An Overview of Dry-wet Climate Variability among Monsoon-Westerly Regions and the Monsoon Northernmost Marginal Active Zone in China

Climate in China's Mainland can be divided into the monsoon region in the southeast and the westerly region in the northwest as well as the intercross zone, i.e., the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone that is oriented from Southwest China to the upper Yellow River, North China, and Northeast China. In the three regions, dry-wet climate changes are directly linked to the interaction of the southerly monsoon flow on the east side of the Tibetan Plateau and the westerly flow on the north side of the Plateau from the inter-annual to inter-decadal timescales. Some basic features of climate variability in the three regions for the last half century and the historical hundreds of years are reviewed in this paper. In the last half century, an increasing trend of summer precipitation associated with the enhancing westerly flow is found in the westerly region from Xinjiang to northern parts of North China and Northeast China. On the other hand, an increasing trend of summer precipitation along the Yangtze River and a decreasing trend of summer precipitation along the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone are associated with the weakening monsoon flow in East Asia. Historical documents are widely distributed in the monsoon region for hundreds of years and natural climate proxies are constructed in the non-monsoon region, while two types of climate proxies can be commonly found over the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone. In the monsoon region, dry-wet variation centers are altered among North China, the lower Yangtze River, and South China from one century to another. Dry or wet anomalies are firstly observed along the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone and shifted southward or southeastward to the Yangtze River valley and South China in about a 70-year timescale. Severe drought events are experienced along the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone during the last 5 centuries. Inter-decadal dry-wet variations are depicted by natural proxies for the last 4-5 centuries in several areas over the non-monsoon region. Some questions, such as the impact of global warming on dry-wet regime changes in China, complex interactions between the monsoon and westerly flows in Northeast China, and the integrated multi-proxy analysis throughout all of China, are proposed.

Climatic Characteristics of Hail Disaster and Division of Defense Region in Guizhou Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the climatic characteristics of hail disaster from 1984 to 2006 in Guizhou Province,China.[Method] Through statistical analysis,the climatic characteristics and disaster characteristics of hail from 1984 to 2006 in Guizhou Province were annalyzed and compared with previous results,then the classification standards of hail disaster were established,finally the defense zoning map of hail disaster in Guizhou Province was made.[Result] According to the statistical analysis on the historical data of hail disaster from 1984 to 2006,the frequency hail was 1 243 times in Guizhou in 23 years,that is,annual average frequency reached 54 times;annual average hailing days were 0.1-2.7 d in Guizhou Province,and the average frequency of hail was 3.8 times during each hail process;the frequency of hail was below 30 times in 52% of years and 30-80 times in 35% of years among 23 years.Hail could appear in the whole year,and 74% of hails occurred in spring,while winter had the fewest times.The results above were basically consistent with those of previous studies.Hail disaster mainly resulted in casualties and direct economic loss,and was divided into four grades according to direct economic loss,namely Grade I(extremely severe hail disaster),Grade II(severe hail disaster),Grade III(comparatively severe hail disaster) and Grade IV(medium hail disaster).The defense zoning map of hail disaster in Guizhou Province was made based on the frequency of hail and severe hail disaster,that is,the defense region at Grade I mainly distributed in Liupanshui City(in western Guizhou) and southern Guizhou;the defense region at Grade II was in the west,south and northeast of Guizhou Province,while the rest was at Grade III.[Conclusion] The study was of reference value for the defense of hail disaster in Guizhou Province.

Spatial and Temporal Differences of Climate Suitability of Ice and Snow Sports in Major Ski Tourism Destinations in China

Ice and snow tourism in China has grown significantly since the country successfully hosted the Beijing Winter Olympics.Climatic conditions profoundly impact the development of ice and snow tourism;however,most studies have focused on constructing different climate suitability indicators for ice and snow tourism to evaluate individual regions,lacking horizontal comparative studies across multiple regions.This study aims to enrich the connotation of climate suitability for ice and snow sports,establish an evaluation model based on snowfall amount,temperature,and wind speed,and use daily meteorological data from 1991 to 2021 to horizontally compare the climate suitability for ice and snow sports in major ski tourism destinations in China.This study boasts four major findings:1)the average ice and snow sports climate index of each region decreases over time,and the overall suitability of the climate for ice and snow sports is reducing;2)northern Xinjiang exhibits the most evident regional differentiation from‘very suitable’to‘generally suitable’;3)the spatial zoning of climate suitability for ice and snow sports exhibits heterogeneity,as northern Xinjiang is divided into two‘suitable and above’zones with rotating empirical orthogonal function(REOF).Correspondingly,the four provinces of Hebei,Heilongjiang,Jilin,and Liaoning are divided into three‘generally suitable and above’zones;4)snowfall amount is the main factor affecting the climate suitability of ice and snow sports in the major ski tourist destinations in China.

