Mast cell tryptase and carboxypeptidase A expression in body fluid and gastrointestinal tract associated with drug-related fatal anaphylaxis

AIM: To investigate the expression of mast cell tryptase and carboxypeptidase A in drug-related fatal anaphylaxis.METHODS: The expression of mast cell tryptase and carboxypeptidase A in 15 autopsy cases of drugrelated fatal anaphylaxis and 20 normal autopsy cases were detected. First, the expression of mast cell tryptase was determined in stomach, jejunum, lung, heart, and larynx by immunofluorescence. Different tissues were removed and fixed in paraformaldehyde solution, then paraffin sections were prepared for immunofluorescence. Using specific mast cell tryptase and carboxypeptidase A antibodies, the expression of tryptase and carboxypeptidase A in gastroenterology tract and other tissues were observed using fluorescent microscopy. The postmortem serum and pericardial fluid were collected from drug-related fatal anaphylaxis and normal autopsy cases. The level of mast cell tryptase and carboxypeptidase A in postmortem serum and pericardial fluid were measured using fluor enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(FEIA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) assay. The expression of mast cell tryptase and carboxypeptidase A was analyzed in drug-related fatal anaphylaxis cases and compared to normal autopsy cases.RESULTS: The expression of carboxypeptidase A was less in the gastroenterology tract and other tissues from anaphylaxis-related death cadavers than normal controls. Immunofluorescence revealed that tryptase expression was significantly increased in multiple organs, especially the gastrointestinal tract, from anaphylaxis-related death cadavers compared to normal autopsy cases(46.67 ± 11.11 vs 4.88 ± 1.56 in stomach, 48.89 ± 11.02 vs 5.21 ± 1.34 in jejunum, 33.72 ± 5.76 vs 1.30 ± 1.02 in lung, 40.08 ± 7.56 vs 1.67 ± 1.03 in larynx, 7.11 ± 5.67 vs 1.10 ± 0.77 in heart, P < 0.05). Tryptase levels, as measured with FEIA, were significantly increased in both sera(43.50 ± 0.48 μg/L vs 5.40 ± 0.36 μg/L, P < 0.05) and pericardial fluid(28.64 ± 0.32 μg/L vs 4.60 ± 0.48 μg/L, P < 0.05) from the anaphylaxis group in comparison with the control group. As measured by ELISA, the concentration of carboxypeptidase A was also increased more than 2-fold in the anaphylaxis group compared to control(8.99 ± 3.91 ng/m L vs 3.25 ± 2.30 ng/m L in serum, 4.34 ± 2.41 ng/m L vs 1.43 ± 0.58 ng/m L in pericardial fluid, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Detection of both mast cell tryptase and carboxypeptidase A could improve the forensic identification of drug-related fatal anaphylaxis.

Drug-related problems among type II diabetes mellitus patients with hypertension: a cross-sectional study

