Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate, Density and Seedling Age on Dry Matter Accumulation of No-tillage Rape in Seedling Stage

[Objective] The aim of the research was to find the optimal nitrogen application rate, density and seedling age for no-tillage rape in seedling stage. [Method] With the D-optimal quadratic regression design for three factors, the 310 scheme was designed to study the effects of nitrogen application rate, density and seedling age on dry matter accumulation of no-tillage rape in seedling stage. [Result] With the increase of nitrogen application rate, density and seedling age, the dry matter content appeared like a parabola, increasing firstly and then declining. The change of nitrogen application rate caused greater influence than that of density and seedling age; the interaction effects between nitrogen application rate and density were greater than that between nitrogen application rate and seedling age as well as between density and seedling age. [Conclusion] Considered comprehensively, the dry matter content of no-tillage rape in seedling stage reached the highest level (4 768.2 kg/hm2) when the nitrogen application rate, the density and the seedling age were 195 kg/hm2, 93 000 plants/hm2 and 33 d, respectively.

Effects of Calcium Application Rate on Dry Matter Accumulation and Yield of Peanut

The effects of calcium application rate on dry matter accumulation and yield of peanut were studied under high-yielding field condition. The variety used for the study was Tang A8252( Spanish peanut). The results showed that number of full fruit,dry weight per plant,kernel yield,and pod yield all increased with calcium application increased,and they decreased when calcium application rate was more than150 kg/ha. Both the height of main stem and the length of side shoot decreased with calcium application increased. Therefore,to obtain the optimal agronomic character index and the highest yield benefit,the suggested calcium application rate would be 150 kg/ha for peanut.

Analysis on Dry Matter Production Characteristics of Super Hybrid Rice

Six middle-season indica hybrid rice combinations, including five super hybrid rice combinations with the high yield about 10.5 t/ha and a check hybrid rice combination Shanyou 63 with a yield potential about 9.5 t/ha, were used as materials to study the dry matter production characteristics. The super hybrid rice showed a high ability in dry matter production and accumulation and its yield enhanced with the increase of dry matter accumulation. The advantage period of dry matter production in the super hybrid rice was mainly at the middle and late growth stages compared with the check. The grain yield had no significant correlation with the dry matter accumulation before the elongation stage while had a significantly positive correlation with the dry matter accumulation from the elongation to maturity stages in super hybrid rice. There were more dry matter in vegetative organs at the heading stage in the super hybrid rice but its contribution to yield （apparent conversion percentage） was averagely 4.3 percent points lower than that in the check. For crop growth rate （CGR）, the comparative advantage of super hybrid rice was at the middle and late stages, especially after flowering. Moreover, as the rising of leaf area index （LAI） and leaf area duration （LAD）, CGR enhanced. The total LAD and the mean of lAD per day of super hybrid rice was about 14.79% and 10.31% higher than those of the check, respectively. The results indicate that the high yield of super hybrid rice mostly comes from the products of photosynthesis after heading, which is shown by the increased CGR at middle and later stages. It is suggested that LAD character might be used to better explain the advantage in the dry matter production of super hybrid rice than LAI.

Effects of exogenous ABA application on post-anthesis dry matter redistribution and grain starch accumulation of winter wheat with different staygreen characteristics

The objective of this study was to investigate whether and how exogenous abscisic acid(ABA)is involved in mediating starch accumulation in the grain and redistribution of carbohydrates during grain filling of two wheat cultivars with different staygreen characteristics.At blooming stage,plants of Wennong 6(a staygreen cultivar)and Jimai 20(control)were sprayed with10 mg L-1abscisic acid(ABA)for 3 days.The application of ABA significantly(P<0.05)increased grain filling rate,starch accumulation rate and content,remobilization of dry matters to kernels,and 1000-grain weight of the two cultivars.Exogenous ABA markedly(P<0.05)increased grain yield at maturity,and Wennong 6 and Jiami 20 showed 14.14%and 4.86%higher compared yield than the control.Dry matter accumulation after anthesis of Wennong 6 was also significantly(P<0.05)influenced by exogenous ABA,whereas that of Jimai 20 was unchanged.Application of ABA increased endogenous zeatin riboside(ZR)content 7 days after anthesis(DAA),and spraying ABA significantly increased endogenous indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)and ABA contents from 7 to 21 DAA and decreased gibberellin(GA3)content at 14 DAA,but increased GA3content from 21 to 35 DAA.The results suggested that increased yield of staygreen was due to greater starch assimilation owing to a higher filling rate and longer grain-filling duration.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter in Broomcorn Millet

