Replacement of Forage Fiber Sources with Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles and Corn Germ Meal in Holstein Calf Diets

This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.

Amino acid digestibility of heat damaged distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs

The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of heat treatment on the standardized ileal digestibility （SID） of amino acids （AA） in corn distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS） fed to growing pigs. The second objective was to develop regression equations that may be used to predict the concentration of SID AA in corn DDGS. A source of corn DDGS was divided into 4 batches that were either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 130℃ for 10, 20, or 30 min. Four diets containing DDGS from each of the 4 batches were formulated with DDGS being the only source of AA and CP in the diets. A N-free diet also was formulated and used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ten growing pigs （initial BW： 53.5 ＋ 3.9 kg） were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 5 x4 Youden square design with 5 diets and 4 periods in each square. The SID of CP decreased linearly （P〈 0.05） from 77.9% in non-autoclaved DDGS to 72.1, 66.1, and 68.5% in the DDGS samples that were autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The SID of lysine was quadratically reduced （P〈 0.05） from 66.8% in the non-autoclaved DDGS to 54.9, 55.3, and 51.9% in the DDGS autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The concentrations of SID Arginine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, or Threonine may be best predicted by equations that include the concentration of acid detergent insoluble N in the model （r2 = 0.76, 0.68, 0.67, 0.84, 0.76, 0.73, or 0.54, respectively）. The concentrations of SID Isoleucine and Valine were predicted （r2 = 0.58 and 0.54, respectively） by the Lysine：CP ratio, whereas the concentration of SID Tryptophan was predicted （r2 = 0.70） by the analyzed concentration of Tryptophan in DDGS. In conclusion, the SID of AA is decreased as a result of heat damage and the concentration of SID AA in heat-damaged DDGS may be predicted by regression equations developed in this experiment.

Effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal with dried distillers grains with solubles on the microbiota occupying different ecological niches in the rumen of growing Hu lambs

Background:Diet has a profound impact on the rumen microbiota,and the impact can vary among the different rumen ecological niches(REN).This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal(SBM)with dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)on the rumen microbiota occupying different REN of growing Hu lambs.After a 9-week feeding trial,6 lambs from each dietary treatment(SBM vs.DDGS-based diets)were slaughtered for sample collection.The microbiota of the rumen solid,liquid,and epithelium fractions was examined using amplicon sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene,functional prediction,and qPCR.Results:No interaction of dietary protein source(PS)and REN were detected for virtually all the measurements made in this study.The DDGS substitution resulted in very limited influence on bacterial community structure.However,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences varied greatly between SBM-and DDGS-based diets.The populations of rumen total bacteria,fungi,sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB),and methanogens were not influenced by DDGS substitution,but the population of protozoa was reduced.The bacterial communities in rumen solid(RS)and liquid(RL)were similar in taxonomic composition but were different in relative abundance of some taxa.In contrast,the bacterial composition and relative abundance of rumen epithelium(RE)were greatly distinct from those of the RS and the RL.In alignment with the bacterial relative abundance,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA genes also varied greatly among the different REN.The populations of total bacteria,protozoa,and methanogens attached to the RE were smaller than those in the RS and RL,and the fungal population on the rumen epitheliumwas smaller than that in the RS but similar to that in the RL.On the contrary,the SRB population on the RE was greater than that in the RS and RL.Conclusions:Substitution of SBM with DDGS had greater impact to the protozoa than to the other microbes,and the microbial community structure and functions at different REN are distinct and niche-adapted.

Amino acid digestibility in low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

The objective of this experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility（SID） of amino acids（AA） in 3sources of distillers dried grains with solubles（DDGS） with different concentrations of fat.Twelve growing barrows（initial body weight：76.1 ± 6.2 kg） were randomly allotted to a replicated 6×4 Youden square design with 6 diets and 4 periods.The fat content of the 3 sources of DDGS were 11.5,7.5,and 6.9%respectively.Diets contained 60%DDGS and fat concentration of the diets were 7.5,52,and 5.2%,respectively.Two additional diets containing the 2sources of DDGS with 75 and 6.9%fat were also formulated,and corn oil was added to these diets to increase the concentration of fat in the diets to levels that were calculated to be similar to the diet containing conventional DDGS with 11.5%fat.A N-free diet was also formulated to calculate endogenous losses of crude protein（CP） and AA from the pigs.Pigs were fed experimental diets during four 7-d periods.The first 5 d of each period were an adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period.The apparent ileal digestibililty（AID） and SID of CP and all indispensable AA,except AID Pro and SID of Trp,were greater（P 〈 0.01） in conventional DDGS than in the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat.Adding oil to the diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat did not consistently increase SID of AA.In conclusion,conventional DDGS has greater SID values for most AA compared with DDGS that contains less fat and inclusion of additional oil to diets containing low-fat DDGS does not increase AID or SID of AA.The lower AA digestibility in low-fat DDGS could not be overcome by the inclusion of additional fat to the diets.

