Distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in emergency patients

BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance has become a global threat for human health,calling for rational use of antibiotics.AIM To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of the bacteria,providing the prerequisite for use of antibiotics in emergency patients.METHODS A total of 2048 emergency patients from 2013 to 2017 were enrolled.Their clinical examination specimens were collected,followed by isolation of bacteria.The bacterial identification and drug susceptibility testing were carried out.RESULTS A total of 3387 pathogens were isolated.The top six pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii(660 strains),Staphylococcus aureus(436 strains),Klebsiella pneumoniae(347 strains),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(338 strains),Escherichia coli(237 strains),and Candida albicans(207 strains).The isolation rates of these pathogens decreased year by year except Klebsiella pneumoniae,which increased from 7.1%to 12.1%.Acinetobacter baumannii is a widely-resistant strain,with multiple resistances to imipenem,ciprofloxacin,minocycline and tigecycline.The Staphylococcus aureus had high resistance rates to levofloxacin,penicillin G,and tetracycline.But the susceptibility of it to vancomycin and tigecycline were 100%.Klebsiella pneumoniae had high resistance rates to imipenem,cefoperazone/sulbactam,amikacin,and ciprofloxacin,with the lowest resistance rate to tigecycline.The resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefoperazone/sulbactam and imipenem were higher,with the resistance rate to amikacin below 10%.Besides,Escherichia coli had high resistance rates to ciprofloxacin and cefoperazone/sulbactam and low resistance rates to imipenem,amikacin,and tigecycline.CONCLUSION The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the emergency patients were mainly Acinetobacter baumannii,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Candida albicans.The detection rates of drugresistant bacteria were high,with different bacteria having multiple drug resistances to commonly used antimicrobial agents,guiding the rational use of drugs and reducing the production of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR THE MODEL OF DRUG DISTRIBUTION AND ABSORPTION IN SMALL INTESTINE

According to the physiological and anatomical characteristics of small intestine,neglecting the effect of its motility on the distribution and absorption of drug and nutrient,Y.Miyamoto et al.proposed a model of two-dimensional laminar flow in a circular porous tube with permeable wall and calculated the concentration profile of drugby numerical analysis.In this paper,we give a steady-state analytical solution of the above model including deactivationterm.The obtained results are in agreement with the results of their numerical analysis. Moreover the analytical solution presented in this paper reveals the relation among the physiological parameters of the model and describes the basic absorption rule of drug and nutrient through the intestinal wall and hence pro- vides a theoretical basis for determining the permeability and reflection coefficient through in situ experiments.

Down-regulation of Hsp90 could change cell cycle distribution and increase drug sensitivity of tumor cells

:AIM To construct Hsp90 antisense RNAeukaryotic expression vector, transfect it intoSGC7901 and SGC7901/VCR of MDR-type humangastric cancer cell lines, HCC7402 of humanhepatic cancer and Eel09 of human esophagealcancer cell lines, and to study the cell cycledistribution of the gene transected cells andtheir response to chemotherapeutic drugs.METHODS A I .03kb cDNA sequence of Hsp90Pwas obtained from the primary plasmid phHsp90by EcoR 1 and BamH I nuclease digestion andwas cloned to the EcoR 1 and BamH 1 site ofthe pcDNA by T4DNA ligase and an antisenseorientation of Hsp900 expression vector wasconstructed. The constructs were transfectedwith lipofectamine and positive clones wereselected with G418. The expression of RNA wasdetermined with dot blotting and RNaseprotection assay, and the expression of Hsp90protein determined with Western blot. Cell cycledistribution of the transfectants was analyzedwith flow cytometry, and the drug sensitivity ofthe transfectants to adriamycin (ADR ),vincrinstine (VCR ), mitomycin (MMC ) andcyclophosphamide (CTX ) with MTT andintracellular drug concentration of thetransfectants was determined with flowcytometry.RESULTS In EcoR 1 and BamH I restrictionanalysis, the size and the direction of the clonedsequence of Hsp900 remained what had beendesigned and the gene constructs were namedpcDNA-Hsp90. AH^SGC7901, AH^SGC7901/ VCR,AH-HCC7402 and AH-Eel09 cell clones allexpressed Hsp90 anti--sense RNA. Theexpression of Hsp90 was down--regulated in AHSGC7901, AH--SGC7901/ VCR, AH-HCC7402 andAH--Eel09 cell clones. Cell cycle distribution waschanged differently. In AH-SGC7901/ VCR andAH-Ec109 cells, G, phase cells were increased; Sphase and G, phase cells were decreased ascompared with their parental cell lines. In AHSGC7901 cell, G, phase cells were decreased, Qphase cells increased and S phase cells were notchanged, and in AH-HCC7402 cells G,, S and qphase cells remained unchanged as comparedwith their parental cell lines. The sensitivity ofAH--SGC7901, AH--SGC7901/ VCR, AH-HCC7402 andAH-Ec109 to chemotherapeutic drugs, thesensitivity ot AH--SGC7901/ VCR to ADR, VCR,MMC and CTX the sensitivity of AH-HCC7402 toADR and VCR, and the sensitivity of Eel09 toADR, VCR and CTX all increased as comparedwith their parental cell lines. The meanfluorescence intensity of ADR in AH--SGC7901,AH-SGC7901/ VCR, AH--HCC7402 and AH-Ec109was also significantly elevated (P< 0. 05).CONCLUSION Down-regulation of HsP90 couldchange cell cycle distribution and increase thedrug sensitivity of tumor cells.

Distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cancer hospital in 2013

Objective： To understand distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria from a specialized cancer hospital in 2013 in order to provide a basis for rational clinical antimicrobial agents. Methods： Pathogenic bacteria identification and drug sensitivity tests were performed with a VITEK 2 compact automatic identification system and data were analyzed using WHONET5.6 software.Results： Of the 1,378 strains tested, 980 were Gram-negative bacilli, accounting for 71.1%, in which Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the dominant strains. We found 328 Gram-positive coccus, accounting for 23.8%, in which the amount of Staphylococcus aureus was the highest. We identified 46 fungi, accounting for 4.1%. According to the departmental distribution within the hospital, the surgical departments isolated the major strains, accounting for 49.7%. According to disease types, lung cancer, intestinal cancer and esophagus cancer were the top three, accounting for 20.9%, 17.3% and 14.2%, respectively. No strains were resistant to imipenem, ertapenem or vancomycin.Conclusions： Pathogenic bacteria isolated from the specialized cancer hospital have different resistance rates compared to commonly used antimicrobial agents; therefore antimicrobial agents to reduce the morbidity and mortality of infections should be used.

Distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in burn patients in China from 2006 to 2019

BACKGROUND In this study,recent trends in the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients treated at a burn ward between 2006 and 2019 were investigated.AIM To develop more effective clinical strategies and techniques for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections in burn patients.METHODS Clinical samples with positive bacteria were collected from patients at the burn ward in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital in China between January 2006 and December 2019.The samples were retrospectively analyzed,the distribution of pathogenic bacteria was determined,and the trends and changes in bacterial drug resistance during different period were assessed.Drug resistance in several main pathogenic bacteria from 2006 to 2011 and from 2012 to 2019 was comparatively summarized and analyzed.RESULTS Samples from 17119 patients were collected and analyzed from 2006 to 2019.Surprisingly,a total of 7960 strains of different pathogenic bacteria were isolated at this hospital.Among these bacteria,87.98%(7003/7960)of the strains were isolated from burn wounds,and only 1.34%(107/7960)were isolated from the blood of patients.In addition,49.70%(3956/7960)were identified as Grampositive bacteria,48.13%(3831/7960)were Gram-negative bacteria,and the remaining 2.17%(173/7960)were classified as fungi or other pathogens.Importantly,Staphylococcus aureus(21.68%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(14.23%),and Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.61%) were the top three pathogens most frequentlyisolated from patients.CONCLUSION In patients treated at the burn ward in this hospital from 2006 to 2019,Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the predominant clinicalpathogens responsible for bacterial infections. The circumstantial detection anddetailed monitoring of the intensity and growth of different pathogenic bacteria inclinical patients as well as tests of drug sensitivity during burn recovery areparticularly important to provide guidelines for the application of antibiotics andother related drugs. Careful collection and correct, standard culture of bacterialspecimens are also crucial to improve the efficiency of bacterial infectiondetection. Effective monitoring and timely clinical treatment in patients may helpreduce the possibility and rate of infection as well as alleviate the effects of drugresistance among patients in burn centers.