[Objective] To understand the effect of nitrogen application on dry matter accumulation and allocation dynamics in broomcorn millet. [Method] The accumulation and distribution of dry matter were studied using cultivars Jin Shu 7 and Huang Mizi at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer at the jointing stage. [Result] The results showed that increasing N application led to the increase of green leaf area and the delay of leaf senescence, which was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter.Appropriate nitrogen application(90 kg/hm2) could coordinate the translocation rate of dry matter among different plant parts, thereby enhancing the yield of broomcorn millet; among different organs, the contribution rate of stem to kernel was greater than that of leaf to kernel; there was obvious correlation between dry matter and yield. For Jin Shu 7, leaf area and dry weight of spike showed significant negative correlation with yield. [Conclusion] The formation of grain yield of broomcorn millet involved the accumulation and allocation of dry matter, the appropriate amount of nitrogen application(90 kg/hm2) could improve the rates of translocation and contribution of dry matter, thereby promoting the yield of broomcorn millet.

Rumen Degradation Regularity of Dry Matter and Crude Protein of Common Roughage in Beef Cattle

Three individuals of Horqin yellow cattle equipped with permanent fistula, weighed （548 ±21） kg, were sdected as the experimental animals. The ru- men degradation characteristics of dry matter （DM） and crude protein （CP） of roughage at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h were measured by nylon bag method. The re- suits showed that the effective degradation rates of DM and CP of alfalfa hay were the highest, while higher contents of rapid degradation part and potential degrada- tion part of DM and CP also resulted in higher degradation rates of DM and CP. The effective degradation rates of CP and DM of roughage presented strong positive correlation with CP, but showed strong negative correlation with neutral detergent fiber （NDF）. The effective degradation rates of CP of five roughages successively were alfalfa hay 〉 alfalfa block 〉 ryegrass 〉 silage corn 〉 straw.

Seed filling dynamic traits of oil flax in response to nitrogen and phosphorus

Crop yield is primarily seed-filling-limited in production system under field conditions.This study was aimed to determine whether seed filling traits of oil flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)could be controlled by phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus and nitrogen(NP)supply.Effects on seed filling traits were investigated in 2 years including capsule diameter,capsule height,capsule dry matter(DM),seed DM per capsule,pericarp DM per capsule,protein content and oil content.DM translocation from pericarps to seed,translocation efficiency,and contribution of photoassimilates during seed filling period were also detected.In a randomized complete block design,cultivar'Longyaza 1'was grown under P(33 kg P/ha),N(75 kg N/ha),and NP(33 kg P/ha and 75 kg N/ha)along with a zerofertilizer(CK)treatment in 2013 and 2014.Results suggested that DM translocation efficiency and contribution efficiency increased to different extent due to P,N or NP application.At 42 DAA(days after anthesis),seed DM per capsule reached the greatest,while protein content and pericarp DM obtained the least level.However,the highest oil content was detected at 35 DAA.A significant positive linear relationship was observed between seed DM,capsule DM and DM translocation in both years.Protein content showed inconsistent relation with oil content.The results indicated that appropriate N and P management could be an effective approach to increase oil flax production.

Nitrogen Uptake Dynamics and Dry Matter Production of Rice in Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in rice production but its uptake dynamics remained relatively unexplored. The present investigation evaluated uptake dynamics over the growing season at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer application. The experiment was conducted during Boro season （November-April） at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute experimental farm, Gazipur, Bangladesh. The experiment involved two modem rice varieties-BRRl dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 and six N rates： 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg·ha^-1. The N uptake pattern was determined at every 15 days from transplanting to maturity. At 150 kg·N·ha^-1, initially N uptake was 0.1 kg.hal.day1 which increased to 0.2 in BRRI dhan28 and 0.4 in BRRI dhan29, respectively. During 30 to 45 DAT, per day N uptake was 2.0 kg-ha1 in BRRI dhan28 and 2.2 in BRRI dhan29 which increased to the peak at 2.4 and 2.8 kg·ha^-1·day^-1 in BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29, respectively, during 45 to 60 DAT. The grain yield showed a stronger correlation with N uptake during 45 to 60 DAT in both the varieties. The highest N uptake contributed to the highest dry matter production in both the varieties.