Production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller's grains

Abstract： Daqu distiller＇s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of ratio of strains, inoculum size, culture temperature and culture time on the production of microbial oils. The best processing conditions were obtained by orthogonal test through measuring the content of microbial oils in product. The result shows that the microbial oils content of the co-fermented product under the ratio of Trichoderma.koningii to Trichosporon cutaneum of 1：1, the inoculum size of strains of 11% at 28 ℃ for 6 d is 7.15 g/L. It is shown that the production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller＇s grains is possible. The research provides a new idea for the reuse of Daqu distiller＇s grains and also provides a new way for the development of microbial oils.

Effects of Organic Fertilizers Made from Distiller＇s Grains on the Growth and Development of Flue-cured Tobacco

Pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of different organic fertilizers made from distiller＇s grains on the physiological characteristics and growth of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the agronomic traits and biomass of flue-cured tobacco in the three treatments were higher than that of the control group,and the mixed application of different organic fertilizers made from distiller＇s grains and compound fertilizer could promote the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco significantly.

Effects of Distiller's Grain Substrate with Acid Regulation on the Growth of Tobacco Seedlings in Floating Breeding System

In order to reduce the use of peat resources and realize the sustainable development of tobacco, the pH of distiller s grain substrate was adjusted with humic acid, and the effects of various distiller s grain substrates on the growth of tobacco seedlings were studied to find out the method of cultivating high-quality tobacco seedlings by using distiller s grain substrate. The results showed that when 60% of humic acid was added to the distiller s grain substrate made from coarse distiller s grains, fine distiller s grains, perlite and vermiculite, both the pH and electrical conductivity decreased significantly and were similar to that of the conventional substrate. Moreover, the emergence rate of tobacco seedlings, the rate of strong tobacco seedlings, leaf number, stem height, root growth and quality of tobacco seedlings were good.

Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS)

Corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of DDGS and how it is influenced by production parameters is unknown. Therefore, 16 DDGS samples obtained from different ethanol production plants in the U.S.were characterized for antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, xanthophylls, and ferulic acid content and compared with corn. The antioxidant capacity of DDGS samples, measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-lpicrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay, varied almost 2 folds among samples, but in all cases was more than 3 times that of corn. All DDGS samples had a considerably greater concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols(lipid-soluble antioxidants) than corn. However, the relative concentrations among the tocopherols and tocotrienols tended to be similar to corn. The xanthophyll lutein was present in all DDGS samples and in all cases exceeded the content in corn. Zeaxanthin was detected in most samples. The total ferulic acid content of the DDGS samples was almost 3-fold greater than corn, but, as in corn, almost all was present in a bound form. However, the concentration of unbound(free) ferulic acid was more than 3 times the concentration found in the corn sample. Thus, DDGS is a rich source of phytochemical compounds and may provide antioxidant and health benefits beyond its macronutrient composition. However, differences in processing can greatly influence the phytochemical content and quality of DDGS. In particular,thermal abuse due to excessive heat used in drying may lead to lipid oxidation products that may have deleterious effects when incorporated into feeds.

Effects of condensed distillers solubles and drying temperature on the physico-chemical characteristics of laboratory-prepared wheat distillers grain with solubles

Samples of wheat distillers grain with solubles were prepared at 15%,30%,and 45%condensed distillers solubles(CDS)and dried under 40°C,80°C,and 120°C to examine the effects of CDS level and drying temperature on their chemical,physical,flow,compression,thermal,and frictional properties.As CDS level increased,protein and ash contents increased while fat and fiber contents decreased.Fat and acid detergent fiber contents were also markedly affected by drying temperature.While CDS level,drying temperature,and their interaction significantly affected a number of the physical properties,results suggest that CDS level had a stronger influence.Samples with high CDS level,for example,were significantly finer,denser,less flowable,and less dispersible than those with lower CDS.These samples also had significantly higher thermal diffusivity and coefficient of internal friction and produced pellets with higher failure stresses than those with lower CDS.Their pellet density increased with CDS level and was also significantly affected by drying temperature.Further,the samples were classified as fairly flowable and floodable and their compression characteristics were adequately described by the Kawakita-Ludde model.