Distribution and drug resistance of pathogens isolated from 4142 blood cultures

Objective:To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens isolated from 4142 blood cultures, and provide a scientific foundation for guiding clinical rational use of antimicrobial agents for bloodstream infections.Methods: Blood cultures obtained from 4142 inpatients and outpatients who were hospitalized from Jan 2015 to Dec 2016. The culture was detected by automatic BACT/ALERT 3D blood culture system of biomerieux. Bacteria isolated from positive blood cultures were further identified, and the drug susceptibility tests were conducted by VITEK-2 Compact automatic microbial analysis system and ATB Expression microbial analysis system. The drug susceptibility results were evaluated according to CLSI 2014 standard. Statistical analysis was performed by using WHONET 5.6 software. Results:A total of 396 unique strains were isolated from 4142 blood cultures, and the positive rate is 9.6%. Among the positive blood cultures, 194 (49.0%) strains were identified as Gram-positive, 185 (46.7%) strains were identified as Gram-negative, and 17(4.3%) strains were identified as fungi. The coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most frequently detectable (29.2%), followed by Escherichia coli (18.4%), Klebsiella pneumonia (7.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (5.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii(5.1%), and Enterococcus genera (5.1%). The incidences of methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococcus (MRCNS) and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were 81.9% and 50.0% respectively. However, vancomycin resistant staphylococcus and enterococcus were not detected. The prevalence of extended spectrumβ lactamases (ESBLs) in E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 56.2% and 37.9%, respectively. All the E. coli strains were sensitive to amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem and meropenem, and the sensitive rate of K. pneumoniae strains to imipenem and meropenem were 93.1% and 89.7%, respectively.Conclusions MRCNS stains were the most frequently detected pathogens in blood cultures in the present study. The characteristic of drug resistance for the pathogens indicated that monitoring of imipenem and meropenem resistant K. pneumoniae should be underlined to prevent nosocomial outbreak. Fungi bloodstream infections of ward such as ICU and department of hemopathology should be enhanced monitored.

Analysis on Distribution and Drug Resistance of Pathogenic Bacteria in ICU Patients with Nosocomial Infection from 2019 to 2021

Objective:To understand the pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients and their drug resistance changes in general ICU of the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University,so as to provide reference for appropriate selection of antibiotics in clinical practice.Methods:A retrospective investigation was conducted to analyze the bacteriological distribution and drug resistance of nosocomial pathogens isolated from the specimens of hospitalized patients in the comprehensive ICU of the hospital from 2019 to 2021.The US technology BD Phoenix 100 automatic bacterial identification analyzer was used for bacterial identification of the pathogen samples,disk diffusion method was used for drug susceptibility test,and SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the trend of drug resistance.Results:A total of 970 strains of nosocomial pathogens were detected in the three years.The main pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii(133 strains,13.71%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(106 strains,10.93%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(83 strains,8.56%),Escherichia coli(76 strains,7.84%)and Enterococcus faecium(69 strains,7.11%).The resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii to antibiotics was high.Klebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli had low resistance rates to carbapenems.The situation of bacterial drug resistance is still serious.Conclusion:The drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria collected from Class III Grade A Hospital’s patients to antibiotics was generally high.Therefore,clinical departments should strengthen the inspection of specimens of infection and drug sensitivity test in order to grasp the resistance mechanisms and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria changes,and select appropriate antimicrobial agents according to the test results.Besides,the formation of drug-resistant strains also needs to be prevented,and the treatment of patients with severe infection needs to be improved.

Septoplasty and Decongestant Improve Distribution of Nasal Spray

This study prospectively examined the intranasal distribution of nasal spray after nasal septal correction and decongestant administration. A cohort of 20 patients was assessed for the distribution of nasal spray before and after nasal septum surgery. Sprays were dyed and administered one puff per nostril when patients hold their head up in an upright position. Before and after decongestant admini-stration, the intranasal distribution was semi-quantitatively determined by nasal endoscopy. The results showed that the dyed drug was preferentially sprayed onto the nasal vestibule, the head of the inferior turbinate, the anterior part of septum and nasal floor. As far as the anterior-inferior segment of the nasal cavity was concerned, the distribution was found to be influenced neither by the decongestant nor by the surgery （P〉0.05）. However, both the decongestant and surgery expanded the distribution to the anatomical structures in the superior and posterior nasal cavity such as olfactory fissure, middle turbinate head and middle nasal meatus. No distribution was observed in the sphenoethmoidal recess, posterior septum, tail of inferior turbinate and nasopharynx. It was concluded that nasal septum surgery and decongestant administration significantly improves nasal spray distribution in the nasal cavity.

