Stereoelectroencephalography-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation(SEEG-guided RF-TC) in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy

For some patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, we usually select conventional surgical resection, which has brought better outcomes. However, others are not eligible for a conventional open surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone because of the proximity of a functional area or the implication of a larger epileptogenic network. Initially, stereoelectroencephalography(SEEG) exploration was a method of electroencephalography recording that was used in the presurgical evaluation of epileptic patients with complex epilepsy. Later, intracerebral electrodes used for SEEG were applied to produce radio frequency thermocoagulation(RF-TC) in epileptic patients. SEEG-guided RF-TC has produced some promising results, especially in the last dacade. Now, it has become popular as a palliative treatment to reduce seizure frequency in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. This article presents a review of SEEG-guided RF-TC.

A Review of the Surgical Procedures for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy and Their Seizure Control Outcomes

Background: Drug-resistant epilepsy can be defined as the existence of seizures within 6 months, despite adequate therapy regimens with one or more antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy surgery has been the standard therapy to help those patients who suffer from drug-resistant epilepsy. The goal of this surgery is to halt or reduce the intensity of seizures. This literature review aims to provide an overview of existing surgical procedures for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy and the degree of seizure control they provide based on available literature. Methods: Data were collected from medical journal databases, aggregators, and individual publications. The most used databases were PubMed, Medline and NCBI. Some of the keywords used to search these databases include: “drug resistant epilepsy”, “seizure control”, and “neurosurgery”. Results: Epileptic surgery is divided into resective and non-resective procedures. Studies have shown that a full resection of the epileptogenic brain area increases the probability of seizure eradication, however, the risks of postoperative impairments grow as the resection area is extended. On the other hand, patients who are unsuitable for seizure focus removal by resective surgery, such as those with multifocal seizures or overlapping epileptogenic zone with a functional cortex, may benefit from non-resective surgical options such as Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Responsive Neurostimulation. Conclusion: This literature review discusses the comprehensive treatment of epilepsy, especially the surgical treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. The reviewed studies have shown that epilepsy surgery has promising outcomes in achieving seizure freedom/reducing seizure frequency with minimal adverse effects when performed correctly with the appropriate choice of surgical candidates.

Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and neurochemical investigations of lamotrigine-pentylenetetrazole kindled mice to ascertain it as a reliable model for clinical drug-resistant epilepsy

Background:Pentylenetetrazole kindling has long been used for the screening of investigational antiseizure drugs.The presence of lamotrigine,at a very low dose,does not hamper kindling in mice;rather it modifies this epileptogenesis process into drug-resistant epilepsy.The lamotrigine-pentylenetetrazole kindled mice show resistance to lamotrigine,phenytoin,and carbamazepine.It may also be possible that other licensed antiseizure drugs,like the mentioned drugs,remain ineffective in this model;therefore,this was the subject of this study.Methods:Swiss albino mice were kindled with pentylenetetrazole for 35 days in the presence of either methylcellulose vehicle or lamotrigine(subtherapeutic dose,ie,5 mg/kg).Vehicle vs lamotrigine-kindled mice were compared in terms of(a)resistance/response toward nine antiseizure drugs applied as monotherapies and two drug combinations;(b)lamotrigine bioavailability in blood and brain;(c)blood-brain barrier integrity;and(d)amino acids and monoamines in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.Results:Lamotrigine vs vehicle-kindled mice are similar(or not significantly different P>.05 from each other)in terms of(a)response toward drug combinations;(b)lamotrigine bioavailability;and(c)blood-brain barrier integrity except for,significantly(P<.05)reduced taurine and increased glutamate in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.Aside from these,lamotrigine-kindled mice show significant(P<.05)resistant to lamotrigine(15 mg/kg),levetiracetam(40 mg/kg);carbamazepine(40 mg/kg),zonisamide(100 mg/kg),gabapentin(224 mg/kg),pregabalin(30 mg/kg),phenytoin(35 mg/kg),and topiramate(300 mg/kg).Conclusion:Lamotrigine-pentylenetetrazole kindling takes longer to develop(~5 weeks)in comparison to lamotrigine-amygdale(~4 weeks)and lamotriginecorneal(~2 weeks)kindling models.However,drug screening through this model may yield superior drugs with novel antiseizure mechanisms.

