Willingness to Pay for Antiretroviral Drugs Covered by Medical Insurance among People Living with HIV in 18 Chinese Cities

Objective Antiretroviral drugs covered by medical insurance have been gradually used by people living with human immunodeficiency virus(PLWH)in recent years in China.This study aimed to analyze their willingness to pay(WTP)for antiretroviral drugs.Methods A mixed-methods study design involving a cross-sectional survey and in-depth interviews was conducted.A cross-sectional survey was performed to collect data on the general characteristics,economic status,antiretroviral therapy(ART)status,and WTP of PLWH in 18 Chinese cities from August 2022 to February 2023.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with WTP.Representatives of PLWH were interviewed via in-depth interviews,and the data were thematically analyzed.Results Among the 941 PLWH,271(28.80%)were willing to pay for antiretroviral drugs covered by medical insurance.For basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents,PLWH with the following characteristics were more willing to pay:an educational level of senior high school or technical secondary school,having an undergraduate degree or higher,frequently working away from their hometowns,and homosexual transmission.Off-farm workers and recipients of government medical aid were more unwilling to pay.For basic medical insurance for urban employees,PLWH with the following characteristics were more willing to pay:frequently working away from their hometowns;homosexual transmission;personal annual income≥100,000 CNY;and adverse events of antiretroviral drugs.The main reasons for PLWH’s WTP for antiretroviral drugs covered by medical insurance were that the drugs had fewer adverse events and were easier to administer.The main reasons for PLWH’s unwillingness to pay were financial difficulties and privacy concerns.Conclusion Nearly one-third of PLWH are willing to pay for antiretroviral drugs covered by medical insurance.In the future,PLWH with a high WTP can be guided to use these drugs.

Analysis of Drug Medical Insurance Access Pricing Based on the Perspective of Binary Equilibrium

Objective To study the influencing factors in the process of national medical insurance negotiation and drug pricing from the dualistic equilibrium perspective,and to provide reference for the harmonious management of drug pricing in China.Methods Through the literature analysis and policy review,the pricing subject,pricing basis and price control system in the pricing process of medical-accessed medicines were analyzed from the perspective of binary equilibrium and harmonious management.Results and Conclusion It is found that four balances in the drug pricing process,two balances in pricing basis and three balances in price control system need to be considered,respectively.Drug pricing is the key content of national medical insurance access,which is also the hotspot of the policy in the pharmaceutical fields in recent years.Drug pricing not only reflects the value of drugs,but also reflects a lot of top-level designs of binary equilibriums in medical insurance policy.While the rational design of drug pricing requires the joint efforts of the government,pharmaceutical companies and relevant experts to comprehensively consider many equilibriums,so as to improve the relevant systems.

Should Medical Insurance Cover Stop-Smoking Drugs?

At a seminar discussing ways to prevent chronic disease held in Shanghai on March 31, 2012, Chen Zhu, Minister of Health, revealed that the ministry was planning to include expenditures on counseling to stop smoking into the basic medical insurance system provided by the govern- ment, and would pay for drugs that help reduce dependence on tobacco.

Inspiration of Foreign Innovative Drug Pricing Methods and Medical Insurance Payment Standards to China

Objective To study the innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards in foreign countries and to provide reference for China’s government.Methods The official websites were searched for information and related literature,and literature review was used.Results and Conclusion In foreign countries,the clinical value of innovative drugs and their impact on medical insurance funds were comprehensively evaluated based on factors such as quality-adjusted life years,clinical benefit,and improvement of clinical benefit.Then,the evaluation results were taken as an important basis for whether innovative drugs were admitted to the medical insurance catalog and establishing medical insurance payment standards.By using international experience for reference,innovative drug pricing methods and medical insurance payment standards for China’s national conditions can be improved by establishing a basic database of clinical value and drug economic evaluation of innovative drugs,as well as innovative drug payment models based on decision thresholds.

Research on Reimbursement Management of Innovative Drugs Abroad and Its Enlightenment to China

Objective To analyze the reimbursement policies of innovative drugs in some developed countries,and to provide reference for future reimbursement management in China.Methods Literature research method was used to study the policies related to the reimbursement management of innovative drugs in Germany,France and Japan,and their successful experience was summarized.Results and Conclusion China should establish an open and transparent value evaluation standard to improve the medical insurance reimbursement management of innovative drugs.Besides,the value of innovative drugs should be taken as an important basis for reimbursement decisions,and an independent third-party value evaluation agency must be established.

