The Limiting Effect of Deep Soil Water on Evapotranspiration of a Subtropical Coniferous Plantation Subjected to Seasonal Drought

Seasonal drought is a common occurrence in humid climates.The year 2003 was the driest year during the period 1985-2011 in southeastern China.The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of the exceptional drought in 2003,compared with eddy flux measurements during 2004-11,on the dynamics of evapotranspiration （ET） and related factors,as well as their underlying mechanisms,in a subtropical coniferous plantation in southeastern China.It was found that daily ET decreased from 5.34 to 1.84 mm during the intensive drought period and recovered to 4.80 mm during the subsquent recovering drought period.Path analysis indicated that ET was mainly determined by canopy conductance and deep soil water content （50 cm） during the intensive drought and recovering drought periods,respectively.The canopy conductance offset the positive effect of air vapor pressure deficit on ET when suffering drought stress,while the canopy conductance enhanced the positive effect of air temperature on ET during the late growing season.Because the fine roots of this plantation are mainly distributed in shallow soil,and the soil water in the upper 40 cm did not satisfy the demand for ET,stomatal closure and defoliation were evident as physiological responses to drought stress.

Two Types of Flash Drought and Their Connections with Seasonal Drought

Flash drought is a rapidly intensifying drought with abnormally high temperature,which has greatly threatened crop yields and water supply,and aroused wide public concern in a warming climate.However,the preferable hydrometeorological conditions for flash drought and its association with conventional drought at longer time scales remain unclear.Here,we investigate two types of flash drought over China:one is high-temperature driven(Type Ⅰ),while the other is water-deficit driven(Type Ⅱ).Results show that the frequencies of the two types of flash drought averaged over China during the growing season are comparable.Type I flash drought tends to occur over southern China,where moisture supply is sufficient,while Type Ⅱ is more likely to occur over semi-arid regions such as northern China.Both types of flash drought increase significantly(p<0.01)during 1979–2010,with a doubled rise in Type Ⅰ as compared with Type Ⅱ.Composite analysis shows that high temperature quickly increases evapotranspiration(ET)and reduces soil moisture from two pentads before the onset of Type Ⅰ flash drought.In contrast,there are larger soil moisture deficits two pentads before the onset of Type Ⅱ flash drought,leading to a decrease in ET and increase in temperature.For flash drought associated with seasonal drought,there is a greater likelihood of occurrence during the onset and recovery phases of seasonal drought,suggesting perfect conditions for flash drought during transition periods.This study provides a basis for the early warning of flash drought by connecting multiscale drought phenomena.

Seasonal variations of leaf traits and drought adaptation strategies of four common woody species in South Texas, USA

Understanding physiological responses and drought adaptation strategies of woody plant leaf traits in sub-humid to semi-arid regions is of vital importance to understand the interplay between ecological processes and plant resource-allocation strategies of different tree species.Seasonal variations of leaf morphological traits,stoichiometric traits and their relationships of two drought tolerant woody species,live oak(Quercus virginiana)and honey mesquite(Prosopis glandulosa)and two less drought tolerant species,sugarberry(Celtis laevigata)and white ash(Fraxinus americana)were analyzed in a sub-humid to semi-arid area of south Texas,USA.Our findings demonstrate that for the two drought tolerant species,the leguminous P.glandulosa had the highest specific leaf area,leaf N,P,and lowest leaf area and dry mass,indicating that P.glandulosa adapts to an arid habitat by decreasing leaf area,thus reducing water loss,reflecting a resource acquisition strategy.While the evergreen species Q.virginiana exhibited higher leaf dry mass,leaf dry matter content,C content,C:N,C:P and N:P ratios,adapts to an arid habitat through increased leaf thickness and thus reduced water loss,reflecting a resource conservation strategy in south Texas.For the two less drought tolerant deciduous species,the variations of leaf traits in C.laevigata and F.americana varied between Q.virginiana and P.glandulosa,reflecting a trade-off between rapid plant growth and nutrient maintenance in a semi-arid environment.