Young children with multidrug-resistant epilepsy and vagus nerve stimulation responding to perampanel: A case report

BACKGROUND Perampanel(PER),a third-generation antiepileptic drug,is a selective and noncompetitiveα-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist,and has been approved for the treatment of adults and adolescents with focal epilepsy.However,there are only a few studies about the efficacy and tolerability of PER in young children with multidrug-resistant epilepsy.In this case,we aimed to share our clinical experience in this group.CASE SUMMARY A 4-year-old boy without perinatal asphyxia and familial history of epilepsy began to have ictal seizures from age 14 mo,with jerky movement of four limbs and head nodding.Abnormal multifocal discharge and background activity were recorded through electroencephalography,and no pathogenic mutation was found in the whole exome sequencing for the patient and his parents.He had received valproate,levetiracetam,topiramate,oxcarbazepine,clonazepam and lacosamide sequentially at different times,but he still had frequent seizures even after vagus nerve stimulation(VNS)implantation.He was diagnosed with idiopathic multidrug-resistant epilepsy.However,his seizure frequency was significantly reduced after PER administration in a dose-dependent manner,and better cognitive behavior was observed.In addition,the adverse reactions of anger and aggression also appeared.CONCLUSION PER is effective as add-on therapy for young children with multidrug-resistant epilepsy who have previously undergone VNS implantation.

Efficacy and safety of modified medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy

Background Medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet(MCTKD)is previously less commonly used in China.This study was aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the modified MCTKD in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in Chinese patients.Methods Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy were enrolled to receive treatment with modified MCTKD in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital during December 2020 and September 2022.The modified MCTKD contained fat that provided 50–70%of the total energy,as well as proteins and carbohydrates that provided 20–30%and 20%of energy,respectively.The fat component was composed of 20–30%medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs)and 30–40%long-chain triglycerides.The efficacy and safety of the diet were assessed at 1,3 and 6 months.Results A total of 123 patients aged 2.5 to 65 years,were included in this study.The response rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 49.6%,43.1%,and 30.9%,respectively.The seizure freedom rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 12.2%,10.6%,and 6.5%,respectively.The retention rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 98.4%,65.0%and 33.3%respectively.Side effects occurred in 21.14%of patients,which were predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain,diarrhea,vomiting,and constipation,and most of them resolved after dietary adjustments.A total of 82 patients(66.7%)discontinued the treatment with the reason of refusing to eat(8.1%),poor efficacy(35.0%),poor compliance(4.9%),and inability to follow-up(9.8%).Only 4 patients(3.3%)withdrew the diet due to side effects.Conclusions The modified MCTKD with MCTs providing 20–30%of energy has a good safety in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy,but its effectiveness needs to be enhanced.Further modifications of MCTKD with an optimal energy ratio are required to achieve a better efficacy and safety.

Tall gastrodis tuber combined with antiepileptic drugs repairs abnormal perfusion foci in focal epilepsy

