over eastern China is defined by using the key areas of SLP. The impact of the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon on the distribution of drought/flood over eastern China in the last 159 years is researched. The results show that there are four typical drought and flood spatial distribution patterns in eastern China, i.e. the distribution of drought/flood in southern China is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood along the Huanghe River–Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it, the distribution of drought/flood along the Yangtze River Valley and Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood in eastern China is contrary to the western. The main distribution pattern of SLP in summer is that the strength of SLP is opposite in Asian continent and West Pacific. It has close relationship between the interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution patterns over eastern China and the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon which was defined in this paper, but the correlation is not stable and it has a significant difference in changes of interdecadal phase. When the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger （weaker）, regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was more susceptible to drought （flood）, the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were more susceptible to flood （drought） before the 1920s; when the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger （weaker）, the regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was prone to flood （drought）, the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were prone to drought （flood） after the 1920s. It is indicated that by using the data of the longer period could get much richer results than by using the data of the last 50–60 years. The differences in the interdecadal phase between the East Asian summer monsoon and the drought/flood distributions in eastern China may be associated with the nonlinear feedback, which is the East Asian summer monsoon for the extrinsic forcing of solar activity.

The Record-Breaking Extreme Drought in Yunnan Province, Southwest China during Spring-Early Summer of 2019 and Possible Causes

In spring and early summer of 2019, Yunnan Province experienced the most severe seasonal drought on record,with days of extreme drought area exceeding 10^5 km^2 far more than normal. Consistently, the precipitation in each month from February to June is over 30% less than normal, and about 50% less in the most severe drought period(April–June). The rainy season in Southwest China(SWC) started on the third pentad in June 2019, which is the second latest in history. The rainy season in Yunnan started on 24 June, which is the latest(29 days later than normal). On the contrary, the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) is abnormally early. The lag time between the start of the rainy season in SWC and the onset of the SCSSM in 2019 is 7 pentads, which is the largest since 1961, much longer than the climate mean(less than 1 pentad). The present study analyzes the possible reasons why the rainy season came extremely late and the drought disaster persisted and intensified after a much early SCSSM, at both seasonal and subseasonal timescales. The abnormally late onset of the rainy season and the second greatest potential evapotranspiration(PET) since 1981 are the direct reasons for the persistent drought. Statistical results show that the water vapor from southwest of Yunnan in April–June contributes more than that from the east at the seasonal scale. In April–June 2019, however, the southern branch trough(SBT) was abnormally weak, the large and strong anticyclonic wind anomaly prevailed over the Bay of the Bengal(BOB), and the meridional water vapor transport to Yunnan was weak. At the subseasonal scale, the weaker SBT lasted the longest, and the strong convection over the BOB came up late despite of an early onset of the SCSSM, which resulted in reduced low-level moisture convergence in Yunnan and development of drought prior to the SCSSM onset. From the onset of SCSSM to the start of rainy season in SWC, the SBT and meridional water vapor transport from the BOB were still weak, and the water vapor was mainly transported into the coastal area of South and Southeast China rather than Yunnan. After the start of the rainy season in SWC, the SBT was still weak. This led to less moisture transport in the westerlies to the west of Yunnan and the persistent extreme drought. Both the statistical results and case analysis indicate that the stronger Australian high in spring and early summer of 2019 was associated with the abnormally strong anticyclone over the BOB and the always weak SBT. In sum, the anomalous weakness of SBT played a critical role in the extreme drought occurrence and persistence in Yunnan of Southwest China in 2019.

海温异常对长江流域夏季典型旱涝的影响研究

为研究长江流域夏季旱涝特征及其与海温异常之间的关联性,基于中国326个气象站降水量、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,采用合成分析、EOF分解等方法,分析了长江流域夏季典型旱涝年的降水分布、同期大气环流及前期海温特征,并以2018年为例,初步揭示了2018年前期海温异常对大气环流的可能影响。结果表明:①长江流域夏季典型旱年,仅嘉陵江和岷沱江会表现出局部偏涝,全国为典型的Ⅰ类雨型,多雨区位于黄河流域及以北地区。前期冬季赤道太平洋表现出类拉尼娜的东冷西暖分布,同时黑潮区海温偏低,西风漂流区海温偏暖。受多海域协同作用,同期欧亚环流场上自西北向东南呈现出“+-+”三极型分布,东亚地区为自北向南“-+-”的EAP负位相。长江流域典型涝年,全国多为典型的Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类雨型,环流及海温呈现出相反特征。②2018年为典型的长江中下游偏旱年,仅在岷沱江降水偏多近3成,为历史第4多,与长江流域夏季降水的主模态正位相类似,解释方差达24%。③2018年前冬出现弱拉尼娜、春末夏初西风漂流区异常偏暖、NAT异常正位相,三者共同作用,使得东亚副热带西风急流偏北,东亚沿岸出现EAP负位相,大陆热低压明显偏强,东亚夏季风为1961年以来最强,同时副高脊线最北,造成夏季降水主雨带北推至华北、西北地区,岷沱江、嘉陵江异常多,而长江中下游异常少,为典型的Ⅰ类雨型。研究成果可为长江流域旱涝预测、水资源调度提供参考。

