Astrocytes are indispensable for central nervous system development and homeostasis.In response to injury and disease,astrocytes are integral to the immunological-and the,albeit limited,repair response.In this review,...Astrocytes are indispensable for central nervous system development and homeostasis.In response to injury and disease,astrocytes are integral to the immunological-and the,albeit limited,repair response.In this review,we will examine some of the functions reactive astrocytes play in the context of multiple sclerosis and related animal models.We will consider the heterogeneity or plasticity of astrocytes and the mechanisms by which they promote or mitigate demyelination.Finally,we will discuss a set of biomedical strategies that can stimulate astrocytes in their promyelinating response.展开更多
Atrial fibrillation （AF） is the most frequent arrhythmia .whose incidence increases with age. At presentabout 1%-2% of the European population suffer from AF. Presumably about 25% of the population between 40 and 50...Atrial fibrillation （AF） is the most frequent arrhythmia .whose incidence increases with age. At presentabout 1%-2% of the European population suffer from AF. Presumably about 25% of the population between 40 and 50 years will develop AF in their life course and the prevalence olAF will increase by at least 2.5-fold in the next 50 years.展开更多
Multiple sclerosis(MS),a leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults,is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system(CNS)associated with aberrant autoimmune responses.It has...Multiple sclerosis(MS),a leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults,is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system(CNS)associated with aberrant autoimmune responses.It has long been thought that therapeutic development should be centered on immunomodulatory agents.However,none of the agents tested could prevent chronic progressive disease and disability.On the other hand,direct repair of injured myelin might represent an alternative strategy for treating MS.This may be achieved by either promoting the inherent repair mechanism of neurons or by recruiting cells derived from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells(OPCs),which are unfortunately silent in MS.The latter approach was recently demonstrated by Najm et al at Case Western Reserve University and Northwestern University.1 They demonstrated that miconazole and clobetasol,screened from a library of bioactive smallmolecules onmouse pluripotent epiblast stem cell-derived OPCs,2e4 promoted precocious myelination,significantly increased the number of new oligodendrocytes and enhanced remyelination.Strikingly,both smallmolecules reversed the disease severity in mouse models of MS.展开更多
基金supported by the Heart and Stroke Foundation and Ontario Institute of Regenerative Medicine (New Ideas Grant)Canada First Research Excellence Fund(Medicine by Design)+2 种基金the National Sciences and Engineering Research Councilthe Jurgen Manchot Foundationthe Christiane and Claudia Hempel Foundation for Clinical Stem Cell Research and the James and Elisabeth Cloppenburg,Peek and Cloppenburg Düsseldorf Stiftung (to PK)
文摘Astrocytes are indispensable for central nervous system development and homeostasis.In response to injury and disease,astrocytes are integral to the immunological-and the,albeit limited,repair response.In this review,we will examine some of the functions reactive astrocytes play in the context of multiple sclerosis and related animal models.We will consider the heterogeneity or plasticity of astrocytes and the mechanisms by which they promote or mitigate demyelination.Finally,we will discuss a set of biomedical strategies that can stimulate astrocytes in their promyelinating response.
文摘Atrial fibrillation （AF） is the most frequent arrhythmia .whose incidence increases with age. At presentabout 1%-2% of the European population suffer from AF. Presumably about 25% of the population between 40 and 50 years will develop AF in their life course and the prevalence olAF will increase by at least 2.5-fold in the next 50 years.
基金This work was supported by NSFC grants(81220108010 and 81171197)to GC and NIH grant HL096800 to FS.
文摘Multiple sclerosis(MS),a leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults,is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system(CNS)associated with aberrant autoimmune responses.It has long been thought that therapeutic development should be centered on immunomodulatory agents.However,none of the agents tested could prevent chronic progressive disease and disability.On the other hand,direct repair of injured myelin might represent an alternative strategy for treating MS.This may be achieved by either promoting the inherent repair mechanism of neurons or by recruiting cells derived from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells(OPCs),which are unfortunately silent in MS.The latter approach was recently demonstrated by Najm et al at Case Western Reserve University and Northwestern University.1 They demonstrated that miconazole and clobetasol,screened from a library of bioactive smallmolecules onmouse pluripotent epiblast stem cell-derived OPCs,2e4 promoted precocious myelination,significantly increased the number of new oligodendrocytes and enhanced remyelination.Strikingly,both smallmolecules reversed the disease severity in mouse models of MS.