One hundred patients with focal epilepsy were recruited for the present study and their seizures controlled with antiepileptic drugs. The patients then orally received a capsule of tall gastrodis tuber powder, a traditional Chinese drug, and underwent single photon emission computed tomography, long-term electroencephalogram, and CT/MRI. Blood drug levels were monitored throughout the study. Before treatment with tall gastrodis tuber, 35 of the 100 cases had abnormal CT/MRI scans; 79 cases had abnormal single photon emission computed tomography images; 86 cases had abnormal electroencephalogram; and a total of 146 abnormal perfusion foci were observed across the 100 subjects. After treatment, the number of patients with normal single photon emission computed tomography images increased by 12; normal electroencephalogram was observed in an additional 27 cases and the number of patients with epileptiform discharge decreased by 29 （34% of 86）; the total number of abnormal perfusion foci decreased by 52 （36%） and changes in abnormal loci were visible in 65 patients. These changes indicate that the administration of tall gastrodis tuber in combination with antiepileptic drugs repairs abnormal perfusion foci in patients with focal epilepsy Our results demonstrate that traditional Chinese drugs can repair abnormal perfusion foci and, as such, are a promising new pathway in the treatment of focal epilepsy.

Dedicated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences:Contribution in the Diagnosis of Focal Epilepsy in the Lebanese Population

There have been many advances in the diagnosis and management of focal epilepsies particularly with neuroimaging techniques and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Special MRI sequences can be employed to localize and resect the epileptogenic lesions responsible for focal epilepsy.This study aims to show the benefit of dedicated epilepsy MRI sequences in the diagnosis of focal epilepsies.A general electric 1.5 Tesla MRI machine was used with standard and special sequences.Also,a Nihon Kohden electroencephalography(EEG)machine was used.This is a prospective observational study that included 51 patients with focal epilepsies who had an initial negative brain imaging.They underwent epilepsy MRI sequences along with a prolonged video EEG monitoring to localize the lesion,and then results were analyzed statistically using SPSS 22 program.The majority of patients were males(62.75%)with a mean age of 30 years.The grand majority of patients(74.5%,p value of 0.001)had their lesion localized by the epilepsy MRI.The most commonly found pathology was mesial temporal sclerosis.A significant number of patients(23.5%)were sent for an epilepsy surgery(p value 0.002).This study shows the significant impact of dedicated epilepsy MRI sequences on the diagnosis and management of focal epilepsy in the Lebanese population.

局灶性癫痫围发作期心率变异性变化特点

目的探讨局灶性癫痫围发作期心率变异性变化特点。方法收集2014年9月至2019年9月在首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院癫痫中心进行术前评估并完成手术的癫痫患者102例,选择局灶性发作198次,手动测量相邻两个心电活动的RR间期,计算心率变异性时域参数-相邻正常心跳间期差值平方和的均方根(RMSSD),比较发作前60 s、发作期、终止后60 s RMSSD差异,并比较不同心率变化类型、不同发作类型、不同发作前状态以及不同致痫灶部位和侧别RMSSD差异。结果发作期和发作前60 s及终止后60 s RMSSD相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),提示发作期RMSSD降低;心率增快类型癫痫发作期RMSSD降低(P<0.001);复杂部分性癫痫发作期RMSSD降低(P<0.001);颞叶内侧癫痫发作期RMSSD降低(右颞叶内侧P<0.001;左颞叶内侧P<0.001);心率无变化(P=0.556)和心率减慢(P=0.983)类型癫痫发作、单纯部分性癫痫(P=0.869)、颞叶外侧癫痫(右颞叶外侧P=0.204;左颞叶外侧P=0.849)和颞叶外癫痫(右颞外P=0.188;左颞外P=0.068)发作期RMSSD无降低。发作期和发作前60 s RMSSD差值在睡眠期更明显(P=0.039)。结论心率增快类型癫痫发作、复杂部分性癫痫、颞叶内侧癫痫发作期易发生心率变异性下降,提示癫痫发作期副交感活性下降;睡眠期状态下发生的癫痫发作期心率变异性下降相比清醒期显著,提示睡眠期癫痫发作副交感活性下降更加明显。

Emerging personalized virtual brain models: next-generation resection neurosurgery for drug-resistant epilepsy?