Influence of Seed Priming on Performance and Water Productivity of Direct Seeded Rice in Alternating Wetting and Drying

Direct seeded rice is promising alternative to traditional transplanting, but requires appropriate crop and water management to maintain yield performance and achieve high water productivity. Present study evaluated the effect of seed priming and irrigation on crop establishment, tillering, agronomic traits, paddy yield, grain quality and water productivity of direct seeded rice in alternate wetting and drying （DSR-AWD） in comparison with direct seeded rice at field capacity （DSR- FC）. Seed priming treatments were osmo-priming with KCI （2.2%）, CaCI2 （2.2%） and moringa leaf extracts （MLE, 3.3%） including hydro-priming as control. Among the treatments, seed osmo-primed with MLE emerged earlier and had higher final emergence, followed by osmo-priming with CaCI2. Tillering emergence rate and number of tillers per plant were the highest for seed priming with CaCI2 in DSR- AWD. Total productive and non-productive tillers, panicle length, biological and grain yields, harvest index were highest for seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 in DSR-AWD. Similarly, grain quality, estimated in terms of normal grains, abortive and chalky grains, was also the highest in DSR-AWD with MLE osmo-priming. Benefit cost ratio and water productivity was also the highest in DSR-AWD for seed priming with MLE. In conclusion, seed priming with MLE or CaCI2 can be successfully employed to improve the direct seeded rice performance when practiced with alternate wetting and drying irrigation.

Perspective on oil flax yield and dry biomass with reduced nitrogen supply

Field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design to determine effects of nitrogen(N)application levels(J0:150 kg/hm^2,J1:120 kg/hm^2,J2:90 kg/hm^2,J3:60 kg/hm^2)on regulating dry biomass accumulation,allocation and translocation,and grain yield of oil flax during 2018 cropping season.Significant promotion was observed in dry matter during accumulation stage of oil flax,when N rate was reduced by 40%(from 150 to 90 kg/hm^2).Under J2 treatment,translocation of dry matter from vegetative organs to pod increased by 38.46%and 61.54%respectively,when compared with J1 and J0 treatment Dry matter distribution proportion of pod at maturity increased 4.47%-7.61%,contribution rate of leaf to grain upgraded 5.09%-8.77%,and number of effective pods and grains per pod increased by 27.16%-45.38%and 6.49%-26.59%respectively compared to other treatments.As a result,seed yield of oil flax under J2 treatment was 2.23%-18.21%higher than those of other treatments.Our study recommended 90 kg/hm^2 as the best N fertilizer level to improve seed yield of oil flax.

Effect of Sowing Rate on Agronomic Traits of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) in Southern Kyushu, Japan

Newly released sudangrass-type sorghum cv. “Tarzan” was bred for use as a bioenergy-resource feedstuff in Germany. Since the genotype was collected at a high altitudinal site in the Central Africa continent, its early growth is vigorous at low temperature. As vigorous growth at low temperature is derived from high tillering ability, the sowing rate of this genotype should be reduced from the ordinary rate for sorghum. Thus, in the present study, the optimal sowing rate of cv. “Tarzan” in southern Kyushu was determined by the effect of sowing rate at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g·m-2, designated as low (L), middle (M), and high (H) levels, respectively, on growth habit compared with the normal sudangrass cultivar “Roll-king II”. Early growth was retarded by heavy precipitation in June, after which the growth was comparable for the two genotypes. Dry matter yield of “Tarzan” increased with higher sowing rate;the H level yield was 1298 g·m-2, and the yield was not adversely affected by the humidity and heat in the summer growing season, compared with “Roll-king II”. This suggests that “Tarzan” can adapt to the humid, hot climate in southern Kyushu, and the optimum sowing rate of “Tarzan” should be as low as 1.0 - 1.5 g·m-2, which is less than one-fifth to one-third that of forage sudangrass grown in the region.

播种量对旱地春小麦干物质积累、灌浆特性及产量的影响

【目的】研究适应新疆极度干旱条件的旱作农区春小麦适宜播种量。【方法】采用单因素随机区组试验设计,设置150 kg/hm^(2)(D_(1))、225 kg/hm^(2)(D_(2))、300 kg/hm^(2)(D_(3))、375 kg/hm^(2)(D_(4))4个播种量,研究不同播种量对旱地春小麦干物质积累、籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响。【结果】小麦单株干物质积累量基本随播种量的增加而减少,且各处理均在灌浆期达到峰值;随播种量增大,速增期和缓增期的持续时间及灌浆过程持续时间显著缩短,平均灌浆速率减小;播种量过大,速增期和缓增期的的灌浆速率及最大灌浆速率降低,达到最大灌浆速率的时间提前,灌浆持续期缩短;小麦的穗数随播种量的增加而增加,穗粒数、穗粒重、产量均随播种量的增加而减小;D_(1)处理的产量最高达1659.28 kg/hm^(2),较其他3个处理依次极显著增产9.94%、12.84%、35.72%。【结论】在极度干旱情形下,该区小麦以最小播种量150 kg/hm^(2)为适宜。