A Typical Mode of Seasonal Circulation Transition: A Climatic View of the Abrupt Transition from Drought to Flood over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Valley in the Late Spring and Early Summer of 2011

In this study, the seasonal transition of precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yang-tze River Valley (YRV) from late spring to early summer is investigated. The results show that the seasonal transition of precipitation exhibits multi-modes. One of these modes is characterized by an abrupt transition from drought to flood (ATDF) over the middle and lower reaches of the YRV in the seasonal transition of precipitation. It is shown that the ATDF event from May to June 2011 is simply one prominent case of the ATDF mode. The ATDF mode exhibits an obvious decadal variability. The mode has occurred more frequently since 1979, and its amplitude has apparently strengthened since 1994. From the climatic view, the ATDF mode configures a typical seasonal circulation transition from winter to summer, for which the winter circulations are prolonged, and the summer circulations with the rainy season are built up early over the YRV.

Seasonal Prediction Experiments of the Summer Droughts and Floods during the Early 1990′s in East Asia with Numerical Models

It has been shown by the observed data that during the early 1990′s, the severe disastrous climate occurred in East Asia. In the summer of 1991, severe flood occurred in the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River basin of China and in South Korea, and it also appeared in South Korea in the summer of 1993. However, in the summer of 1994, a dry and hot summer was caused in the Huaihe River basin of China and in R. O. K.. In order to investigate the seasonal predictability of the summer droughts and floods during the early 1990′s in East Asia, the seasonal prediction experiments of the summer droughts and floods in the summers of 1991-1994 in East Asia have been made by using the Institute of Atmopsheric Physics-Two-Level General Circulation Model (IAP-L2 AGCM), the IAP-Atmosphere/Ocean Coupled Model (IAP-CGCM) and the IAP-L2 AGCM including a filtering scheme, respectively. Compared with the observational facts, it is shown that the IAP-L2 AGCM or IAP-CGCM has some predictability for the summer droughts and floods during the early 1990′s in East Asia, especially for the severe droughts and floods in China and R. O. K.. In this study, a filtering scheme is used to improve the seasonal prediction experiments of the summer droughts and floods during the early 1990′s in East Asia. The predicted results show that the filtering scheme to remain the planetary-scale disturbances is an effective method for the improvement of the seasonal prediction of the summer droughts and floods in East Asia.

Precipitation Change and Agricultural Drought and Flood Degrees during Crop Growth Season in Binzhou City

[Objective]The research aimed to analyze precipitation change and agricultural drought and flood degrees during crop growth season in Binzhou.[Method]Based on monthly rainfall and average temperature data at Binzhou meteorological observatory during March-November of1981-2010,by using linear regression,climatic tendency rate and dry-wet coefficient,precipitation change and agricultural drought and flood degrees during crop growth season of the past 30 years in Binzhou were analyzed from natural precipitation tendency change and satisfaction degree of agricultural water demand during crop growth season.[Result]In the past 30 years,precipitation during growth season in Binzhou presented increasing tendency.Spring,summer and autumn precipitation all increased somewhat,especially summer precipitation.Monthly average rainfall distribution was very uneven,and rainfall in July and August was more.In the past 30 years,average dry-wet coefficient K value during crop growth season in Binzhou was 0.60,it overall belonged to moderate drought climate type,and occurrence frequency of drought was 97%.It belonged to serious drought climate type in spring and autumn and light drought climate type in summer.Dry-wet coefficient presented rising tendency,illustrating that climate was developing toward wet direction.Seen from mean over the years,except humid in July,it was over light drought in other months.[Conclusion]Climate was overall arid during crop growth season in Binzhou,but precipitation somewhat increased in the past 30 years.Therefore,we suggested that artificial rainfall work should be enhanced.