Changes of Dry-wet Climate in the Dry Season in Yunnan(1961-2007)

Factor analysis was used to investigate the changes of dry-wet climate in the dry season in Yunnan during 1961-2007 based on observed data from 15 stations.Three common factors were extracted from the 9 climatic factors.The results showed that the dry-wet climate has evidently changed since the early 1960s.The general trends in the changes of drywet climate were described as slight decrease in humidity and gradual enhancement in drought intensity.The climate during 1960s-1980s was under weak-medium drought.But since early 1990s,dry conditions have markedly strengthened and continued due to uneven temporal distribution of rainfall and climate warming.

Agro-climatic Division of Rana chensinensis in Fushun

Based on data collected by 3 basic weather stations in Fushun City and 47 automatic weather stations in the whole region,we selected indexes suitable for agro-climatic division of Rana chensinensis,and carried out a study on agro-climatic division of Rana chensinensis in this region.Annual active accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ and precipitation during April and September are used as basic calculation factors,and we use climatic aridity to make climatic division of Rana chensinensis in Fushun City.According to relevant indexes,we divide Fushun City into 3 regions,namely most appropriate,appropriate and general regions.Finally,countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for providing reference for agricultural production.

Groundwater System Division and Description of Asia

Based on landform, climate, river system, geological structure and hydrogeological structure and from the perspective of systematology, the groundwater system of Asia can be divided into 36 secondary groundwater systems under 11 primary ones by the intercontinental scale. This forms part of the work of the groundwater series map of Asia, which is compiled according to groundwater system division and evaluation of the total amount and types of aquifer, reflecting the large-scale features of groundwater resources in Asia. Systematic profiling of groundwater in this way provides a scientific basis for groundwater exploitation planning and management in Asia, and avoiding disputes over groundwater resources and the environment among Asian countries.

The Fractal Dimension Distribution of the Short-Term Climate System in China and It's Connection with the Monsoon Climate

By analyzing the Fractal Dimension(FD) distribution of the Short-range Climate system(SCS) in China, it is found that the FD varies in different region and this just agrees with the regionally of the monsoon climate in China. The FD of the SCS Lays between 2.0 and 5.0. In the vast eastern area of China, the FD almost grows gradually with the latitude. Line 4.0 is along the mountain chains from the Nanlin Mountain to the Wuyi Mountain. North of the line the FD varies only slightly and all are above 4.0. Only in coastal islands the FD is smaller than 3.0.

Climate Change and Green Growth:A Perspective of the Division of Labor

This paper presents a new research agenda on climate change and green growth from the perspective of the division of labor in classical economics. The paper covers three major dimensions of green growth （i.e. carbon emissions, environmental proteetion and material resources use） and some related important topics, as well as the fresh policy implications of the new research agenda, Typical marginal analysis in a given structure of the division of labor suggests that ＂green＂ action is a burden to economic development. Therefore, climate negotiation has become a burden-sharing game and has reached a stalemate. New thinking is badly needed to rescue these negotiations and to drive a shift to a new ＂green growth＂ paradigm. The proposed new research agenda represents an effort to create a new narrative on climate change and green growth. Because the new research agenda can theoretically predict the possibility that a more competitive structure of the division of labor could be triggered by ＂＇green ＂＇ policy, it has promising policy implications for various important challenges facing us in the 21st century.

湖南怀化冰糖橙可溶性固形物气候品质等级评价

为客观定量评价天气条件对怀化冰糖橙可溶性固形物(SSC)的影响,应用怀化地区麻阳苗族自治县和洪江市2015—2022年连续8年冰糖橙SSC资料,采用逐步回归、多元线性回归、聚类分析等统计方法,构建冰糖橙SSC综合气候品质指数(I_(ocq))模型,划分冰糖橙SSC的I_(ocq)等级。结果表明,7月中旬至9月中旬平均气温日较差、6月中旬至10月上旬降水量和8月中旬至9月中旬日照时数为影响怀化地区冰糖橙SSC含量的关键气象因子,各因子影响权重系数分别为0.46、0.34和0.20。参照湖南冰糖橙品质等级标准,得到I_(ocq)≥2.4为特优果,2.4>I_(ocq)≥1.6为优等果,1.6>I_(ocq)≥0.6为一等果,0.6>I_(ocq)为二等果。该SSC综合气候品质评价模型回代检验准确率为93.8%,实测检验2019—2021年中方县桐木镇冰糖橙SSC综合气候品质等级结果完全正确。该模型可应用于冰糖橙SSC品质评价实践。