Determining hepatitis C virus genotype distribution among high-risk groups in Iran using real-time PCR

AIM:To assess hepatitis C virus(HCV)genotype patterns among high-risk Iranian groups,using real-time RT-PCR.METHODS:In this study,we evaluated the distribution of different HCV genotypes among injection drug users and other high-risk groups over a 4-year period(from 2009 to 2012)using real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Sera from 888 HCV-infected patients residing in southern and southwest Iran were genotyped using real-time PCR with common primers and specific probes.These patients were grouped into distinct exposure categories.Illicit drug users constituted the primary group and were further evaluated for HCV genotype distribution and parameters such as age range.RESULTS:Of the examined HCV-infected patients,62%were substance abusers,although the route of transmission could not be determined in approximately 30%of these patients.HCV genotyping revealed that Gt1 was the most prevalent genotype among the drug users as well as among patients with thalassemia,hemophilia,solid organ recipients and those on hemodialysis.Mixed infections were only seen in addict groups,where Gt2 genotype was also found.The highest frequencies in HCV-positive addict patients were observed in the 31-40 age group.Our research also showed that the addiction age has increased,whereas the addiction rate has dropped in this region.Most illicit drug users had more than one risk factor such as tattoo and/or a history of imprisonment.CONCLUSION:This study revealed that the most common HCV-infection route and HCV-genotype in southern and southwest Iran was illicit drug abuse and Gt1,respectively.

某传染病医院2019~2023年碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌菌种分布与耐药分析

目的分析本院2019~2023年碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌(Carbapenem-resistant enterobacter,CRE)菌种分布与耐药情况,以期更好地指导临床用药,为医院多重耐药菌的感控工作提供依据。方法收集本院2019~2023年临床分离的CRE菌株及患者信息,回顾性分析其菌种分布及耐药特点。结果本院2019~2023年CRE占比肠杆菌的检出率分别为16.44%、27.91%、41.11%、38.35%、42.55%,整体呈上升趋势。CRE菌株中检出率最高的依次为CRKP、CREC、CRECL。从标本来源看,占比最多的标本类型为痰、腹水和血,从年龄分布看,40~70岁的中老年人占比较高,0~60岁,占比呈上升趋势,60岁以上,呈下降趋势。3种菌对厄他培南的耐药率高于亚胺培南和美罗培南,对多粘菌素和替加环素的耐药率较低,且抗菌药物耐药谱存在差异。结论传染病医院CRE检出率更高,临床分布存在标本类型、患者年龄的差异,不同菌株耐药谱也存在差异。医院应持续性开展细菌耐药监测工作,制定有效地预防控制措施,以减少耐药菌传播。

某院铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的统计大连市友谊医院近六年来铜绿假单胞菌感染的菌株来源与临床分布,分析11种临床常见抗菌药的耐药情况,为临床治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染及合理使用抗菌药物提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析我院2017年1月-2022年12月铜绿假单胞菌感染的临床送检标本1316株,进行细菌体外分离培养与药敏实验,应用Whonet 5.6软件分析药敏结果,Spss 23软件对6年内该菌耐药率的变化进行卡方检验。结果1316株铜绿假单胞菌中,主要来源于痰液907株(68.9%)和尿液167株(12.7%)。这些菌株主要分布于重症医学科513株(39.0%)和老年病科359株(27.3%)。在所统计的11种抗生素中,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟和氨曲南三种药物6年内耐药率变化显著,具有统计学意义(P<0.05);其间耐药率最高的是2021年左氧氟沙星(37.0%),耐药率最低的是2022年头孢吡肟(8.3%)。结论本院铜绿假单胞菌的碳青霉烯类和喹诺酮类耐药率较高,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦呈耐药率逐年上升;微生物室应加强耐药菌监测的同时,临床也要加强抗菌药物的管理。