基于云南省水旱灾害风险普查成果和经验的水旱灾害防御工作建议

按照国务院第一次全国自然灾害综合风险普查领导小组办公室、水利部的安排部署,云南省完成了水旱灾害风险普查工作,回顾了取得的主要成果和经验。介绍了2022年水旱灾情,总结了水旱灾害防御工作特点,提出了应用水旱灾害风险普查工作成果,做好水旱灾害防御应对工作建议。

Impacts of 30-60-Day Oscillations over the Subtropical Pacific on the East Asian Summer Rainfall

The relationships between the precipitation over East Asia （20°-45°N, 110°-135°E） and the 30-60-day intraseasonal oscillation （ISO） over the Pacific during the boreal summer are studied in the paper. The dally wind and height fields of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the 24-h precipitation data of 687 stations in China during 1958-2000, and the pentad precipitation of CMAP/NOAA from 1979 to 2002 are all analyzed by the space-time filter method. The analysis results, from every drought and flood summer in four different regions of East Asia respectively during 1958-2000, have shown that the flood （drought） in the East Asian summer monsoon region is absolutely companied with the strongly （weakly） westward propagations of ISO from the central-east Pacific, and depends little on the intensity changes of the East Asian summer monsoon. And the westward ISO is usually the low-frequency cyclones and anticyclones from the Bay of Alaska in northeastern Pacific and the Okhotsk in the northwestern Pacific of mid-high latitudes, and the ISO evolving in subtropical easterlies. In mid-high latitudes the phenomena are related to the westward propagating midocean trough and the retreat of blocking high. Therefore the westward propagating ISO from the central-east Pacific to East Asia is indispensable for more rainfall occurring in East Asia in summer, which results from the long-wave adjustment process in the mid-high latitudes and ISO evolving in tropical easterlies.

陕西夏季旱涝与欧亚大气环流异常的关系

陕西处于青藏高原边坡地带,南北狭长,气候类型多样,地形复杂,生态条件脆弱,旱涝是夏季的主要气象灾害,因此分析其旱涝的成因对该地区防灾减灾具有重要意义。利用陕西78个气象站1961—2018年夏季(6—8月)降水资料、NCEP/NCAR高度场和风场再分析资料、西太平洋副高指数资料,通过相关、合成、多元回归分析方法,研究了陕西夏季旱涝与大气环流异常的关系。结果表明,500 hPa上乌拉尔山阻塞高压和西太平洋副高是影响陕西夏季旱涝的关键因素,当乌拉尔山阻高和西太副高偏强时,陕西夏季降水偏多,反之偏少。200 hPa西风急流位置与陕西夏季降水关系密切,急流偏南时陕西夏季降水偏多,反之偏少。西太平洋副高偏强、偏西时,陕西夏季降水偏多,反之偏少,副高脊线位置主要影响陕西夏季雨带的南北移动。

东南亚地区夏季风异常对云南2005年初夏干旱的影响

2005年春末夏初云南大部地区出现了50年一遇的高温干旱天气,通过对东南亚地区的水汽及对流进行诊断分析,发现中南半岛地区夏季风爆发的早迟与云南雨季开始的早迟有显著的正相关关系;前期4月孟加拉湾水汽向北输送强(弱)以及苏门答腊岛附近的对流活动强(弱),则云南雨季开始早(迟)。分析表明造成云南2005年初夏干旱的主要原因是中南半岛地区的夏季风爆发较常年偏晚,前期孟加拉湾地区的经向水汽输送以及苏门答腊岛附近的对流活动较常年偏弱。