Patients with type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and hypertension(HTN)are at increased threat for long experiencing various problems related to medicine as they frequently received different medications for managing their condition.Recently,there were no studies done locally on drug-related problems(DRPs)among T2DM patients with HTN.Thus,this study aims to assess the DRPs among T2DM patients with HTN admitted at Kibuye Referral Hospital(KRH).DRPs were drug safety problems,drug effectiveness problems and other drug problems.Methods:A retrospective cross-sectional study involved patients'files with T2DM and HTN,who were admitted at KRH from January 2013 to December 2017.The identification and classification of DRPs were based on pharmaceutical care network Europe(PCNE)classification system version 8.02.A simple random sampling technique was used to choose study participants from the target population.Data that met inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed using STATA version 13.The Fisher exact test(bivariate analysis)and logistic regression(multivariate)were used to test association and p-value≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.An adjusted odd ratio(AOR)with a confidence interval(CI)of 95% was determined using binary logistic regression.Results:Findings revealed that the prevalence of DRPs was 81.29%(313/385)and most of them each patient had at least two DRPs(69.05%).The patients aged above 55 years old were more likely to develop DRPs than those with age below 35 years(AOR=1.2;P=0.02;95%CI:0.2-2.3).Nevertheless,there was no significant association between DRPs and middle age(between 35 and 54 age of old).The patients who consumed more than or equal to 5 drugs were 2.4 times more likely to develop DRPs than those who took the number of medicines less than 5(AOR=15.4;P<0.001;95%CI:8.8-26.8).Also,traditional medicines use(AOR=1.9;P=0.016;95%CI:1.1-3.5)and having drug-related complication(AOR=2.4;P<0.001;95%CI:1.9-3)had shown significant associations.The total causes of DRPs identified were 1626 and most causes of DRPs were arisen from drug use(45.01%)and prescribing(37.83%).The drug/dose selections were the most frequent causes of DRPs(36.97%).Conclusion:Since the prevalence of DRPs were relatively high,various factors influencing DRPs were established and most causes of DRPs were arising from drug use&drug prescribing among T2DM patients with HTN.Early detection needed to enhance patient’s life quality.Conducting studies in other hospitals needed to establish the national planning of DRPs to eradicate DRPs among patients T2DM with HTN.

On Different Categories of Cybercrime in China

Cybercrimes have become an eye-catching social problem in not only China but also other countries of the world. Cybercrimes can be divided into two categories and different kinds of cybercrimes shall be treated differently. In this article, some typical cybercrimes are introduced in detail in order to set forth the characteristics of those cybercrimes. However, to defeat cybercrimes, joint efforts from countries all over the world shall be made.

Enhancing Police Officers’ Cybercrime Investigation Skills Using a Checklist Tool

This paper addressed the current state of police officers’ capabilities, skills, and their readiness to deal with the developments of cybercrime. This study discussed definition of cybercrime, cybercrime categories as well as comparison between traditional criminal techniques and cybercrime. As the abilities and skills required for detectives to investigate cybercrime have been discussed. Additionally, literature review and related work, was addressed challenges role of the police in combating cybercrime and facing cybercrime policing. We proposed the main tool in the study which is “Checklist of essential skills for a cybercrime investigator”. Thus, to gain the ability to Identify technical and practical requirements in terms of skills, programs, and equipment to achieve effective and professional results in fight cybercrimes.

A Study on the Existing Cybersecurity Policies and Strategies in Combating Increased Cybercrime in Zambia

The incidence of cybercrime in Zambia is rising, with perpetrators exhibiting a growing tendency to focus on corporate entities and private citizens. The Zambian government has tried to resolve the issue of network protection dangers through the execution of different approaches and procedures. Notwithstanding, the adequacy of these actions has been restricted. The present research investigates Zambia’s extant cybersecurity policies and strategies and delineates several domains where enhancements can be made. The research provides several suggestions on how the Zambian government can enhance its efforts to address cybercrime. This research employs a qualitative approach to investigate the extent of cybersecurity policies and strategies in Zambia by analyzing secondary data. The study seeks to offer valuable insights into the efficacy of Zambia’s cybersecurity framework in addressing the escalating menace of cybercrime by scrutinizing pertinent literature, government reports, and academic articles. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the difficulties encountered by the nation and propose suggestions for improving current policies and strategies.

In the Turmoil of the Cybercriminal Triad, Occult Practices and Toxicomania: The Case of a Young Ivorian Cyber Crook

Far from the financial gains of cyber crooks, the informed observer will see in cyber crookery a complex field of psychopathological expression where addictions and ritualistic practices intermingle. We thus carried out a qualitative observational study, focusing on a young Ivorian cyber-escroc, hard drug user and follower of mystical practices taken in charge by a multidisciplinary team during a resocialization course for children in conflict with the law from November to December 2022. The aim was to describe the difficulties experienced by a young Ivorian cyber crook in escaping the clutches of occult practices, internet addictions and psychoactive substances encountered in the field of cyber crookery. KA is confronted with the problem of cybercrime associated with occult practices and drug addiction. He is a heroin addict and secondary internet addict, undergoing de facto detoxification and presenting risky consumption behaviors. His fear is fuelled by the sudden death of his childhood friend, who introduced him to cyber-scams and occult practices, and the impossibility of returning his “Agbaladai” fetish when he can no longer honor the weekly sacrifices. Our results show an interweaving of psychopathological entities, namely cyberaddiction and addiction to psychoactive substances, against a backdrop of mystico-cultural practices and interpretations.