某三甲医院尿路感染患者病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的了解自贡市第三人民医院尿路感染患者病原菌分布及药敏耐药性特点,为临床医师合理选用抗菌素及控制院内感染、降低细菌耐药性提供帮助。方法收集2019年1月—2020年12月自贡市第三人民医院尿路感染就诊患者尿液标本3802份,采用MicroScan Walk/Away-40(美国SIEMENS公司)全自动微生物鉴定和药敏系统进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验。结果539株分离菌中革兰阴性菌411株,占比76.25%;革兰阳性菌128株,占比23.75%;其中前5位的菌株416株,依次为大肠埃希菌294株(54.55%)、粪肠球菌46株(8.53%)、肺炎克雷伯菌38株(7.05%)、屎肠球菌23株(4.27%)、奇异变形杆菌15株(2.78%)。前5位3种革兰阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌对复方新诺明、环丙沙星、头孢唑啉及左旋氧氟沙星耐药率均>50.00%,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、氨曲南和头孢吡肟耐药率均>40.00%,庆大霉素为35.71%,其余均在30.00%以内;肺炎克雷伯菌对复方新诺明耐药性最高为52.63%,其次是头孢唑林为42.11%、头孢噻肟为36.84%、环丙沙星和头孢曲松均为31.58%,其余均在30.00%以内;奇异变形杆菌,对复方新诺明耐药率最高为60.00%,其次环丙沙星为53.33%、妥布霉素为46.67%,头孢唑啉、庆大霉素和氨曲南均为33.33%,其余均在30.00%以内。前5位2种革兰阳性菌中,粪肠球菌,对四环素耐药性最高为86.96%,其次红霉素为76.09%、利福平为54.35%,环丙沙星为32.61%、左旋氧氟沙星和莫西沙星均为30.43%,其余均在30.00%以内;屎肠球菌,对红霉素、环丙沙星和左旋氧氟沙星耐药率均为100%,其次青霉素G为95.65%、莫西沙星为91.30%、利福平和阿莫西林/克拉维酸均为82.61%、四环素为65.22%,对大多数抗菌药物耐药率均较高,其中对万古霉素耐药率最低为4.35%,其次为利奈唑胺为5.26%、呋喃妥因为8.70%。结论临床医师在诊疗过程中,应加强与实验室合作,重视尿路感染的病原学检查,在选用抗菌药物治疗时应结合实验室病原学报告和药敏试验结果,合理使用抗菌药物,同时遏制细菌耐药性。

小儿呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析小儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌分布情况及耐药性。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年10月日照市中医医院收治的56例VAP患儿的临床资料,采集所有患儿气道分泌物进行病原菌培养及药敏试验,分析病原菌分布情况及耐药性。结果56例VAP患儿以晚发型为主,占比69.64%;共检出61株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌47株(77.05%),以鲍曼不动杆菌(29.51%)、铜绿假单胞菌(22.95%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14.75%)为主;革兰阳性菌12株(19.67%),以金黄色葡萄球菌(8.20%)、肺炎链球菌(6.56%)为主;真菌2株(3.28%)。主要革兰阴性菌鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢唑林耐药性均>50.00%,对亚胺培南、美罗培南未产生耐药性。革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、红霉素耐药性均≥75.00%,对替考拉宁、万古霉素未产生耐药性。结论小儿VAP以晚发型为主,革兰阴性菌为主要致病菌,且整体致病菌对常规抗菌药物呈广谱耐药现象,需依据药敏结果选用针对性药物治疗,促进感染消退。

ICU感染病原菌分布情况及耐药性分析

目的:分析重症监护室(ICU)感染病原菌分布情况及耐药性。方法:回顾性分析2019年12月—2022年12月阜宁县人民医院收治的120例ICU患者的病例资料。统计ICU患者院内感染发生情况及病原菌分布特征,分析ICU院内感染患者耐药情况。结果:120例ICU患者共有30例发生院内感染,院内感染的发生率为25.00%。120例ICU院内感染患者共检出菌株35株,其中20株为革兰阴性菌,占病原菌总株数的57.14%,12株为革兰阳性菌,占病原菌总株数的34.29%,3株为真菌,占病原菌总株数的8.57%。对肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌两种主要革兰阴性菌进行耐药性分析:肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑啉、左旋氧氟沙星、头孢吡肟的耐药率均>50.00%;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、红霉素的耐药率最低,均为20.00%,对头孢唑啉的耐药率最高,为100.00%。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、莫西沙星的耐药率均≥50.00%;大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低,为0,对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,为75.00%。对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌两种主要革兰阳性菌进行耐药性分析;金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林、左旋氧氟沙星、红霉素的耐药率均>50.00%;表皮葡萄球菌对氨苄西林、红霉素的耐药率均为100.00%;金黄色葡萄球菌对莫西沙星的耐药率为0;表皮葡萄球菌对利福平的耐药率为0。结论:ICU患者检出病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,多数病原菌存在不同程度的耐药,在临床治疗中需根据药敏结果有针对性地进行合理用药。