Recently,a novel workflow known as the virtual epileptic patient(VEP)has been proposed by a research team from Aix Marseille Universitéin their papers published in Lancet Neurology,Science Translational Medicine and Epilepsia.This method involves creating an individualized virtual brain model based on computational modelling,which can facilitate clinical decision-making by estimating the epileptogenic zone and performing the virtual surgery.Here,we summarize brief workflow,strengths,and limitations of VEP,as well as its performance in a retrospective study of 53 patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy who underwent stereoelectroencephalography.A large-scale clinical trial(NCT03643016)is underway to further assess VEP,which is expected to enroll 356 patients prospectively.As supporting evidence accumulates,the clinical application of VEP has the potential to improve clinical practice,leading to better outcomes and qualities of life of patients.

维生素B_(12)联合吡仑帕奈治疗脑卒中后局灶性癫痫的效果

目的:评价维生素B_(12)联合吡仑帕奈治疗脑卒中后局灶性癫痫的效果。方法:选取2019年2月—2022年10月盱眙县人民医院神经内科收治的132例脑卒中后局灶性癫痫患者。根据随机数表法将其分为对照组和试验组,各66例。两组均积极治疗原发病,对照组给予吡仑帕奈片,试验组在对照组基础上给予维生素B_(12)片。比较两组治疗后临床疗效,治疗前后动态脑电图(AEEG)指标、糖脂代谢、神经功能、认知功能、社会功能及不良反应。结果:治疗后,试验组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组β波,α波数目均降低,试验组β波,α波数目均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前后,两组空腹血糖(FBG)和总胆固醇(TC)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评分升高,美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)评分均降低,试验组WCST评分高于对照组,NIHSS评分、SDSS评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:维生素B_(12)联合吡仑帕奈治疗脑卒中后局灶性癫痫的效果显著,能有效改善患者神经及认知功能,不良反应少。

Resection of bilateral occipital lobe lesions during a single operation as a treatment for bilateral occipital lobe epilepsy

BACKGROUND Neurosurgical treatment of severe bilateral occipital lobe epilepsy usually involves two operations several mos apart.AIM To evaluate surgical resection of bilateral occipital lobe lesions during a single operation as a treatment for bilateral occipital lobe epilepsy.METHODS This retrospective case series included patients with drug-refractory bilateral occipital lobe epilepsy treated surgically between March 2006 and November 2015.RESULTS Preoperative evaluation included scalp video-electroencephalography(EEG),magnetic resonance imaging,and PET-CT.During surgery(bilateral occipital craniotomy),epileptic foci and important functional areas were identified by EEG(intracranial cortical electrodes)and cortical functional mapping,respectively.Patients were followed up for at least 5 years to evaluate treatment outcome(Engel grade)and visual function.The 20 patients(12 males)were aged 4-30 years(median age,12 years).Time since onset was 3-20 years(median,8 years),and episode frequency was 4-270/mo(median,15/mo).Common manifestations were elementary visual hallucinations(65.0%),flashing lights(30.0%),blurred vision(20.0%)and visual field defects(20.0%).Most patients were free of disabling seizures(Engel grade I)postoperatively(18/20,90.0%)and at 1 year(18/20,90.0%),3 years(17/20,85.0%)and≥5 years(17/20,85.0%).No patients were classified Engel grade IV(no worthwhile improvement).After surgery,there was no change in visual function in 13/20(65.0%),development of a new visual field defect in 3/20(15.0%),and worsening of a preexisting defect in 4/20(20.0%).CONCLUSION Resection of bilateral occipital lobe lesions during a single operation may be applicable in bilateral occipital lobe epilepsy.

Temporal Epilepsy Causing Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Adults

Abdominal epilepsy is often unrecognised as an epilepsy condition, particularly in adults. We present a rare adult patient who suffers daily episodes of abdominal pinching pain described lasting for 30 seconds, often evolving to loss of consciousness. Scalp EEG-video monitoring showed interictal left temporal slowing and frequent left temporal epileptiform discharges. Three stereotypical complex partial seizures consistent with her habitual attacks were recorded. Two seizures showed a left temporal onset and whereas the third one appeared to start on the right temporal lobe. In patients with paroxysms of abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting, abdominal epilepsy should be considered after exclusion of the most common aetiologies for gastrointestinal conditions.