Foreign Experience and Enlightenment of Reimbursement Management of Multi-indication Drugs

Objective To provide reference for China’s medical insurance reimbursement plan of multi-indication drugs.Methods By referring to relevant foreign literature,the implementation process and conditions of different reimbursement management modes of multi-indication drugs were analyzed to provide suggestions for reimbursement of multi-indication drugs in China.Results and Conclusion It is suggested to further explore the suitable conditions and select the corresponding mode in China.Payment standards should be set according to value pricing and budget impact analysis.Besides,data collection and analysis mechanism must be improved.Lastly,reward and punishment mechanism can be adopted to improve management efficiency.

国家医保谈判药品在我院遴选评价的转化应用探索

目的:积极推进国家医保谈判药品的常态化落地,提升国家医保谈判药品的供应保障水平及透明化程度,促进药品回归临床价值。方法:依据2022年5月河北省卫生健康委员会组织制定下发的《河北省三级公立医疗机构用药(化学药品)目录遴选评价表(试行)》中的评价体系,针对拟遴选入院的61个国家医保谈判药品,从有效性、药学特性、安全性、经济性、其他属性5个维度进行综合评价。结果:47个国家医保谈判西药中,29个药品前3项评分≥50分;34个药品前4项评分≥60分;39个药品总分≥60分;24个药品前3项评分≥50分、前4项评分≥60分、总分≥70分;7个药品前3项评分<50分、前4项评分<60分、总分<70分。14个国家医保谈判中药中,同时满足前3项评分≥50分、前4项评分≥60分、总分≥70分的药品数量与同时满足前3项评分<50分、前4项评分<60分、总分<70分的药品数量均为6个。结论:本研究运用量化评价体系对国家医保谈判药品的有效性、药学特性、安全性、经济性等指标进行全方位评价,赋予量化分值,构建满足医疗机构需求的国家医保谈判药品综合评价数据库,通过综合分数来提取出“优”的国家医保谈判药品,过程快速、科学、公正、透明。

中外创新药物医保支付的比较研究

按疾病诊断相关分组(DRG)付费是当前我国医保支付改革的重要研究方向,但在一定程度上限制了创新药物的临床推广使用。许多国家已对创新药物的额外支付进行了深入研究。该文以美国、法国、德国为例,分析总结DRG付费体系下创新药物额外支付的国际经验,并结合我国创新药物医保支付现状及DRG付费对创新药物发展的影响,提出了明确的纳入标准、选择合适支付模式、建立动态调整机制、完善支付方式等政策建议,以期在全面推进DRG付费改革中,为进一步建立和完善我国创新药物医保支付机制提供参考。

2018—2022年天津市第二人民医院国家医保谈判药品使用情况分析

目的 了解天津市第二人民医院国家医保谈判药品(以下简称“谈判药品”)使用情况,为优化与调整医院药品目录提供参考。方法 回顾性分析该院2018年1月1日—2022年12月31日谈判药品的使用情况,比较谈判药品谈判前后药品单价、销售数量及销售金额、用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDC)等变化情况。结果 2018—2022年医院使用的谈判药品品种从原来的5种增加至24种,分析比较的13个药品中有11个药品经谈判后单价降低,7个药品经谈判后纳入医保及医保门诊特定病支付目录。DDC平均降幅36.43%,DDDs平均增幅1 770.31%,该项政策施行提高了患者用药的可及性,销售数量显著增加。结论 通过降低药品单价、纳入医保支付范围等方式实现谈判药品销售数量显著增加。谈判药品经济性提高,有效减轻患者负担,促进医院用药合理化,提高药品可及性和效率。

典型国家和地区原研药医保支付标准设计对我国的启示

目的:为国家药品集中采购政策背景下的药品医保支付标准管理提供参考。方法:对典型国家和地区的药品医保支付标准管理经验进行研究。结果:选取的典型国家和地区具有较为完备的药品医保支付标准管理体系,参考市场实际交易价格等多重因素,仿制药与原研药医保支付标准存在差异。建议:完善相关政策文件,建立科学的药品医保支付标准管理体系,通过药品市场价格交易监测机制,构建以市场为导向的医保支付标准形成机制,根据仿制药与原研药等不同药品的不同属性进行精细化分类管理;同时,在当前国家药品集中采购品种同通用名实行同一医保支付标准的政策前提下,继续推进并优化仿制药一致性评价工作,实现仿制药与原研药临床疗效一致,以符合当前仿制药与原研药实行同一医保支付标准的政策导向。