Comparative ileal amino acid digestibility of distillers' grains for growing pigs

The objective of the experiment reported here was to investigate and compare the amino acid(AA)digestibility of distillers' dried grains(DDG), distillers' dried grains with solubles(DDGS), high protein distillers' dried grains(HP-DDG), and high protein distillers' dried grains with solubles(HP-DDGS) in growing pigs. Five semi-purified diets consisting of DDG, DDGS, HP-DDG, HP-DDGS, and nitrogen-free diet(NFD) were fed to pigs fitted with simple T-cannula for 5 observations per diet. Endogenous losses of AA at the terminal ileum of pigs that received the NFD were used to calculate standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of AA from apparent ileal digestibility(AID) of AA. The AID of Lys in DDGS was lower(P < 0.05) than that in DDG, which was also lower(P < 0.05) than that in HP-DDG. There were no differences in AID of Met among DDG, DDGS and HP-DDGS, but was greater(P < 0.05) in HP-DDG than in DDG or DDGS. The AID of Thr in HP-DDG was greater(P < 0.05) than that in DDGS but not different from that in DDG or HP-DDGS. The branched-chain AA Ile and Leu had greater(P < 0.05) AID in HP-DDG than in DDG, DDGS or HP-DDGS, and there was no difference among DDG, DDGS, and HP-DDGS. The AID of Trp in DDG and DDGS or HP-DDG and HP-DDGS were not different, but the AID of Trp in HP-DDGS was greater(P < 0.05) than that of DDGS. The greatest SID of the indispensable AA was in HP-DDG. Except for Arg and Lys in which DDG had greater(P < 0.05) digestibility, there was no difference between DDG and DDGS in the SID of the indispensable AA. The SID of Lys in DDG was greater(P < 0.05) than that of DDGS but there was no difference between that of DDG and HP-DDGS. Only His, Ile, and Met had lower(P < 0.05) SID in HP-DDGS than HP-DDG within the indispensable AA. The SID of Ala, Asp, Cys, GIu, Gly,Ser and Tyr were lower(P < 0.05) in DDGS than in HP-DDG. There SID of dispensable AA in DDG was not different from that of HP-DDGS. The current study provided apparent and standardized ileal amino acids digestibility values for traditional and high-protein corn distillers' dried grains coproducts for use in formulating swine diets. Amino acid digestibility was generally higher in HP-DDG than in other tested co-products of the dry grind processing of corn for ethanol.

DDGS的营养价值及在动物生产中的应用研究进展

酒精糟及其残液干燥物(DDGS)是工业生产酒精的副产品,因其蛋白含量较高,近年来在畜禽生产中广泛应用,体现出较高的营养价值、经济价值和生态价值。DDGS的营养价值主要表现为高蛋白质含量、高脂肪和可消化纤维以及高有效磷含量。DDGS营养成分变异性较大,而造成其变异的主要原因是生产原料和加工工艺的不同。我国现阶段对于DDGS的研究还远落后于生产,因此急需对DDGS饲料进行深入研究,以推进这一优良蛋白质资源在我国畜牧业中的有效应用。

近红外反射光谱快速测定玉米DDGS营养成分的研究

试验探讨了近红外反射光谱测定玉米DDGS的8项重要营养成分,包括水分、蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、总磷、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗纤维的可行性。从国内18个工厂采集93个玉米DDGS样品,使用偏最小二乘法,采取15种不同的导数和去散射光谱预处理方法建立近红外模型。在光谱预处理中,二阶导数产生了较好的预测效果。使用70个与93个定标样品建立模型,随着样品量的增加,模型的预测效果提高。93个样品所建立模型的定标决定系数(RSQcal)为0.94～0.99,交互验证决定系数(1-VR)为0.89～0.99,交互验证RPDCV为2.98～14.85。结果表明,近红外反射光谱可以用于玉米DDGS营养成分快速测定。

日粮添加DDGS对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选取48头(平均DIM为(99±58.56)d)中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组12头。分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0%(对照组)、11.2%(DDGS10)、21.3%(DDGS20)、29%(DDGS30)的DDGS试验日粮,配制成等氮日粮(粗蛋白15.15%),日粮精粗比例为55:45,旨在评价利用不同比例的DDGS替代日粮中的豆粕和玉米对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加不同比例的DDGS对各处理组的干物质采食量(DMI)影响差异不显著。随着DDGS添加比例的提高产奶量有先升高后降低的趋势,以DDGS20组的产奶量最高(P>0.05)。乳中脂肪百分含量和绝对含量都差异不显著(P>0.05)。牛乳中蛋白质的百分含量随着DDGS含量的增加有逐渐降低的趋势且差异极显著(P<0.01),而蛋白质绝对产量差异并不显著(P>0.05)。结果分析表明,在奶牛日粮中添加20%左右比例的DDGS基本不影响奶牛的生产性能,同时使奶牛养殖者获得最大的经济效益。

