Effect of Freezing and Thawing on Ammonium Adsorption in Dryland Soil

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of freezing and thawing on ammonium adsorption in dryland soil. [Method] The lab simulation test was conducted to study the effect of freeze-thaw action on the total adsorbed amount of ammonium （deionized water extract） and strongly-adsorbed amount of ammonium （0.01 mol/L KCl solution extract） in the dryland soil of Sanjiang Plain. [Result] Compared with linear equation, Freundlich equation could better fit the total adsorbed amount of ammonium in dryland soil （R 2 0.99, SE1.69）. The freeze-thaw action almost had no influence on the total adsorbed amount of ammonium. When the initial concentration of NH 4 ＋ increased from 0 to 200 mg/L, the total adsorbed NH 4 ＋ amount increased from -0.52 to 39.0 mg/kg under freeze-thaw treatment （FTT）, while it increased from -0.70 to 38.5 mg/kg under unfreeze-thaw treatment （UFTT）. However, the strongly-adsorbed amount of ammonium presented linear relationship with the concentration of NH 4 ＋ （R 2 0.99, SE0.54）, and the strongly-adsorbed amount of ammonium increased significantly by FTT. When the initial concentration of NH 4 ＋ increased from 0 to 200 mg/L, the strongly adsorbed amount increased linearly from 2.36 to 28.81 mg/kg for FTT and from -4.25 to 25.12 mg/kg for UFTT. The freezethaw action decreases the concentration of NH 4 ＋ in soil solution when the net strongly-adsorbed NH 4 ＋ in soil is zero., therefore, FTT helped to reduce the leaching of ammonium ions in soil. Freeze-thaw action mainly influenced the exchangeable adsorbed NH 4 ＋ in soil. [Conclusion] This study provides theoretical basis for preventing excessive soil nitrogen from entering into water body and controlling water entrophication.

Tillage, Crop Rotation, and Cultural Practice Effects on Dryland Soil Carbon Fractions

Information is needed on novel management practices to increase dryland C sequestration and soil quality in the northern Great Plains, USA. We evaluated the effects of tillage, crop rotation, and cultural practice on dryland crop biomass (stems and leaves) yield, surface residue, and soil C fractions at the 0-20 cm depth from 2004 to 2008 in a Williams loam in eastern Montana, USA. Treatments were two tillage (no-tillage [NT] and conventional tillage [CT]), two crop rotations (continuous spring wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] [CW] and spring wheat-barley [Hordeum vulgaris L.] hay-corn [Zea mays L.]-pea [Pisum sativum L.] [W-B-C-P]), and two cultural practices (regular [conventional seed rates and plant spacing, conventional planting date, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height] and ecological [variable seed rates and plant spacing, delayed planting, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height]). Carbon fractions were soil organic C (SOC), particulate organic C (POC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and potential C mineralization (PCM). Crop biomass was 24% to 39% greater in W-B-C-P than in CW in 2004 and 2005. Surface residue C was 36% greater in NT than in CT in the regular practice. At 5 - 20 cm, SOC was 14% greater in NT with W-B-C-P and the regular practice than in CT with CW and the ecological practice. In 2007, POC and PCM at 0 - 20 cm were 23 to 54% greater in NT with CW or the regular practice than in CT with CW or the ecological practice. Similarly, MBC at 10 - 20 cm was 70% greater with the regular than with the ecological practice in NT with CW. Surface residue, PCM, and MBC declined from autumn 2007 to spring 2008. No-tillage with the regular cultural practice increased surface residue and soil C storage and microbial biomass and activity compared to conventional tillage with the ecological practice. Mineralization reduced surface residue and soil labile C fractions from autumn to spring.

Land Use and Soil Texture Effects on Organic Carbon Change in Dryland Soils, Senegal

Soil organic carbon (SOC) losses due to poor soil management in dryland are now well documented. However, the influence of soil properties on organic carbon change is not well known. The groundnut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.), and the dominant crop system in the Senegal’s Soudanian zone, have been compared with semi-natural savanna. Leaves, stems and roots biomass were measured, and soil characteristics were analysed. The total leaves and stems biomass was 1.7 and 2.7 Mg ha-1 dry matter in groundnut fields and savanna respectively. Total SOC stocks were low (8 to 20 Mg C·ha-1 within upper 0.2 m depth, 20 to 64 Mg C·ha-1 within upper 1 m depth) and were significantly lower (P δ13C values show that SOC quality is transformed from the savanna plants (C4/C3 mixed-pools) to C3-pools in groundnut cultivated zone, with the organic matter signature more preserved in the clayey soils. This study confirms that converting woodland to groundnut fields provokes texture transformation and SOC loss. The results call for the extreme necessity to regenerate the wooded zone or encourage practices that favour SOC restitution.