Electroencephalographic Findings after Eslicarbazepine Therapy in Focal Epileptic Syndrome Patients

The efficacy and the tolerance of the AEDs have been extensibly studied in the past, however the effects of them on the EEG activity of epileptic patients have been scarcely studied. Eslicarbazepine is a third generation blocker-sodium channels AED associated with a high reduction in the rate of partial seizures in epileptic patients. We designed an open label, non control study to determine the effects of Eslicarbazepine on the EEG activity of EP with focal seizures in a 12-week follow up. The EP with focal paroxystical activity enrolled in this study showed a statistical significant reduction in the rate of monthly seizures when Eslicarbazepine 800 mgs was added to a previous AED compared to those patients who only received an increase of the AED in monotherapy, concomitantly, EP treated with ESL added to a previous AED showed a statistically significant reduction in the mean occipital frequency and voltage amplitude in the central and parietal regions in the twelfth-week EEG compared to the control group.

定痫丸联合吡仑帕奈治疗成人局灶性癫痫临床研究

目的探讨定痫丸联合吡仑帕奈治疗成人局灶性癫痫的临床疗效及安全性。方法选择70例局灶性癫痫患者作为研究对象,将其随机分成治疗组(n=35)与对照组(n=35)。对照组仅给予吡仑帕奈片治疗,治疗组给予中药定痫丸联合吡仑帕奈片治疗。比较2组治疗3个月和6个月后的癫痫发作频率和持续时间、血清炎症因子及脑电图变化,并比较2组临床疗效和药物不良反应。结果治疗3个月和6个月后,治疗组总有效率均显著高于对照组(42.86%vs.22.86%,57.14%vs.37.14%;P<0.05);2组癫痫发作频率和持续时间均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05),且治疗组均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗6个月后,2组血清白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)水平均较治疗前降低(P<0.05),且治疗组上述指标显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组脑电图重度异常占比均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),且治疗组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组不良反应总发生率组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但治疗6个月后的不良反应总发生率均较治疗3个月后增加(P<0.05)。结论定痫丸联合吡仑帕奈治疗局灶性癫痫能减少患者癫痫发作,改善血清炎症因子,且不良反应较少,值得推广使用。

Characteristics of a primate model of focal motor cortical seizures suitable for preclinical testing of therapies like DBS

Background and objective: Generating and characterizing primate models of epileptic seizures are important for understanding pathophysiology of diseases and establishing preclinical efficacy of novel therapies like Deep Brain Stimulation. A focal motor epilepsy model is described here. Method: Seizures were obtained after intracortical penicillin injection into the motor strip through a cannula in two awake monkeys and electrocorticograms were recorded by epidural screws. Seizures were analyzed and compared for number, average duration of each seizure and total duration of ictal activity. Pharmaco-resistance for antiepileptic drug was tested by administration of Diazepam during seizures. Results: A motor status with seizures mimicking those seen in Kojevnikov’s syndrome was easily generated several minutes after penicillin injection and lasted 24 h on an average. The model thus characterized appears stable and consistent. There is no significant variation between experiments in individual primate as well as between two specimens. Diazepam though reduced the total duration of seizures, failed to abolish behavioural seizures. Conclusion: This model represents a good alternative model for preclinical research aiming at testing novel therapies because seizures are obtained on demand, last up to 24 h after a single penicillin injection, are stable and resistant to Diazepam.