2021-2023年某院碳青霉烯类耐药革兰阴性杆菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析广东省第二中医院临床分离碳青霉烯类耐药革兰阴性杆菌(Carbapenem resistant Gram-negative bacilli,CR-GNB)的分布情况和耐药性特点。方法选取广东省第二中医院2021年1月1日至2023年6月30日经临床分离鉴定检测的2754株CR-GNB;使用WHONET5.6软件分析CR-GNB的分布特征及药敏检测耐药性特点。结果临床分离筛选出CR-GNB 2754株,其中,碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae,CRKP)843株(30.6%),碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,CRAB)765株(27.8%),碳青霉烯类耐药铜绿假单胞菌(Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa,CRPA)679株(24.7%),碳青霉烯类耐药大肠埃希菌(Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli,CREC)203株(7.4%),其他CR-GNB 264株(9.5%)。CR-GNB主要标本来源:痰液1702株(61.8%),尿液639株(23.2%),肺泡灌洗液232株(8.4%),血液78株(2.8%),分泌物71株(2.6%)。主要科室分布:呼吸与危重症医学科病区532株(19.3%),重症医学科病区365株(13.3%),针康一区病区325株(11.8%),针康七区病区181株(6.6%)。针康病区合计分离出1330株(48.9%)。CR-GNB普遍对抗生素存在多重耐药或泛耐药,对少数药物敏感率较高;CRKP对替加环素的敏感率是100.0%;CRAB对阿米卡星、妥布霉素、米诺环素的敏感率分别是73.9%、59.0%、49.3%;CRPA对阿米卡星、妥布霉素、多黏菌素B的敏感率分别为78.1%、75.5%、46.5%;CREC对替加环素的敏感率为100.0%。结论广东省第二中医院临床分离的CR-GNB以CRKP、CRAB、CRPA和CREC为主。CR-GNB呈多重耐药或泛耐药,可选择的治疗药物有限,临床需规范抗生素的使用,同时根据CR-GNB的耐药特点制定有效可行的治疗方案,防范CR-GNB在院内感染和传播。

太仓地区糖尿病足部感染患者病原菌分布及药敏和耐药性分析

目的探究太仓地区糖尿病足部感染患者病原菌分布及药敏和耐药情况。方法将70例糖尿病足部感染分泌物阳性患者纳入本次研究中,收取时间段在2013年8月至2022年3月,对患者病原菌分布、药敏、耐药性进行分析。结果70例患者中,一共检出26种类细菌,均为革兰阳性菌感染33例(共计41株),占比47.14%;均为革兰阴性菌感染26例(共29株),占比37.14%;阳性菌与阴性菌混合感染11例(共计22株),占比15.71%。在均是革兰阳性菌感染中以金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌最常见,药敏提示它们对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、利福平、莫西沙星敏感性高,对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、苯唑西林耐药;均为革兰阴性菌感染的菌株较多,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、奇异变形杆菌较多见,药敏提示对亚胺培南、氨曲南、环丙沙星、哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦敏感性高,少部分对头孢曲松、头孢呋辛耐药。阳性菌与阴性菌混合感染中,药敏提示它们对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、美罗培南、利福平、莫西沙星、哌拉西林舒巴坦敏感,对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、氨苄西林、环丙沙星、磺胺甲噁唑耐药,耐药率明显上升。结论太仓地区糖尿病足感染的致病菌分布广泛,经验性选择抗生素利于控制感染,病原学检测和药敏实验可为抗感染治疗提供精准依据。