黑曲霉固体发酵DDGS降解黄曲霉毒素初探

研究考察了不同发酵条件对玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)黄曲霉毒素的生物降解效果。结果表明,在最优发酵条件下,发酵后DDGS黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)含量为1.84μg/kg,比发酵前AFB1 8.12μg/kg降解了77.34%,其固体发酵的优化工艺条件为菌液添加量6%、发酵温度30℃、发酵时间为60 h,由此,取得了较好的降解效果。

基于主成分分析的玉米DDGS物理特性评价

为对玉米DDGS的物理特性进行分析及量化评价,以国内外8个玉米DDGS为试验材料,测定分析其容重、热物理特性、摩擦特性、粉碎特性及色差指标参数,并运用主成分分析法简化物理特性指标,构架评价体系,得到每种样品的综合得分。结果表明:样品各物理特性指标间存在不同程度的差异;各物理特性指标之间存在不同程度的相关性,比热与热导率呈极显著正相关,与导温系数呈极显著负相关;热导率与平均粒径呈显著正相关;导温系数与容重呈极显著负相关;摩擦系数与休止角呈极显著正相关,与平均粒径呈极显著负相关;L*、b*与平均粒径呈极显著正相关;L*与b*呈极显著正相关。通过主成分分析提取了3个主成分,累积方差贡献率达到87.415%;主成分分析的结果表明进口玉米DDGS的物理特性较好。

温度和TS对小麦酒糟厌氧发酵产气性能的影响

在温度为30℃、35℃、40℃、45℃、50℃,TS分别为6%、8%和10%的条件下,研究了小麦酒糟厌氧发酵过程中的pH值变化和气产率。结果表明,各实验条件下,发酵液pH值均呈现出先下降后升高的趋势,基质浓度通过改变反应混合物的pH值来间接影响发酵的反应过程,同一温度下,TS越高越容易出现酸化;不同温度下,TS对产气率的影响较大,温度40℃时的产气率远高于其他温度,且不同TS浓度下的产气率相差较大。在本实验条件下,温度为40℃、TS为6%是小麦酒糟厌氧发酵的最适宜条件。

UASB反应器处理酒精废水的启动方法

采用UASB反应器处理酒精废水,用城市污水处理厂厌氧消化污泥接种,运用恰当的启动方法,可缩短启动时间并快速形成颗粒污泥,取得了较好的处理效果。

DDGS的营养价值及在猪和鸡生产中的应用

干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)是生产乙醇的副产物,虽然DDGS含有生物活性物质,但其大量的使用还是仅限于动物生产。DDGS最先用于反刍动物的生产中,近年来也有很多报道将DDGS用于猪、鸡等单胃动物生产中。文章综述了DDGS的生产工艺、营养成分、在猪和鸡生产中的应用现状,重点阐述了饲喂DDGS并添加酶制剂对猪和鸡生产性能的影响。

玉米DDGS蛋白质含量近红外光谱预测模型的建立

为准确测定玉米DDGS中蛋白质含量,采用近红外光谱分析技术结合改进最小二乘回归法(MPLS),以65个不同来源的玉米DDGS为样品,建立玉米DDGS蛋白质含量近红外光谱预测模型。结果显示:预测模型内部交叉验证标准误差(SECV)为0.0957,交叉验证相关系数(1-VR)为0.9888,外部交叉验证相对分析误差(RPDV)为3.60。表明近红外光谱分析模型可准确预测玉米DDGS蛋白质含量。

干酒糟及可溶物(DDGS)在猪饲料中利用的探讨

乙醇工业生产工艺的革新，引起了乙醇工业发酵过程的副产物（或共生产品）干酒糟及可溶物（DDGS）的营养物质含量发生了变化。粗蛋白质（25％～30％）和粗脂肪（10％～12％）含量的升高，提高了DDGS在猪饲料中作为蛋白质和能量补充资源的饲用价值。此外，DDGS的有效磷和对生长发育和生产有益的有效因子的含量也有改进。本文对在猪饲料中利用这种副产物进行了探讨。