Theoretical study on stability evolution of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes

Soft and hard interbedded bedding rock slopes,which is prone to failure,are widely distributed in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China.Limit equilibrium method(LEM)is commonly used to analyze the stability of bedding rock slopes that have a single failure plane.However,this method cannot accurately estimate the stability of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes because the strength parameters of a soft and hard interbedded rock mass vary spatially along the bedding plane and deteriorate with time due to periodic fluctuations of reservoir level.A modified LEM is proposed to evaluate the stability evolution of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes considering the spatial variation and temporal deterioration of shear strength parameters of rock masses and bedding planes.In the modified LEM,the S-curve model is used to define the spatial variation of shear strength parameters,and general deterioration equations of shear strength parameters with the increasing number of wettingdrying cycles(WDC)are proposed to describe the temporal deterioration.Also,this method is applied to evaluate the stability evolution of a soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slope,located at the Three Gorges Reservoir.The results show that neglecting the spatial variation and temporal deterioration of shear strength parameters may overestimate slope stability.Finally,the modified LEM provides useful guidance to reasonably evaluate the long-term stability of soft and hard interbedded bedding reservoir slopes in reservoir area.

Influence of Straw Incorporation on Maize Yield,N Accumulation and Remobilization on Slope Farmland in Northeast China

Slope farmland is a main type of agricultural land throughout northeast China.Long-term high intensity utilization and unreasonable farming have caused the deterioration of soil resources and a decrease in crop production.Here,it was hypothesized that crop straw incorporation might help to reduce nutrient losses and increase maize yields across time and space.A field experiment for testing straw management practices on maize across three slope positions(top,back and bottom slopes)was conducted in Northeast China in 2018 and 2019.In this study,the dry matter accumulation(DMA),N accumulation(NA),N remobilization,postsilking N uptake and grain yield were measured under SI(straw incorporation)and NSI(no straw incorporation)across three slope positions of 100-m-long consecutive black soil slope farmland during the maize(Zea mays L.)growth stages.Compared with NSI,SI significantly increased DMA and NA at the silking and maturity stages.SI typically increased the N remobilization in all slope positions,and significantly increased N remobilization efficiency and contribution of N remobilization to grain on the back and bottom slopes.However,post-silking N uptake was only increased by SI on the top slope.SI generally increased the crop yield in three slope positions.In the SI treatments,the bottom slope was the highest yield position,followed by the top,and then the back slopes,suggesting that the bottom slope position of regularly incorporated straw might have increased the potential for boosting maize yield.Overall,the study demonstrated the outsized potential of straw incorporation to enhance maize NA and then increase the grain yield in black soil slope farmland.

黄土区坡面尺度不同植被类型下土壤干层的空间分布

为掌握坡面尺度不同植被类型土壤干层特征,对一典型坡面干层空间分布进行了研究。结果表明:13a杏树地和25a柠条地干层厚度分别在0～400和280～400cm之间,杏树地不同坡位处干层分布有明显差异;在坡面垂直方向上,25a柠条地较13a杏树地土壤水分亏缺严重。而水平方向,13a杏树地干层分布表现为明显的片状和斑块状分布特征,同时呈现出从北至南沿坡面逐渐递减,干层分布受植被,降水、坡位、微地形等因素共同作用。相比之下,25a柠条地干层分布结构性较为单一,干层厚度在381～400cm的面积分布较广且连在一起,表现出由植被控制的分布格局。相关结果可为黄土区土壤干层调控提供参考。

宁南山区苜蓿地土壤水分和养分变异规律研究

以宁南半干旱黄土丘陵区3年生、7年生、11年生、19年生,以及7年生上坡、中坡、下坡苜蓿地为研究对象,分析了苜蓿地0—5m土壤干层及土壤养分的消长规律。研究结果表明:(1)坡位与种植年限均对土壤水分产生影响,上坡苜蓿地0—5m土壤平均含水量为6.34%,显著小于中坡和下坡;不同旱作年限苜蓿地0—5m土壤含水量排序为:3年生>7年生>19年生>11年生;土壤干燥化指数SDI排序为:上坡>中坡>下坡;3年生>7年生>19年生>11年生,土壤干燥化程度随着土层深度的增加而减弱。待苜蓿老化后土壤水分可以得到恢复,土壤干燥化程度降低,但这一过程需要较长的时间。(2)在土壤旱化过程中,随着坡位的下降,苜蓿地0—100cm层土壤平均有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量增加;随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷下降。随着苜蓿旱作时间的延长,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、全磷、速效磷含量呈下降的趋势;待苜蓿老化严重时,土壤有机质、全氮开始逐渐积累,但仍然处于低水平状态。

陕北黄土区具干表土层的极陡坡绿化技术研究

黄土地区基础设施建设形成的裸露陡峭坡面(坡度45°～80°)是水土流失和地质灾害的易发区,需要恢复植被覆盖,但其干表土层限制了植被自然恢复,需探索合适的人工促进植被恢复方法.本研究以凋萎湿度作为坡面干表土层判定标准,探索分析了陕北黄土区半阴坡、半阳坡和阳坡的典型裸露陡峭坡面的干表土层;选择本地植物柠条、柽柳及外来植物金叶莸,基于坡面干表土层的分析结果,实验了陡坡深植绿化技术,并调查评价了绿化效果.得出以下结论:(1)黄土区裸露极陡坡面存在一定厚度的干表土层,形成时间2年的半阴坡和半阳坡的干表土层厚度约20cm,形成时间4～5年的阳坡约30～35cm;(2)深植绿化效果理想,苗木栽植成活率及3年后保存率均可达93%以上;(3)本地植物长势优于外来植物;植被长势随坡度增加而变弱;柽柳在半阴坡和半阳坡的高度和地径均最高,在阳坡的长势最好.本研究提出的极陡坡深植绿化技术可有效加快黄土区人工促进植被恢复的进程.

陕北六道沟流域地形破碎区土壤水分时空分布及其预测

【目的】为深入理解陕北黄土高原土壤水分时间动态特征及空间模式时间稳定性,探索代表点位预测土壤储水量和干层平均状况的可靠性。【方法】在神木六道沟流域选择一典型地形破碎区,自2014年10月至2017年7月开展土壤水分长期跟踪监测。【结果】(1)观测期内,夹心式干层厚度和夹心式干层内土壤含水量分别变化于20~760 cm和6.43%~10.73%之间,表现出夹心式干层随时间发育的复杂性。(2)土壤储水量、干层厚度和干层内土壤含水量斯皮尔曼等级相关系数均值分别为0.94、0.95和0.90,表明研究区土壤储水量及干层空间模式具有强烈的时间稳定性。(3)通过土壤储水量及干层时间稳定性特征分析判定,点位A5、C1和C2分别可作为预测研究区土壤储水量(R^(2)=0.88)、干层厚度(R^(2)=0.74)和干层内土壤含水量(R^(2)=0.56)平均状况的代表点位。相比而言,利用土壤储水量和干层厚度代表点位预测结果精确度更高。【结论】在黄土高原地形破碎区利用代表点位预测土壤水分时空分布的方法是可行的,科学调控土壤水库可在一定程度上缓解土壤干层的形成与发展,为区域土壤干层的恢复提供了可能性。