近50年滇池流域汛期降水时空演变特征分析

以滇池流域1970—2020年汛期(5—10月)降水量资料为依据,利用地理信息技术,采用Mann-Kendall检验法、小波分析等方法,分析近50年来滇池流域汛期降水年际变化的趋势性、周期性以及集中度、集中期、降水中心和旱涝发生频率等演变特征。结果表明:(1)近50年来,滇池流域汛期降水总体呈减少趋势,中部地区降水呈增加趋势,盘龙江上游的松华坝水库以上区域及南部地区降水呈减少趋势;(2)汛期降水年际变化存在31 a的主周期,中部主城区降水集中度高于南部地区;(3)汛期降水的中心整体呈现向东部、南部方向偏移的态势,且移动趋势显著;(4)滇池流域旱涝频发,尤其盘龙江中段昆明主城区为旱涝多发区。该成果对滇池流域水旱灾害防御及水资源管理具有参考意义。

西南季节性干旱区农田土壤水分对降雨的动态响应

【目的】探明西南季节性干旱区不同作物下农田土壤含水率对不同降雨事件的动态响应。【方法】基于田间原位观测,结合2023年4—10月降水和土壤含水率原位连续监测数据,对比分析水稻田和玉米地土壤含水率对不同强度降雨的响应规律。【结果】①不同强度降雨对农田土壤水分补给深度影响不同,小降雨事件(降雨强度<2mm/h)对土壤补给深度为0~20cm,强降雨事件(降雨强度>8mm/h)对土壤补给深度为0~50cm;②不同作物下农田土壤水分对降雨事件的响应存在显著差异,研究期间水稻田和玉米地的土壤水分补给速率均值分别为0.72、1.07%/h,有效补给滞后时间均值分别为0.88、5.38 h,消退速率均值分别为0.04、0.02%/h;③与玉米地相比,水稻对降雨响应更敏感且响应效应更强烈,这可能与作物的冠状叶片截留、根系保水能力有关,同时土壤初始含水率影响土壤水分对降雨事件的响应效应。【结论】强降雨事件能够有效补给农田土壤水分,雨强较小或无降雨时,应根据土壤墒情及时补充地面灌溉。

基于SPI的1961—2020年昌吉地区作物生长季气象干旱时空特征研究

基于昌吉地区1961—2020年的气象资料分析作物生长季标准化降水指数(SPI-7)的年际和年代际变化特征,揭示作物生长季干旱发生频率和强度。结果表明:1961—2020年昌吉地区作物生长季水分呈增加趋势,标准化降水指数以0.08/10 a的速率增加。气象干旱呈干—湿—干的年代际变化趋势,其中在1981年发生突变。干旱强度呈增加趋势,干旱发生面积呈弱减少趋势。东部地区是干旱高发区,但以轻旱为主;西部地区则是中旱、重旱和特旱高发区。昌吉地区的气象干旱存在6、9、16 a的周期震荡,与历史灾情具有很好的吻合性。

2022年汉江流域中游“汛期反枯”背景下的区域地下水化学特征

2022年6月份,长江流域由于大气环流异常等因素而爆发大面积的严重干旱,产生了“汛期反枯”的异常现象,这种现象一直持续到当年冬季。汉江是长江第一大支流,选取汉江中游襄阳段岸线带周边地下水为研究对象开展研究,采用多元统计分析、Piper三线图、主成分分析、Gibbs图等方法对该地区地下水水化学特征及动态变化进行分析。结果表明:研究区地下水水化学类型主要为低矿化度偏碱性水,地下水组分中的阳离子以Ca^(2+)和Na^(+)为主,阴离子以HCO_(3)^(-)为主,9月地下水pH偏高,地下水咸度有所下降;6月汉江流域襄阳段周边的地下水类型主要为HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca·Mg型,9月地下水存在向HCO_(3)-Na型转化的趋势,离子浓度变化大多是整体变化,可能与周边含水层的侧向补给有关;地下水水化学特征受到周边碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化溶解共同控制,靠近下游区域的地下水阳离子交替吸附作用较强,受到干旱少雨的影响,导致该区域阳离子吸附作用明显减弱。