不同生育期水分胁迫对夏玉米叶片光合生理特性的影响

以苏玉20和郑单958为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置干旱、水涝和对照3个处理,研究不同水分胁迫条件对两个夏玉米品种关键生育期(拔节期和抽雄期)光合生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)干旱和水涝均会降低夏玉米的叶片绿色度值(SPAD)、净光合速率(NPn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),增加叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)。(2)两个夏玉米品种抽雄期对水分的敏感程度高于拔节期,且对水涝的敏感程度大于干旱。(3)两个夏玉米品种对水分逆境胁迫的抗性相比,苏玉20与郑单958的抗旱性相同,而苏玉20的抗涝性小于郑单958。研究结果可为探明不同种植区夏玉米水分抗逆性研究提供理论依据。

中国东部夏季主要降水型的年代际变化及趋势分析

针对中国东部夏季降水存在着20世纪50和60年代为“南旱北涝”、80和90年代为“南涝北旱”的相反形势,该文应用小波分析等方法对华北和长江中下游地区近54 a来的夏季降水进行分析,发现二者都具有不同周期的年代际变化。对于周期小于24 a的年代际变化,其morlet小波分析表明两地夏季降水的位相关系并不是固定的。对于更长的时间尺度,用正交小波分析了周期大于28 a的年代际变化,这种长周期的年代际变化能较好地体现出“南旱北涝”和“南涝北旱”两种形势,说明两地降水还存在着更长时间尺度的准周期变化。对于两地降水的这种长周期变化,分别选用不同位相的17 a为代表进行海温、环流形势的合成分析,对比发现两阶段所对应的海温、环流形势具有极明显的差异。最后,用近期的海温、环流形势与上述两种位相的海温、环流形势进行对比,讨论了未来降水型的可能演变趋势。

热带太平洋-印度洋海表温度变化及其对西南地区东部夏季旱涝的影响

利用1959—2006年西南地区东部20个测站逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,分析了热带太平洋-印度洋海表温度异常特征及其对西南地区东部夏季降水(旱涝)的影响,结果表明:前期赤道东太平洋海表温度偏高,西南地区东部夏季降水偏多的可能性大;当前期春季印度洋海表温度偏高时,西南地区东部夏季降水可能偏多。太平洋区的海表温度距平(SSTA)分布呈"V"字型特征,赤道中东太平洋及南、北美西部沿海的SSTA与赤道西太平洋、南北太平洋的SSTA呈反相关分布,与西太平洋的亚洲大陆东部沿海的SSTA呈正相关,赤道印度洋及南印度洋的大部分地区的SSTA与赤道中、东太平洋的SSTA变化是一致的。当春季赤道中东太平洋及印度洋海表温度(SST)偏高(偏低)时,夏季南亚高压位置偏南(偏北),强度偏强(偏弱),面积偏大(偏小),同时西太平洋副高强度偏强(偏弱),面积偏大(偏小),位置偏南(偏北),西伸(东退)明显,东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风偏弱(偏强),我国华北及华南地区盛行下沉(上升)运动,而整个长江流域及青藏高原东部盛行上升(下沉)运动,西南地区东部也盛行弱的上升(下沉)运动,这有利于西南地区东部降水偏多(偏少),出现洪涝(干旱)的可能性大。

旱涝指数的研究

提出了一种新的区域旱涝指数及其旱涝标准的划分方法。并运用该指数对近50 a(1 951— 2 0 0 0年 )来华北地区夏季旱涝进行了分析。通过与其他旱涝指数的比较分析 ,发现该指数能较合适地反映区域旱涝的程度和范围 ,且划分旱涝的标准较客观 。

夏季青藏高原大气热源与西南地区东部旱涝的关系

利用1959～2006年西南地区东部20个测站逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,分析了夏季青藏高原大气热源特征,指出了影响西南地区东部夏季旱涝的热源关键区域,并就关键区大气热源对该区域夏季旱涝的影响进行了诊断,得出了以下主要结论:西南地区东部夏季降水与高原主体东南部的热源变化关系密切,当该区域(该区域的平均大气热源值定义为热源指数)大气热源偏强时,西南地区东部夏季降水偏多的可能性大。当夏季青藏高原关键区大气热源值偏强(偏弱)时,西太平洋副高和南亚高压脊线位置偏南(偏北),东亚夏季风偏弱(偏强),出现有利于西南地区东部夏季降水偏多(偏少)的环流形势;同时西南地区东部夏季水汽输送增强(减弱),水汽辐合上升运动也增强(减弱),因此,该地区夏季降水容易偏多(偏少),出现洪涝(干旱)的可能性大。