滁州地区医院感染细菌监测与药敏试验结果分析

目的 分析滁州地区医院感染病原菌分布与耐药特点。方法 通过滁州市第一人民医院、滁州市儿童医院医院感染实时监控系统智能识别并实时上报2022年住院患者医院感染病例1152例次,进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验。结果 1152例次医院感染主要感染类型为下呼吸道感染(44.10%)、泌尿系统感染(18.75%)、血流感染(13.72%);共分离出病原菌1116株,其中革兰阴性菌占52.15%,检出率较高的是鲍曼不动杆菌(6.63%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(6.81%)、大肠埃希菌(7.71%)和铜绿假单胞菌(6.27%);革兰阳性菌占22.22%,检出率较高的是金黄色葡萄球菌(2.51%);真菌占25.63%,主要为假丝酵母(15.59%)。特殊耐药菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)大肠埃希菌检出率51.16%、ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌检出率21.05%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率28.57%。鲍曼不动杆菌对各种抗菌药物耐药率均超过50%;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高(100%),对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛耐药率均超过60%,对亚胺培南(34.21%)、妥布霉素(31.58%)、左氧氟沙星(10.53%)耐药率降低。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率最高(90.70%),对呋喃妥因(4.65%)、亚胺培南(2.33%)、头孢替坦(2.33%)耐药率较低。铜绿假单胞菌对环丙沙星(2.86%)、庆大霉素(2.86%)、妥布霉素(2.86%)和左氧氟沙星(2.86%)耐药率最低。结论滁州地区医院感染细菌构成比主要以鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌等为主,细菌耐药率较高。

2013—2023年临沂地区伯克霍尔德菌的临床分布、感染特征及耐药分析

目的分析2013—2023年临沂地区检出伯克霍尔德菌的临床分布、感染特征和耐药情况,为该菌的抗感染治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析2013—2023年临沂地区3家三甲医院分离鉴定的伯克霍尔德菌及其患者数据。结果共检出414株伯克霍尔德菌,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌373株(90.10%);主要分离自重症监护室(ICU)和呼吸内科,在痰标本中的占比最高(75.12%,311/414)。伯克霍尔德菌引起的感染与患者年龄、基础疾病情况、接受有创操作和广谱抗菌药物的使用情况相关;伯克霍尔德菌感染患者以60岁以上老年人为主(53.67%,212/395);其他伯克霍尔德菌感染患者合并2型糖尿病的比例高于洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染患者,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=11.120,P=0.001)。洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对复方磺胺甲恶唑、头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星和米诺环素的耐药变化虽各不相同,但均低水平耐药;对美罗培南的耐药率近3年呈上升趋势;对替卡西林/克拉维酸的耐药率高。不同的伯克霍尔德菌对头孢他啶、替卡西林/克拉维酸和美罗培南耐药性差异大。结论2013—2023年临沂地区检出的伯克霍尔德菌主要来自ICU,以痰标本为主,易感人群是60岁以上老人;2型糖尿病是其他伯克霍尔德菌感染的危险因素;伯克霍尔德菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率变化不一,临床医生可根据药敏结果优先选用耐药率低的抗菌药物。

药品供应链新模式下异地仓设置实践和思考

目的为药品供应链新模式下异地仓的设置提出可行性建议。方法分析异地仓设置的动因与成效。实地调研3家跨省异地仓药品批发企业,统计3家企业异地仓年销售额、异地仓所在地政府增加的税收、降低的运输成本及减少的药品破损费用。分析异地仓设置现存问题,并提出优化建议。结果3家企业异地仓年销售额分别为400万元、3.72亿元、20亿元,当地政府增加的税收分别为52万元、23万元、1.1亿元;降低的运输成本分别为2万元、100万元、4000万元;减少的药品破损费用分别为1万元、3万元、500万元。结论异地仓的设置,能增加当地政府的税收,降低企业的流通成本,保障药品供应及时,但仍存在药品信息无法完成实时对接,物流成本增加,监管不到位等问题。要合理高效设置,建议整合内部资源,实现多仓协同;优化物流及配送体系,标准化第三方物流;落实企业主体责任,互联升级信息系统;加强异地仓数据监管,统一检查思路。

河南省药品批发企业GSP监督检查储存与养护缺陷项目分析

目的:通过对2020-2022年河南省药品批发企业GSP监督检查中储存与养护环节的共性问题进行分析,为药品批发企业规范开展储存与养护工作提供建议。方法:对2020-2022年河南省GSP监督检查的药品批发企业存在的缺陷进行汇总,通过Apriori算法寻找各缺陷项目与储存与养护章节下缺陷项目的相关性,统计分析药品储存与养护章节存在的问题,并提出建议。结果:储存与养护缺陷在药品批发企业缺陷中出现的频次最高,主要缺陷*08308、一般缺陷08405出现的频次高、占比大,一般缺陷06501、08305与04603的相关性需要引起重视。结论:药品批发企业应强化自身主体责任意识,加强人员岗位培训,建立健全质量管理体系与制度,借助科学技术规范开展经营活动。药品储存与养护的从业人员应增强法律意识,遵守职业道德,保障药品质量安全,促进药品流通行业持续健康发展。