S2S气候模式产品在黄河流域径流预测中的应用

次季节气候和径流预测是主动减灾的一个关键。基于国家气候中心第三代气候模式系统的次季节到季节模式(CMA-CPS v3 S2S)的气候预测信息和HBV水文模型,应用集合预测技术研发了未来40 d时段平均径流量和时段内极端干旱概率预测模型,应用平均方差技巧评分、距平相关系数、相对操作特征曲线面积、布赖尔技巧评分开展了回报检验,并检验了2021年黄河流域径流异常预测效果。结果表明,所建模型能够以较高技巧预测黄河流域未来40 d时段平均的径流量,且表现出枯季预测技巧高、湿季技巧低的季节差异;对秋末11月和冬季3个月(12月、1月、2月)的极端干旱概率预测也有较高技巧。对于2021年5—8月黄河上中游干旱和9—10月的秋汛,该方法正确预测了除6月、9月外的其他4个月的径流异常方向,但异常程度与实况存在差异。对径流预测水平影响因素的进一步分析表明,S2S降水预测能力影响径流预测水平,特别是丰水期的径流预测,但还有降水之外的其他因素影响径流预测技巧。

1950~2022年鄱阳湖汛期最低水位演变分析

针对2022年鄱阳湖汛期出现的干旱事件,基于非一致性水文频率计算原理,分析了1950~2022年鄱阳湖汛期最低水位的变化情况。结果显示:受变化环境的影响,鄱阳湖汛期最低水位于1999年出现了跳跃向下的中变异,均值由变异前的12.32 m演变为变异后的10.15 m,降幅17.6%。采用基于跳跃分析的非一致性水文频率计算方法,以工业、生活取水保证率为典型频率,鄱阳湖汛期最低水位变异前、变异后P=97%的保证水位分别为9.3 m和7.13 m。

华南汛期旱涝急转特征及其与海温异常的关系

【目的】探究华南汛期旱涝异常时空特征,旱涝急转前/后大气环流和水汽输送的变化,及其与赤道太平洋、南海海温异常的关系。【方法】基于华南地区129个站点的降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和海温资料,采用合成分析、相关分析等统计学方法,拉格朗日后向气流轨迹模式(HYSPLIT_4.9),分析华南汛期旱涝急转特征及其成因。【结果与结论】涝转旱事件旱期相比于涝期,西太平洋副热带高压西伸加强,水汽辐散,来源于洋面的水汽贡献率减少,不利于降水的形成。旱转涝期涝期相较于旱期,副热带高压强度无太大变化,但副热带高压位置南落至华南地区南侧,水汽辐合,来自洋面的水汽通道向西偏移至印度洋,来自印度洋的水汽贡献增多,西南到偏南风向华南输送充足水汽,有利于降水产生。赤道中东太平洋海温正异常引起华南地区气旋式环流异常,有利于将暖湿气流输送至华南地区,使得华南地区降水异常偏多,而ENSO正位相减弱渐变为负位相的过程中,华南地区降水相应减少,会发生涝转旱事件。反之,赤道中东太平洋海温负异常易造成旱转涝事件的发生。

红砂幼苗叶片生理特性对干旱胁迫的响应

以荒漠植物红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)为研究对象,在生长季采用人工控制土壤含水量的方法,分别设置对照组(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(D_(1))、中度干旱胁迫(D_(2))和重度干旱胁迫(D3)处理,研究了干旱胁迫影响下红砂幼苗叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量。结果表明:与对照相比,各干旱胁迫处理下叶片MDA含量显著增加,且在D3干旱胁迫下增幅最大;轻度和中度干旱胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增加,且在生长季初期D_(2)干旱胁迫下增幅最大;轻度和中度干旱胁迫下可溶性糖(SS)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量均显著增加,且在生长季初期D_(2)干旱胁迫下增幅最大,各生理指标随胁迫时间变化均表现为8月>7月>9月。以上研究表明,随干旱胁迫程度加剧,叶片MDA含量增加;轻度和中度干旱胁迫下其抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量增加,而重度胁迫下脯氨酸含量增加,以此来清除机体多余的活性氧,维持膜系统正常功能,干旱胁迫下各指标含量在生长旺盛期最大。