气候变暖背景下湖北省油菜生长季气候适宜性分析

为明确湖北省油菜生长季的气候适宜性,利用湖北省76个国家气象观测站1963—1993年和1993—2023年2个气候年代的逐日平均气温、降水量、日照时数数据,构建湖北省油菜生长季气候适宜度模型,利用ArcGIS软件对1963—1993年、1993—2023年2个气候年代的湖北省油菜生长季的气候资源和气候适宜度的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明,湖北省油菜生长季气候资源变化特征为平均气温南部高,西北部、西南部低;累计降水量东南部、西南部多,西北部少;累计日照时数由北部向西南部递减。整体上看,平均气温呈上升趋势,累计降水量和日照时数均呈减少趋势。气温适宜度低值区位于西北部的南部和西南部的西部,其他地区高;降水适宜度中北部高、东南部低;日照适宜度由东北部向西南部递减。气温适宜度和降水适宜度均呈增加趋势,日照适宜度呈减少趋势。利用ArcGIS自然断点法依据综合气候适宜度,将湖北省划分为最适宜、适宜和不适宜油菜种植区域。最适宜区主要分布在湖北省的中部、东部的大部地区以及西北部的十堰,不适宜区主要分布在西部高海拔区域,1993—2023年仅神农架东北部为不适宜区。1963—1993年最适宜区面积约占湖北省总面积的70.8%,1993—2023年有9.7%的区域由适宜区转为最适宜区,而不适宜区面积减少了3.8%。在气候变暖的背景下,湖北省油菜生长季热量资源和降水资源更加适宜油菜的生长,日照资源则逐渐不利于油菜的生长,气候资源总体适宜油菜的生长,且适宜油菜种植的区域面积呈增加趋势。

影响苍术挥发油组分的气候主导因子及气候适宜性区划研究

目的：筛选影响苍术Atractylodes lancea挥发油组分的气候主导因子,并实现苍术挥发油形成的气候适宜性区划,探索将GIS用于中药区划的技术和方法。方法：典型相关结合逐步回归得到气候因子与苍术挥发油的相关模型并确定影响苍术质量的气候主导因子;使用Surfer 7.0软件对30年间（1971-2000）影响苍术挥发油的气候主导因子的均值进行空间插值,使用ARCG IS软件的空间分析功能进行区划研究。结果：得到了气候因子与苍术挥发油中6个主要组分的相关模型,及苍术挥发油的气候适宜性区划图,发现10月份的气象条件对苍术挥发油组分的影响最大,温度及其与降雨的交互作用是影响苍术挥发油组分的气候主导因子。结论：苍术挥发油组分形成的气候适宜区与生长发育的气候适宜区不同。GIS技术用于中药区划研究有良好前景。

西藏自治区旅游气候适应性分析

本文利用西藏38个气象站点的观测资料计算1980-2014年的风效指数和温湿指数,进行聚类分析,结合旅游区景观特征及行政区划等因素对西藏旅游景点进行区划,使用风效指数、温湿指数及空气含氧量指标对区划后的旅游区进行气候条件评价和趋势分析.研究表明：西藏旅游资源可分为6个区域,各区风效指数、温湿指数的空间分布呈现出自东南向西北递减的规律,东部地区生物气温相对舒适,适宜旅游的时段为3-10月,而西部地区生物气温较低,适宜旅游的时段为5-9月.逐月含氧量呈抛物线状的变化,最高值出现在8月,最低值在1月.藏东南区域含氧量相对较高,常年在60%以上,部分区域在70%以上.近年来,西藏各地气候正在向更为温暖、舒适的方向发展,西藏年风效指数和年温湿指数呈显著的线性增长趋势,增幅分别为21.79·（10a）-1、0.32·（10a）-1.与过去30 a相比,雅鲁藏布江流域及西藏东部部分地区近5 a的旅游适宜期延长了1～2个月.

四川省旅游气候资源分析及区划

分析探讨了四川省旅游气候资源的基本特点,利用四川省158个县市1971～2000年30年气候整编资料,计算和分析了30年平均1～12月份和365天的人体舒适指数。确定各地适宜旅游的月份以及时段长度,并以此为依据将四川省旅游气候资源划分为三大旅游区——夏季避暑型旅游区(Ⅰ区)、冬季避寒型旅游区(Ⅱ区)、春秋温暖型旅游区(Ⅲ区)三大区域,其中Ⅰ区和Ⅲ区中各划分出3个亚区。通过区划发现,四川盆地适宜开展春秋季旅游,而川西高原大片地区可以开展夏季避暑旅游,在川西南山地适宜旅游期长,特别利于冬季避寒和阳光旅游。首次较详尽地给出了四川各地的最佳旅游时段,为合理开发利用四川旅游气侯资源提供参考依据。