网络数据犯罪立法的三大重要问题

将“对技术工具的不法利用行为”作为构成要件内容,属于手段型立法,不符合刑法的明确性要求。对于网络数据犯罪的构成要件,应采取目的型立法方式,要挖掘有明确法益指向的具体行为类型。准确定位网络数据犯罪的法益,才能确保立法的理性。数据法益不适合作为刑法上的独立法益,应通过刑法历来关注的个人法益,以及有具体内容且有公共危险指向的集体法益,对网络数据犯罪的法益予以限制性把握。在中国持续严密刑事法网以及社会高速发展不断催生多样化不法类型的趋势下,单一法典模式面临着现实压力,也存在“全而不专”的问题。应当重视单行刑法和附属刑法的价值,逐步建设具有交互性的多元法源体系。

黑灰产网络资产图谱构建与可视化

黑灰产团伙的网络化运作严重破坏着网络生态和社会治安.查封黑灰产团伙掌握的核心资产,如重要IP地址和安全证书,是目前打击黑灰产的主要手段之一.为此,提出黑灰产网络资产图谱构建与可视化.首先提出一种黑灰产网络资产图谱构建方法.从多源异构数据中广泛获取黑灰产网络资产信息及关联关系,并整合到点边双异质有向图;然后提出一组黑灰产网络资产图可视化方法,基于资产图拓扑特性改进经典力导引布局算法和社区检测算法,帮助用户观察和理解资产间复杂关联,并快速地识别核心资产及其影响范围;最后公布一个大规模黑灰产网络资产图谱数据集,梳理数据集可支持的黑灰产治理需求,并展望图谱分析面临的技术挑战,旨在推动面向黑灰产治理的大数据分析技术的发展和创新.

智慧社会背景下网络犯罪治理研究

在智慧社会背景下,很多传统犯罪向网络犯罪模式迁移。网络犯罪具有罪名转向多元化、犯罪组织化与分散化并存、作案方式向精准化发展等特点。尽管网络犯罪的出现时间不长,但当前网络犯罪治理中仍存在社会治理形态不适合网络犯罪案件、案件管辖难、侦查难、网络平台综合治理难、专业人才缺乏等困境。为了在智慧社会背景下更高效地治理网络犯罪,应当坚持智慧理念,构建智慧治理网络犯罪新格局;完善相关法律衔接机制与协作机制,便于管辖;智慧赋能,破解侦查困境;加强网络犯罪综合管理;提升人才培养质效。

网络型寻衅滋事罪司法认定的现实考察与问题省思

对近年来百余件真实案例的分析表明,网络型寻衅滋事罪的司法认定在司法实践中存在“虚假信息”认定模糊、主观要件认定缺位以及结果要件认定迥异等恣意入罪的问题。为贯彻刑法谦抑和保障人权的理念,有必要对本罪客观要素“虚假信息”之意涵进行法教义学限缩,对本罪主观要素“确实知道”应当根据行为人的实施次数、是否获利以及身份经验等进行综合认定,对本罪结果要件“造成公共秩序严重混乱”应在区分网络场域的前提下进行危害性有无的实质认定,从而避免该罪适用的“口袋化”,实现该罪适用的有理有据有度。