2019~2022版《医保药品目录》抗菌药物品种对比分析

目的对《国家基本医疗保险、工伤保险和生育保险药品目录》(以下简称《医保药品目录》)抗菌药物品规设置变化进行对比分析,以期更好地贯彻执行医保政策,促进临床合理应用。方法整理汇总2019~2022版《医保药品目录》中全身用抗菌药物,采用描述性分析方法,对比分析不同版本之间的差异。结果抗菌药物品规数及协议期谈判品种逐年增加;四版抗菌药物剂型以注射剂型、口服常释剂型为主(两者之和在79.14%~80.65%);限定支付条件药品2019版、2020版50种,在2021版增至54种,2022版锐减至44种;儿童抗菌药物专用药占比在3.76%~5.35%;《医保药品目录》涉及国家重点监控药物抗菌药物6个品种,9个品规。结论抗菌药物可及性和用药公平性得到进一步提升;需扩大《医保药品目录》抗菌药物限定支付条件,达到与说明书、临床诊疗指南一致;加大对儿童抗菌药物专用药的关注;加强涉及国家重点监控抗菌药物医保目录品种的管理。

近5年国家谈判的抗肿瘤药纳入医保的品种及适应症变化分析

目的统计2019年到2023年五版国家医保目录协议期内谈判的抗肿瘤药品种的变化及医保限定的支付病种范围的变更,重点对单克隆抗体和蛋白激酶抑制剂的部分特殊品种的适应症变化进行分析。方法以表格的形式罗列出五版国家医保目录协议期内谈判的各类抗肿瘤药的品种个数、纳入年份及医保限定的支付病种范围。结果五版国家医保目录中协议期内谈判的抗肿瘤药的品种总数呈逐年递增趋势,各类抗肿瘤药的品种数排前3位的均是蛋白激酶抑制剂、单克隆抗体、其他类抗肿瘤药。医保限定的支付病种涵盖各个系统的肿瘤,如呼吸系统、消化系统、血液系统、泌尿系统、乳腺等,其中呼吸系统所占比例最高。部分品种连续5年均进入国家谈判药品目录。结论传统的抗肿瘤药由于不良反应大,患者无法耐受,近年来已逐渐被新型抗肿瘤药所替代。但由于新型抗肿瘤药价格昂贵,患者又需要长时间使用,故需要国家干预,尽可能降低价格,方能满足肿瘤患者的用药需求和可及性,从而减轻经济负担,提高生活质量。

285例新型抗肿瘤药物不良反应分析

目的 研究新型抗肿瘤药物的药品不良反应(ADR)的发生规律及特点,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法 对某三甲综合医院2018年1月1日至2023年3月31日新型抗肿瘤药物致ADR共285例,对患者性别、年龄、超说明书用药、ADR累及系统-器官和临床表现、ADR分级与转归、关联性评价等进行回顾性统计分析。结果 285例ADR男性155例(54.39%),女性130例(45.61%),平均年龄(54.98±13.175)岁;临床表现426例次,累及系统-器官12个,最常见的为消化系统(44.13%)、血液及造血系统(19.01%);严重ADR 51例,新的ADR 6例。涉及新型抗肿瘤药物33种,其中国家医保谈判药物28种,共266例次,大分子单体克隆药物特别是免疫检查点抑制剂的ADR较多,ADR例数最多的是卡瑞利珠单抗(66例)。涉及超说明书用药118例,超说明书用药的ADR发生率为63.10%。结论 新型抗肿瘤药物相关的ADR可发生于各个年龄,累及多个器官-系统,严重ADR较多,新的ADR较少,超说明书用药相关ADR较多;建议通过多学科联合会诊(MDT)、超说明书备案等措施严格管理超说明书用药,加强用药教育和药学监护,提高用药的安全性和有效性。

我国医保谈判药品“双通道”管理政策执行困境及推进策略

目的为我国医保谈判药品“双通道”管理政策的顺利实施落地提供参考。方法基于史密斯政策执行过程模型,从实施细则与监管体系、药品遴选、药品配备和质量控制、医保基金运行状况和信息化能力4个方面对医保谈判药品“双通道”政策的执行困境进行分析,并提出相应推进策略。结果与结论我国医保谈判药品“双通道”政策可能存在政策实施细则和全流程监管体系不够明确,部分医保谈判药品纳入“双通道”管理的适宜性和可操作性有待斟酌,药品配备和质量控制方面存在难点,各地医保基金管理和运行状况存在差异以及信息化能力不足等执行困境。对此,本研究认为可通过完善“双通道”政策实施细则、提高“双通道”药品目录合理性、建立“双通道”药店动态退出机制、推行专业化配送服务、完善电子处方流转平台等措施来推动“双通道”政策的实施落地。

我国医疗保险国谈药品单独支付政策省际比较研究

目的:对国家医疗保险谈判药品单独支付省级政策文本进行分析,总结关键措施及特点,为各省制定和优化单独支付政策提供借鉴。方法:检索各省、自治区、直辖市医疗保障局网站,收集有关单独支付的政策文件,对检索到的政策文本进行总结与分析。结果:各省份单独支付政策在目录发布、目录遴选方式、药品管理方式、政策待遇水平和政策衔接等方面存在差异。结论:单独支付政策是“三医”协同发展的重要推手。各省要平衡好单独支付目录各种政策要素,处理好医保基金控制和患者获得感以及理清单独支付政策与支持创新药发展的关系,减少“三医”协同障碍。