基于RS与GIS的贵州省火龙果种植气候区划

为了对贵州火龙果产业的持续发展提供科学依据,根据火龙果栽培种植的气象指标,利用贵州省各县主要气象站点46年（1960—2006年）的气象统计资料,综合考虑气候因子、坡度、海拔高度等要素,利用GIS的空间分析功能,确定火龙果的种植区域。结合RS的图像分类技术,完成贵州省土地利用现状图,将不适宜火龙果种植的地块屏蔽,将贵州省火龙果种植气候区划分为最适宜区、适宜区和次适宜区3个等级。可种植区域主要分布在黔南、黔西南和黔北。最适宜种植区面积共计8 299.35 hm2,主要分布在贵州省南部边沿的低热河谷地带海拔200~400 m处;适宜种植区面积共计16 933.72 hm2,集中分布在红水河谷、南盘江河谷和北盘江河谷地带海拔400~600 m的区域;次适宜种植区分布面积最广,共计22 874.19 hm2。

黑龙江省冬小麦气候区划研究

根据近年来黑龙江省各地冬小麦试种的田间试验及生产调查,结合该省气候历史资料分析得出影响冬小麦安全越冬、返青的5个农业气象指标,即冬季严寒、积雪深度、土壤水分、返青期气温变化及风速大小、春季冻融交替的倒春寒指标,由此计算出的气候综合指标值为主,辅以限制性指标进行修正,将该省划分为3个冬小麦气候区,即冬小麦可能种植区、冬小麦风险较大气候区、冬小麦不宜种植气候区,并提出发展该省冬小麦生产的建议。

基于GIS的湖北省油菜种植气候适宜性区划

采用基于GIS的气候资源小网格推算方法,由湖北省81个气象站的气候数据推算全省无测站区的气候要素空间分布,以县为单位对气候要素和油菜单位面积产量作相关分析,发现苗期降水量和蕾苔期平均气温与油菜单位面积产量的相关性较大,以二者为区划指标将湖北省分为三大油菜种植适宜区,得到两幅精度不同的综合气候适宜性区划图。结果表明:湖北省除西部高山地区外均适宜种植油菜,东北部和东南部为一般适宜区,中部和北部平原为最适宜区。

云南烤烟气候类型及其适宜性研究

根据云南烤烟气候特点,提出了判别云南烤烟气候类型及其适宜性的指标:热量为一级指标,降水和光照为二级指标。采用综合指标法评判热量条件,对其他多个气候条件应用系统聚类分析,并结合云南烤烟生产实践经验,对云南全部气象站点进行烤烟气候类型划分和适宜性评价。从而得出云南烤烟气候最适宜区和适宜区的地理分布、以及制约云南烤烟种植的主要气候原因,为云南烤烟合理布局和烤烟生产提供了科学依据。

基于GIS的广西甘蔗种植气候区划

根据甘蔗生长与气候条件的关系,分析确定了广西甘蔗种植的农业气候区划指标;利用广西90个气象台站30a的气候资料和台站地理信息,建立了区划指标的空间分析模型。在GIS的支持下,考虑地形的影响,按1km×1km细网格推算出无测站地区气候区划因子的空间分布,并对广西甘蔗的适宜种植区进行农业气候区划,为优化广西甘蔗布局以及趋利避害提高产量和含糖量提供科学依据。

宁夏枸杞气候区划

利用2000—2001年全国北方地区的100余份枸杞样品和土壤样品,结合当地采样期间的气象资料和宁夏各地枸杞试验资料和历史产量资料所确定的一系列影响枸杞产量和品质的农业气象指标,从1∶25万数字地图上转换出250 m×250 m格距的经纬度和数字高程资料,利用改进的小气候细网格订正推算方法,推算了宁夏气温稳定通过10℃期间的热量资源、光照资源分布;利用3点平滑推算了气温稳定通过10℃期间全区的降水量分布及关键时段平均温度场,根据枸杞的指标进行了细网格区划,从产量和品质两个方面得到了详细分区。

贵州省酒用高粱种植的气候适宜性分析

为给贵州的酒用高粱种植农业规划提供参考,从农业气候统计学角度,应用最小二乘法、相关分析、逐步回归方法,对贵州酒用高粱进行气候适宜性种植区划,确定高粱气候关键期、生育期气候指标以及影响高粱产量的气候关键因子。结果表明:当10日平均气温稳定在10~12℃时,适宜高粱播种育苗;在积温达2 700~2 900℃时,适宜高粱移栽—成熟期的生长需要;从播种到成熟期的总日照时数与单产呈显著正相关性,日照越多单产越高;从播种至成熟(4—8月)需降水量在650mm以上才能满足高粱生产的需求。针对贵州气候因子,在GIS平台上利用空间分析技术,绘制贵州酒用高粱种植气候适宜性区划图显示,全省除西北部地区由于热量条件不够,不适宜种植高粱外,大部地区气候条件均适宜种植;最适宜高粱种植区域大部分分布在贵州省的北部、中部和东部地区。