Microscopic Anterior Callosotomy for Management of Intractable Epilepsy (Al-Azhar Experience)

Background: Anterior Corpus Callosotomy is a palliative treatment for drug-resistant generalized or multifocal epilepsy patients where focus excision is not an option for management. Callosotomy prevents propagation of epileptic discharge from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. Objective: To describe Al-Azhar University Hospitals experience and clinical outcome of Anterior Corpus Callosotomy for management of drug-resistant generalized epilepsy patients as an inexpensive palliative method. Patients and Methods: In this study, there are 15 patients admitted to Neurosurgery Department in Al-Azhar University Hospitals with drug-resistant generalized epilepsy. These patients were not candidates for lesionectomy. They were managed by anterior two thirds Corpus Callosotomy between February 2017 and December 2019. They were followed at outpatient clinic for at least 14 months. Clinical outcome regarding seizure control was assessed using Engel classification. Results: All 15 patients in this study underwent anterior two thirds corpus callosotomy and followed for at least 14 months. The post-operative improvement of seizure frequency has been evaluated using Engel outcome scale with 12 patients (80%) of the patients becoming Engel class II and 3 patients (20%) becoming Engel class III. Only 3 patients (20%) had minor transient postoperative complications;one patient (6.67%) had contra-lateral lower limb heaviness Grade 4 which was transient, one patient (6.67%) had contra-lateral lower limb Jacksonian focal fits and one patient (6.67%) had behavioral changes for one month. Conclusion: Corpus callosotomy is a palliative procedure and inexpensive method for management of patients with intractable focal with generalization and generalized drug-resistant epilepsy who are not suitable for resective surgery and with good outcome.

多模态影像学联合VEEG对FCD外科手术的指导价值

目的 探讨多模态影像学联合视频脑电图(VEEG)对局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)导致的难治性癫痫的定位、定性及定量诊断在外科手术中的指导价值。方法 回顾性分析25例经手术证实为FCD的影像和VEEG表现,分析病变位置、形态、密度、信号、代谢,测量病变大小,并与外科手术结果对比。结果 所有患者均得到明确定位、定性及定量诊断,诊断符合率100%;磁共振(MRI)显示病灶皮质呈局限性带状或结节状增厚,病灶呈等和(或)高信号,多排螺旋CT(MSCT)检查显示大部分病灶呈偏低密度,少数伴点条状高密度,正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET)检查大部分病灶氟-18-脱氧葡萄糖(18FFDG)呈低代谢;联合VEEG及多模态影像学诊断并与手术结果相比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.17>0.05,t=1.42)。结论 多模态影像学联合VEEG对FCD引起的难治性癫痫外科手术有极高的指导意义。

左乙拉西坦联合卡马西平治疗难治性局灶性癫痫的临床效果

目的:分析左乙拉西坦联合卡马西平治疗难治性局灶性癫痫的临床效果。方法:选取2021年1月—2022年6月航天中心医院收治的80例难治性局灶性癫痫患者,按照随机数表法将其分为两组,对照组(n=30)患者实施卡马西平治疗,观察组(n=50)患者实施左乙拉西坦联合卡马西平治疗。对比两组患者的临床治疗效果,治疗前后的脑电图棘波指数、癫痫发作频率、血清指标、认知功能及不良反应发生情况。结果:(1)观察组患者的临床治疗总有效率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)两组患者治疗前的脑电图棘波指数、癫痫发作频率、简易精神状态检查量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)对比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的脑电图棘波指数、癫痫发作频率均低于对照组,MMSE评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)两组患者治疗前的各项血清指标对比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的S-100钙结合蛋白β(S-100 calcium-binding protein β,S-100β)、髓鞘碱性蛋白(myelin basic protein,MBP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)水平均低于对照组,脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(4)观察组、对照组的不良反应发生率相近,分别为10.00%、13.33%,组间对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对难治性局灶性癫痫患者实施左乙拉西坦联合卡马西平的临床效果较为理想,有利于改善患者的脑电图检查结果,减少癫痫发作频率,增强对脑组织的保护作用,提升患者认知功能。