高寒草甸植物群落功能多样性对不同生长期干旱的响应机制

植物对干旱胁迫的响应表现为各功能性状的差异化表达。全球气候变化下,青藏高原地区降水格局发生改变,高寒草甸群落功能性状及功能多样性在不同生长期干旱事件下的响应机制对加深高寒草甸适应气候变化认知具有重要意义。以藏北高寒草甸为研究对象,设置截雨棚模拟生长季前期(ED)、中期(MD)和非生长季时期(ND)干旱事件,通过观测群落物种功能性状,分析高寒草甸群落功能多样性对不同生长期干旱的响应机制。结果表明:(1)叶片功能性状对干旱存在差异响应,表现为叶片小而厚且寿命长,同化速率降低,并受氮元素限制加剧;(2)生长季前期干旱对高寒草甸群落功能性状的影响最强,生长季中期干旱次之,非生长季干旱的影响最弱;(3)生长季干旱处理显著改变了群落的功能多样性,ED处理下功能分散度指数(FDiv)和功能分异度指数(FDis)显著降低(P<0.05),而Rao二次熵指数(RaoQ)显著升高(P<0.05),MD处理下功能均匀度指数(FEve)显著降低(P<0.05);(4)相关性分析得出,群落功能性状与功能多样性对干旱的响应之间存在着联系。本研究发现高寒草甸植物功能性状与群落功能多样性对生长季前期和中期干旱存在差异化响应,指示着高寒草甸植物群落在响应不同时期干旱时可能采取不同的生存策略,即对生长季前期干旱采用耐旱策略、对生长季中期干旱采用避旱策略。探讨了高寒草甸植物群落功能多样性对不同生长时期干旱胁迫的响应机制,为预测未来季节性干旱事件对青藏高原高寒草甸植物功能性状、群落特征和功能多样性的影响提供科学依据。

基于日干旱指数的青藏高原1979-2020年干湿变化特征分析

青藏高原是对全球气候变化响应最为敏感的地区之一,在区域水循环中扮演着重要角色。尽管目前关于青藏高原气候干湿变化已有大量研究,但大多是基于月干旱指数,对月以下时间尺度干湿变化的研究还相对较少,不利于对更短时间尺度干湿变化的认识。本文使用日干旱指数,即日蒸散发差指数DEDI(Daily Evapotranspiration Deficit Index),基于ERA5再分析数据分析了1979-2020年青藏高原的干湿变化,尤其是不同强度干湿类型(特旱、重旱、中旱、轻旱、特湿、重湿、中湿和轻湿)发生日数的季节差异。结果表明:(1)青藏高原1979-2020年的干湿变化具有较为明显的年代际转换特征,大部分地区呈现出干旱-湿润-干旱-湿润的年代际变化特征。(2)过去40多年间,春季和冬季发生的4种强度干旱类型呈增加趋势,夏季4种强度干旱类型呈减小趋势,秋季特旱、重旱和中旱呈增加趋势,轻旱呈减小趋势。与干旱发生日数的变化趋势基本相反,春、秋和冬季特湿呈增加趋势,重湿、中湿和轻湿呈减小趋势,夏季4种强度湿润类型呈增加趋势。相比其他季节,夏(冬)季4种强度的湿润(干旱)发生日数增加趋势最为显著,即夏季和冬季分别具有最强的湿润和干旱化趋势。此外,对于任何季节,极端情况的干旱和湿润类型发生日数都远少于其他强度的干湿类型,中等和轻度情况的干旱和湿润最为频繁发生且发生日数比较接近。