施镁对花后高温胁迫下小麦干物质积累转运和籽粒灌浆的影响

为明确镁对小麦花后高温胁迫的缓解效应,采用人工气候室模拟增温的方法,研究了灌浆期高温胁迫(昼/夜32/22℃)下施镁(0、10和20kg·hm^(-2))对小麦花后干物质积累转运的影响及其与籽粒灌浆的关系。结果表明,灌浆期高温胁迫显著降低了小麦籽粒的灌浆速率、粒重和产量,施用镁肥提高了小麦籽粒灌浆速率和产量。高温胁迫降低了小麦花后干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量、转运率和收获指数,施镁对花后干物质积累和转运量及收获指数有显著正效应。高温胁迫下施镁提高了植株干物质积累量及在籽粒中的分配比例,从而提高了灌浆速率和粒重。孕穗期施镁能有效缓解花后高温胁迫对小麦植株的伤害,有助于籽粒灌浆和产量的形成。

Effects of Seaweed Bio-organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of seaweed bio-or- ganic fertilizer on yield and quality of winter wheat. [Method] Seaweed bio-organic fertilizer was applied to leaves of winter wheat according to the dose of 45 kg/hm^2 from jointing stage to maturing stage, and plant height, dry matter accumulation, flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat were investigated. [Result] Foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer showed little effect on plant height of winter wheat, thickened stems, promoted dry matter accumulation, in- creased flag leaf photosynthetic rate by 3.16%, and increased yield of winter wheat by 6.85%. [Conclusion] Foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer promoted the intelligent growth, thickened the stems, improved the lodging resistance, significantly increased the panicle weight per plant, and increased the bulk density of winter wheat, as well as improving the physical quality of wheat grain. In addition, foliar spraying of seaweed bio-organic fertilizer promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll and mitigated the decomposition of chlorophyll in winter wheat. Under the background of fertilizer-pesticide double reduction, the test results and data of this study can be promoted in the wheat-growing areas of Shandong Province and even whole China.

藜麦植株养分积累对源库调节的响应

在藜麦种植过程中,存在侧枝折断率和无效穗率高等问题,从而导致藜麦产量品质降低及收获困难。为降低植株侧枝折断率和无效穗率,通过对比不同源库调节措施:去叶(CLE)、去侧枝穗(CSE)、去叶去侧枝穗(CLS)、去顶穗(TOP)、包顶穗(PTE)和对照(CK),旨在探明植株养分积累对不同源库调节措施的响应。结果表明,不同处理下藜麦产量均与对照间呈显著性差异,CSE处理未折断穗产量最高,较CK高5. 2%,其植株茎粗较CK增加14. 0%,分枝数减少10. 0%,千粒质量增加6. 0%,TOP较CK处理分枝数增加了8. 0%;顶穗对群体叶面积指数增加效应大于侧枝穗,CSE处理较CK显著增加光合有效辐射,产量与粒质量/叶干质量、粒质量/叶面积和粒数/叶面积呈显著正相关;源库器官对灌浆速率和干物质积累作用大小关系为叶片>顶穗>侧穗;藜麦灌浆期-成熟初期,顶穗和侧枝穗对植株养分贡献率均呈增加趋势,CSE、TOP、CLE处理总养分贡献率分别为对照的100. 5%,87. 6%,49. 0%。因此,在藜麦生育后期,穗为主要源器官之一,且顶穗优势明显,生产上应在选择优良品种、适宜水肥管理和合理密植基础上,配套去顶穗(打顶)或去侧枝穗措施,去除顶端优势或无效库器官,从而达到调节养分流向和提高养分积累效率的目的,促进源库协调发展,实现藜麦品质及产量的提升。

小麦高产品种籽粒灌浆与粒重的关系

以黄淮麦区 1 3个具不同产量结构特征的高产品种 (系 )为试材 ,探讨了籽粒生长 3个阶段的持续时间、灌浆速率和干物质积累量 ,及其与粒重的关系。结果表明 :籽粒的灌浆速率和干物质积累量在籽粒生长各阶段均存在显著的品种间差异 ;籽粒灌浆速率 ,特别是第 2阶段灌浆速率对籽粒增重有重要影响 ,是籽粒增重的决定因子 ;千粒重与第 2阶段灌浆速率呈极显著的正相关 ,第 2阶段灌浆速率显著增高是大粒品种的重要特征。饱满度在 6 5 %以上籽粒饱满 ,在 4 5 %以下籽粒秕瘦。