网络犯罪案件电子数据的审查判断

对电子数据及其衍生证据的审查,是办理网络犯罪案件中应用刑事诉讼程序最为核心的内容。证据是刑事诉讼的基础和灵魂,网络犯罪案件中的电子数据审查判断是一个复杂的过程,需要运用刑事诉讼的一系列规定确保电子数据的证据能力和证明力。囿于当前侦查取证的技术水平和电子数据的特殊性,司法机关对电子数据的审查会在符合刑事诉讼原则的基础上,形成“实践操作标准”以满足案件办理的需要。通过对“实践操作标准”进行归纳总结,分析其合理性和需要改进的问题,有利于提高网络犯罪案件的办理水平,提高网络犯罪案件质量。

网络犯罪数额证明难题及其应对

我国网络犯罪数额的证明难题虽然实践样态各异,但可划分为证据短缺型与海量证据型两种。产生这些证明难题的深层原因在于,传统犯罪网络化加大了犯罪数额的证明难度,法律规范对证明对象、证明机制与证据种类的特殊设定内在地限制了司法人员的证明活动。有关部门通过出台司法解释和规范性文件来拓展定罪量刑要素、设置综合认定、确立推定规则及设立抽样验证等,以期解决网络犯罪数额证明难题。这种应激性的应对方式可能侵蚀法律规范的有效性,同时也存在实效性较低等问题。解决网络犯罪数额证明难题需检讨既有网络犯罪数额难题治理的底层逻辑。我们应确立网络犯罪数额证明难题双层次应对方案。第一层次方案主要从证明机理入手,优化犯罪数额的证明机制,明确算法证据的独立地位与运用规则。在第一层次方案无法解决特定犯罪数额证明难题的情形下,可采取第二层次的特殊应对方案,主要包括调整定罪量刑要素中犯罪数额的种类与比例,谨慎设置推定规则并限制其运用。

《联合国打击网络犯罪公约》的中国立场与核心问题

《联合国打击网络犯罪公约》草案的出台及经联合国特设委员会投票通过,是中国、俄罗斯等发展中国家阵营不懈努力的成果,但仍然面临严峻挑战。中国应当以维护国家主权和照顾发展中国家利益为前提,贯彻打击网络犯罪的基本立场:扩大公约草案所主张的定罪范围和适用犯罪,并进而扩大公约的适用范围及影响力;抵制或限制以“数据控制者模式”为特征的单边取证模式的适用,积极推广我国刑事证据出境审查工作机制,探讨基于数据主权的跨境调取电子数据解决方案。

网络犯罪侦查中的证据收集与合法性审查问题研究

网络犯罪作为现代社会的重大安全威胁之一,广泛涉及金融、信息、隐私等多领域的非法活动。随着信息技术的飞速发展,网络犯罪呈现出日益复杂化和隐蔽化的趋势,如何在侦查过程中有效收集证据并确保其合法性成为执法部门的重要课题。文章旨在探讨网络犯罪侦查中证据收集的基本要求、合法性审查的重要性以及当前存在的主要问题,提出了提升网络犯罪证据合法性审查的策略,为维护法律正义和有效打击网络犯罪提供理论支持。

网络越轨行为:整合性归因与治理机制

网络越轨行为本质上是一种违反规范的行为,由“个体-社会失范化”“中介催化”“机会选择与利用”三阶段演进而成。三阶段之间的递进转化取决于社会失范、亚文化、自我控制、心理特权、紧张理论、差别交往和理性选择等七个要素的相互作用。鉴于此,应推动网络法治建设、培育网络道德伦理,构建治理网络越轨行为的基础机制,以预防个体-社会失范化的发生;加强网络技术规制,优化网络越轨行为的打击机制,以减少中介催化的形成;倡导多元协同治理,完善网络越轨行为的防范机制,以严控犯罪机会的影响。