基于SPI的云南省多尺度干旱时空演变特征识别

【目的】识别云南省多尺度干旱的时空演变特征。【方法】基于云南省36个气象站31 a的气象数据,基于标准化降水指数(SPI),结合GIS空间分析、非参数Mann-kendall趋势检验,识别云南省多尺度气象干旱时空分布及演变特征。【结果】(1)SPI在年尺度、季节尺度均呈波动变化趋势,除春季SPI略有增长外,夏季、秋季、冬季和年尺度的SPI均表现为减小趋势,秋季SPI变幅最大,冬季变幅最小。(2)年尺度干旱频率分布在32.26%~50.00%之间,主导的干旱等级为轻微干旱和极端干旱,干旱频率高值区主要分布在文山、红河、昆明、楚雄、德宏。(3)春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的干旱频率分别为39.86%、39.83%、38.43%、41.33%,尽管季节间干旱频率差异较小,但不同季节主导性干旱等级差异较大。除春季外,各季节的主导性干旱等级均包含极端干旱。(4)年尺度上,除5个站点干旱呈增强趋势外,其余站点均无显著变化趋势;春季大部分站点干旱演变呈减小趋势,而夏季、秋季、冬季则分别有11、6、2个站点呈显著增强趋势。【结论】云南省年尺度和季节尺度干旱频率分布及演变趋势呈明显的时空分异特征,区域干旱以季节性干旱为主,其中春旱、冬旱的干旱频率和等级总体较高。

2022年长江口夏季咸潮入侵及影响机制研究

2022年长江流域降雨、干支流来水均严重偏少,江湖水位持续走低,发生了1961年有完整记录以来最严重的流域性气象水文干旱。受此影响,2022年8月下旬长江河口就遭遇咸潮入侵,为有咸潮入侵监测记录以来历史最早,随后入侵增强并持续影响长江口。针对2022年长江口罕见的夏秋季节咸潮入侵事件,利用长江口岸基、浮标观测资料,分析了2022年洪季咸潮入侵的变化过程,并结合FVCOM咸潮入侵数值模型,量化分析径流、潮汐及台风事件对咸潮入侵的影响。结果表明:2022年夏季长江径流量为历史极低值,导致长江口咸潮入侵时间提前,入侵频率增加,上溯距离增大,河道北侧盐度显著高于南侧。在低径流情况下咸潮入侵呈现显著的涨落潮、大小周期性变化,其中小潮后期为盐度的快速上升期,大潮至中潮位为盐度缓慢下降时段。除此之外,持续的偏北风会有利于外海水体向海内输送,导致水位抬升,增强咸潮入侵。2022年9月在北向型台风“轩岚诺”和“南玛都”的影响下,随着涨潮流的作用,长江口咸潮入侵程度在9月21日达到最大,上溯至东风西沙水库北部约10 km处。研究成果可为进一步认识长江口咸潮入侵规律及机理提供依据。

长江中游降雨径流演变与水旱灾害

为了解长江中游近年来水旱灾害新特征并有针对性地提出建议。基于1960—2020年长江中游降雨径流实测数据,对降雨径流演变趋势进行了分析,探讨了长江中游水旱灾害成因及特征。结果表明:长江中游年降雨量增加,春秋季降雨量年内占比减少,夏冬季降雨量占比增加;长江中游径流深在1988年和2003年发生突变,降雨量变化对径流深改变的贡献占30%左右,人类活动贡献程度约占70%;2003年后长江中游径流深的水文改变度排序为中游出口最大(36%),鄱阳湖出口(33%)和洞庭湖出口(31%)次之,汉江出口最小(21%)。长江中游水旱灾害具体表现为:2000—2020年长江中游异常降雨占据60多年来异常降雨总数的43%,且主要发生在两湖流域,极端降雨造成中游区域型洪水和春季秋季干旱;2003年后,两湖秋季水位持续下降,近10 a来,由于长江上游秋季来水持续减少,洞庭湖南咀站和鄱阳湖都昌站9月份水位分别下降了0.7 m和1.7 m。建议未来研究中注重研发大尺度多时空尺度水文水动力模型,提升极端水文事件成因识别能力及未来变化趋势预测能力。