国家医保谈判药品“双通道”管理实施现状与政策分析

目的:对最新版国家医保谈判药品“双通道”管理省级政策进行文本梳理和分析,对比各省份政策差异与创新举措,为完善“双通道”管理模式提供参考性建议。方法:检索2021年5月10日—2024年4月10日各省医疗保障局和卫生健康委等官方网站“双通道”管理相关政策文件,采用内容分析法对文本资料进行提取和统计分析。结果:各省“双通道”管理政策在药品准入、医药机构遴选、待遇保障、用药管理和限制性政策调整等方面共性与差异性共存。结论:“双通道”政策设计应因地制宜,建议细化药品目录准入标准,规范设置医药机构准入门槛,科学确定医保待遇水平,制定差异化的用药认定管理方式,进一步削弱政策限制性因素。

我国医保谈判药品落地问题的多重制度逻辑分析与政策建议

目的厘清国家医保谈判药品(简称“国谈药”)落地难的制度逻辑,促进国谈药在医疗机构落地使用。方法基于医疗机构所处的复杂制度环境,以多重制度逻辑理论构建医疗机构行为选择的分析框架,阐明国谈药落地过程中多重逻辑的互动与冲突,揭示国谈药落地难的机制,并提出应对措施。结果与结论国谈药落地存在国家逻辑、市场逻辑、社会逻辑及专业逻辑四者间不同程度的矛盾与耦合。在多重逻辑博弈中,市场逻辑与专业逻辑倾向规避风险、国家逻辑的“压力型体制”失效、社会逻辑的作用不具有强制性,共同造成了当前医疗机构以完成绩效考核为目标而配备使用国谈药的行动力不足的局面。建议各级政府部门及医疗机构应以政策松绑解除国谈药落地的隐形限制、以激励约束形成医疗机构压力与动力、以绿色采购通道及时回应临床需求、以社会力量构建多方参与国谈药落地监督等,从而改善国谈药的落地效果。

2023年版WHO基本药物示范目录特点分析及启示

对2023年版世界卫生组织的基本药物示范目录(第23版)与儿童基本药物示范目录(第9版)进行分析,首先梳理目录调整的工作流程与递交申请所需的材料;接着归纳新版目录的调整依据和特点,目录内的药物数量创历史新高、广泛纳入创新药、审慎遴选儿童药、重视临床获益证据与公共卫生可负担性。建议参考WHO经验,结合国情尽快对我国基本药物目录进行更新,注意基药目录与医保目录的区别与联系,做好目录衔接,满足基本用药需求,确保药品可及性,优化卫生资源配置。

国家药品集中采购接续政策与医保支付标准的衔接研究

国家药品集中采购(集采)接续政策始终强调推动实施药品医保支付标准,做好集采药品中选价格与医保支付标准的协同。当前,集采药品的医保支付标准主要依靠集采推动价格形成,按通用名形成医保支付标准仍存在一定阻力。对此,应进一步厘清国家集采接续政策与医保支付标准之间的衔接关系,依据省际间中选品种价差、原研企业是否中选等因素,分级分类推进省级接续工作,科学制定医保支付标准,推动国家集采接续政策有效落地。

某三级甲等医院第六批国家组织药品(胰岛素专项)带量采购实施成效与问题分析

目的探讨第六批国家组织药品(胰岛素专项)带量采购(简称胰岛素集采)在某三级甲等医院的实施成效,为后期其他生物类药物集采政策的调整提供参考。方法提取某三级甲等医院医院信息系统中胰岛素集采期间(2022年6月至2023年5月,集采后)与集采前同期(2021年6月至2022年5月,集采前)的胰岛素使用相关数据,对比集采前后胰岛素种类、单价、临床用量、用药频度(DDDs)、限定日费用(DDC)等的变化,计算该院胰岛素集采医保费用节省情况。结果集采后,该院国产胰岛素品规由8个增至15个,销售数量由52561支升至88098支;胰岛素价格大幅下降,平均降幅为46.68%;谷赖胰岛素注射液和精蛋白人胰岛素混合注射液(30R)的DDDs增长较多,增幅分别为33.12%,30.21%;精蛋白人胰岛素注射液和门冬胰岛素30注射液(笔芯)的DDDs下降较多,降幅分别为34.31%,24.25%;实施胰岛素集采后1年,该院共节省医保费用556.25万元。结论胰岛素集采政策的实施切实减轻了糖尿病患者的经济负担,实现了医保资金的有效利用。