Griffiths精神发育评估量表中文版评估丙戊酸钠、奥卡西平及左乙拉西坦对癫痫患儿不同能区发育影响的研究

背景癫痫是一种慢性发作性脑部疾病,发病率较高,可严重影响患者的生活质量。因此,及时治疗控制癫痫发作尤为重要。大量研究表明抗癫痫药物对认知有影响,但具体到对患儿不同能区的影响研究较少。目的采用Griffiths精神发育评估量表中文版(GDS-C)探讨丙戊酸钠(VPA)、奥卡西平(OXC)、左乙拉西坦(LEV)对局灶性癫痫患儿不同能区发育的影响。方法选取2021年1月—2022年4月在郑州大学第三附属医院小儿神经内科首次门诊及病房就诊的局灶性癫痫发作患儿83例,按随机数字表法将其分为VPA组27例、OXC组28例、LEV组28例,将同期体检的30名健康儿童作为对照组。依据发作频率评价临床疗效,记录治疗前及治疗6个月后脑电图癫痫样放电(IEA)变化情况,采用GDS-C对受试儿童不同能区的发育商进行评估。结果VPA组、OXC组、LEV组患儿临床疗效总有效率分别为92.6%、89.3%、92.9%,三组比较差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.418,P=1.000)。VPA组、OXC组、LEV组患儿脑电图IEA情况总有效率分别为88.9%、57.1%、89.3%,三组比较差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=11.152,P=0.004);其中OXC组患儿脑电图IEA情况总有效率低于VPA组和LEV组(P<0.05)。治疗前,四组受试儿童各维度发育商比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组患儿各维度发育商均低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,三组患儿手眼协调、表现维度发育商比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);LEV组患儿运动、个人-社会维度发育商高于VPA组(P<0.05);LEV组患儿个人-社会、手眼协调、表现维度发育商高于OXC组(P<0.05)。与治疗前相比,VPA组患儿个人-社会、实际推理维度发育商均降低(P<0.05);LEV组患儿个人-社会、语言、手眼协调、表现、实际推理维度发育商均升高(P<0.05)。结论VPA、OXC、LEV对儿童局灶性癫痫均有较好的治疗作用,且三者疗效相当;脑电图IEA情况改善方面,OXC劣于VPA、LEV;VPA可能对患儿个人-社会、实际推理维度产生不利影响,OXC影响不大,LEV对患儿个人-社会、语言、手眼协调、表现、实际推理维度可能具有一定的改善作用。

局灶性皮层发育不良相关难治性癫痫的手术预后影响因素分析

目的探讨局灶性皮层发育不良(focal cortical dysplasia,FCD)相关难治性癫痫的手术治疗效果及预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析63例FCD相关难治性癫痫患者的临床资料。所有FCD均经术后病理证实。随访12~36个月,根据Engel分级评定患者预后,EngelⅠ级定义为预后良好,EngelⅡ~Ⅳ级定义为预后不佳。使用χ^(2)检验对磁共振(magnetic resonance,MR)评估结果、病程、手术切除方式及其他相关因素进行单因素分析;应用logistic回归分析进一步探讨手术预后的影响因素。结果本研究入组FCD患者63例,其中FCDⅠ型19例,FCDⅡ型17例,FCDⅢ型27例。术后36例(57.14%)预后良好,27例(42.86%)预后不佳。单因素分析显示病程、MR评估结果、视频脑电图(video-electroencephalography,VEEG)与MR定位是否一致及切除方式是手术预后的影响因素(P<0.05),而性别、年龄、服用抗癫痫药物种类、病灶位置、病理类型对预后无显著影响(P>0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明病程≥10年、VEEG与MR定位不一致是患者术后预后不佳的独立影响因素。结论FCD相关难治性癫痫患者的预后受多种因素影响,病程长的患者更易预后不佳。FCD相关难治性癫痫患者需要积极采取手术治疗,术前致痫灶的定位尤为重要。