新型网络犯罪侦查事实建构研究

新型网络犯罪侦查工作在基础、过程和目标层面皆面临一定的现实冲击,犯罪事实建构在语义学角度涵盖犯罪事实系统生成和生成过程逻辑清晰两个层次的内容,为侦查工作提供了新的思路指引。但囿于主体思维淡化、数据技术缺陷、证据运用失衡的现实阻碍,侦查实践中尚不能全面而精准地建构起相关犯罪事实。为此,首先应明确“一核多元”的事实建构模式和“基于假设”的推进方式,其次从确定性事实、关联性事实和否定性事实三个角度完成犯罪事实的实质建构,最后以图示法实现对犯罪事实细节的精准核验。

纯正网络犯罪司法适用的规范检视与法理调适

三个纯正网络犯罪罪名的司法适用不仅引发罪名性质、与关联犯罪共犯的界分等难题,还因自身存在行为类型明确性不足、涵摄范围重合等问题而诱发“口袋罪”诘问与“同案不同判”风险。要纾解网络犯罪的刑事规制困境,可以将纯正网络犯罪的法益限定为网络公共秩序法益,在此采取单一制犯罪认定进路,区分纯正网络犯罪与“关联犯罪共犯”。与此同时,依托主体身份和行为样态分别限定三个纯正网络犯罪的构成要件,以此界分专属规制范围。

信息网络犯罪中大数据证据的定位与运用

大数据时代,信息网络犯罪频发且更具隐蔽性,大数据证据的出现对此类案件的事实认定具有重要价值。考虑到大数据证据自身属性和实践情况,中国当前的司法实践应当将其暂时归入鉴定意见的法定证据种类,等时机成熟时再通过修改法律将其单列为独立证据种类。关于大数据证据在信息网络犯罪中的运用,通过考察发现存在真实性、可采性、证明力的适用困境,并有针对性地探索未来大数据证据的发展出路,包括探索专业人员辅助审查机制、以控权和赋权保障控辩平衡、规制算法歧视与构建相关性规则。

网络犯罪治理国际合作:发展趋势、全球协作与中国方案

网络犯罪的跨国性和复杂性的特征日趋凸显,业已成为国际社会关注的重点问题。跨国网络犯罪的治理本身就面临诸多司法实践的困境,近年来网络犯罪呈现出新的犯罪形态,给全球化视域下网络犯罪治理的国际合作带来新挑战,且网络犯罪呈现技术智能化、人员精细化、危害全球化的发展趋势,强化网络安全领域的国际合作已成为时代共识。因此,有效协调网络犯罪现有的国际性治理机制,逐步建立起全球性的网络犯罪治理模式已成为现实之需。就中国而言,网络安全事关国家安全,我们应立足中国国情,适时地提出中国方案,充分发挥联合国在全球治理中的统筹协调作用,健全现有的区域性网络犯罪治理国际合作机制,构建全新且具有中国特色的网络空间命运共同体,同时积极打造双多边共治进路,化解司法实践困境,以保障我国网络安全。

一种基于突变流量的在野黑产应用采集方法

近年来,移动互联网的兴起使以诈骗、博彩和色情为主的网络黑产移动应用(APP)变得更加猖獗,亟待采取有效措施进行管控.目前,研究人员针对黑产应用的研究较少,其原因是由于执法部门持续对黑产应用的传统分发渠道进行打击,已有的通过基于搜索引擎和应用商店的采集方法效果不佳,缺乏大规模具有代表性的在野黑产应用数据集,已经成为开展深入研究的一大掣肘.为此,尝试解决在野黑产应用大规模采集的难题,为后续深入全面分析黑产应用及其生态提供数据支撑.提出了一种基于突变流量分析的黑产应用批量捕获方法,以黑产应用分发的关键途径为抓手,利用其具有的突变和伴随流量特点,批量快速发现正处于传播阶段的新兴在野黑产应用,为后续实时分析和追踪提供数据基础.在测试中,该方法成功获取了3439条应用下载链接和3303个不同的应用.捕获的移动应用中,不但有91.61%的样本被标记为恶意软件,更有98.14%的样本为首次采集发现的零天应用.上述结果证明了所提出的方法在黑产应用采集方面的有效性.