剪叶对豫农202籽粒灌浆与干物质积累的影响

为了探讨小麦新品种豫农202植株上部三片叶对籽粒干物质积累的影响,分别在小麦开花期和灌浆中期进行了不同的剪叶处理,分析了不同剪叶处理对剩余叶片的SPAD值、籽粒灌浆速率及籽粒干物质积累量的影响。结果表明,小麦开花期和灌浆中期剪叶后,植株上部三片叶的SPAD值在不同处理间具有明显差异,剪去部分叶片后剩余叶片的SPAD值均有所提高。从剪叶对籽粒灌浆速率和干物质积累量的影响来看,开花期剪叶的影响程度显著大于灌浆中期剪叶。不同剪叶处理间籽粒的灌浆速率和干物质积累量存在明显差异,开花期剪去倒一叶对灌浆速率具有较大的负向效应,其干物质积累量比对照降低了21.22%;剪去倒三叶对灌浆速率具有较大的正向效应,其干物质积累量增加了12.20%。灌浆中期剪叶后,所有剪叶处理的籽粒灌浆速率和干物质积累量均低于对照,且剪去的叶片越多灌浆速率和干物质积累量下降的幅度越大,同时剪去倒一叶和倒二后下降的幅度最大。

小麦籽粒生长各阶段干物质积累量与粒重的关系

以长江中下游地区29个中、早熟小麦品种(系)为试验材料,探讨了籽粒生长的3个阶段的持续时间和灌浆速率与干物质积累量,及其与粒重的关系.结果表明:籽粒灌浆速率和干物质积累量在籽粒生长各阶段均存在显著的品种(系)间差异;灌浆速率是籽粒生长各阶段干物质积累量的决定因子,持续时间与各阶段干物质积累量无关;籽粒生长各阶段的干物质积累量对粒重均有重要影响.此外,籽粒生长第1阶段的灌浆速率和干物质积累量与后续2个阶段的灌浆速率和干物质积累量呈极显著正相关.

不同滴灌量对冬小麦干物质及产量的影响

以冬小麦青麦7号为材料,分析了7种滴灌量下冬小麦干物质积累及产量的动态变化。结果表明,各处理冬小麦叶面积指数和干物质积累呈先增加后下降趋势,于开花期达到最大,各处理之间差异显著。随着滴灌量的增加,小麦地上部干物质积累量增加,花前干物质转移量、转移率和对籽粒贡献率降低,花后同化物转移量和转移率增加。CK1处理下干物质向籽粒运转主要在开花前,其他处理干物质积累主要在花后,其中W4和W5处理花后同化物对籽粒贡献率和向籽粒的分配比例显著高于其他处理,提高了产量。

西北旱塬区不同株型玉米增密对产量的影响

为了探明增密对西北黄土旱塬区玉米产量的影响,于2011-2014年在农业部西北旱作区作物营养与施肥科学观测实验站进行田间试验,选取不同株型(紧凑型、平展型)玉米品种5个,每个品种设4个密度梯度,分析了不同株型玉米产量、干物质、根冠比、灌浆速率等指标。结果表明:不同株型玉米品种,随着密度增加田间耗水量差异不显著;紧凑型玉米品种产量大于平展型,在同等栽培条件下,平展型最佳播种密度为7.07万株·hm^(-2),紧凑型较之增加0.91万株·hm^(-2),产量增加2 085.9 kg·hm^(-2);密度增加单株干物质和根冠比均呈减小趋势,两种株型玉米品种规律一致,在灌浆和成熟期,紧凑型玉米品种7.5、9.0万株·hm^(-2)根冠比基本一致,平展型玉米品种密度为6.0万株·hm^(-2)干物质量最高(32 310 kg·hm^(-2)),紧凑型在7.5万株·hm^(-2)时为29 226 kg·hm^(-2),干物质积累量平展型大于紧凑型;灌浆速率参数平展型较紧凑型玉米品种最大灌浆速率高0.18 g·d-1,平均灌浆速率高0.03 g·d-1,灌浆持续期相差不大;低密度较高密度灌浆速率快0.01 g·d-1,但灌浆持续期延长5~15 d。西北旱塬区选择紧凑型较平展型玉米品种播种密度增加9 000株·hm^(-2),有利于优化群体结构,增加玉米产量。