Distribution of soil aggregates and organic carbon in deep soil under long-term conservation tillage with residual retention in dryland

To ascertain the effects of long-term conservation tillage and residue retention on soil organic carbon(SOC) content and aggregate distribution in a deep soil(>20-cm depth) in a dryland environment,this paper analyzed the SOC and aggregate distribution in soil, and the aggregate-associated organic carbon(OC) and SOC physical fractions. Conservation tillage(reduced tillage with residue incorporated(RT) and no-tillage with residue mulch(NT)) significantly increased SOC sequestration and soil aggregation in deep soil compared with conventional tillage with residue removal(CT). Compared with CT, RT significantly increased the proportion of small macroaggregates by 23%–81% in the 10–80 cm layer, and the OC content in small macroaggregates by 1%–58% in the 0–80 cm layer. RT significantly increased(by 24%–90%) the OC content in mineral-SOC within small macroaggregates in the 0–60 cm layer, while there was a 23%–80% increase in the 0–40 cm layer with NT. These results indicated that:(1) conservation tillage treatments are beneficial for soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in a deep soil in a dryland environment; and(2)the SOC in mineral-associated OC plays important roles in soil aggregation and SOC sequestration. In conclusion, RT with NT is recommended as an agricultural management tool in dryland soils because of its role in improving soil aggregation and SOC sequestration.

Zai Pit Effects on Selected Soil Properties and Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) Growth and Grain Yield in Two Selected Dryland Regions of Kenya

Erratic rainfall and temperature regimes, strongly affect agricultural productivity. To address the reduction in production, this study assessed the effect of Zai pit depths on selected soil properties and cowpea growth and grain yield. “Zai” pit technology was tested in two locations falling under Agroecological Zone IV (relatively dry areas) i.e. Katumani in Machakos County and Naivasha in Nakuru County, Kenya, aiming to determine the combined effect of four “Zai” pit depths and two levels of manure (plots with manure and plots without manure) on selected soil properties, growth and yield of cowpea. Experiment was laid out in split plot arrangement, with manure levels as the main plot factor and “Zai” pit depths (Flat: Z0, 30 cm: Z30, 45 cm: Z45 and 60 cm: Z60) as subplot factor, replicated four times. Cowpea (M66 variety) was used as the test crop. Inorganic N and extractable P were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, at 1.37 mg⋅kg−1 for Nin and 80.4 mg⋅kg−1 for Pex in Zai pits compared to flat plots which were at 0.91 mg⋅kg−1 for Nin and 47.1 mg⋅kg−1 for Pex. The values of Nin and Pex also varied depending on depths, with Z45 having highest Nin at 1.17 against the least, at 0.89 in the Z0, while Pex was highest in Z30 at 102.3 mg⋅kg−1 while Z0 having the least Pex of 89.7 mg⋅kg−1. Generally, crops in “Zai” pitted plots were larger in diameter at 0.46 cm than crops in flat plots at 0.42 cm. Better performance was observed in yield, with Z30 yielding 30.5% against 18.2% Flat plots in Machakos while 27.9% in Z30 against 22.5% from Flat plots in Naivasha. This study demonstrated great potential of “Zai” pit technology on crop production, as reflected on improved growth and yield of cowpeas. Combining “Zai” pits with manure increases soil Nin, Pex and is a guarantee of great crop performance in terms of high final yields.

Response of yield increase for dryland winter wheat to tillage practice during summer fallow and sowing method in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil moisture is the most critical limiting factor impacting yields of dryland winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and it is strongly affected by tillage practice and sowing methods. This study was to assess the link between sowing method and tillage practice during summer fallow and their subsequent effect on soil moisture and grain yield. Furthermore, we sought to identify a more appropriate farming management practice for winter wheat production in Loess Plateau region of China. The experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2013, using a two-factor split plot design, including subsoiling(SS) or no tillage(NT) during summer fallow for main plots, and conventional drill sowing(DS) or plastic film drill sowing(FM) for subplots. Results showed that the maximum soil water storage(SWS) was under SS×FM treatment with values of 649.1 mm(2011–2012) and 499.4 mm(2012–2013). The SWS during the 2011–2012 growing season were 149.7 mm higher than that in the 2012–2013 growing season. And adoption of SS×FM significantly increased precipitation use efficiency(PUE) and water use efficiency(WUE) compared to other treatments for both seasons. Moreover, adoption of SS×FM significantly increased yield by 13.1, 14.4, 47.3% and 25.9, 39.1, 35.7% than other three treatments during the two growing seasons, respectively. In summary, combining subsoiling during summer fallow with plastic film drill sowing(SS×FM) increased SWS at sowing and effectively improved WUE, thus representing a feasible technology to improve grain yield of dryland winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China.

Study on micro-water-collecting technique in dryland field of spring maize

This paper analyses the effect of water storage and soil moisture conservation by means of micro water collecting technique in the dryland field of spring maize. The results indicate that the rainfall infiltration depth is deeper by means of micro water collecting treatment than that of the control. In micro water collecting treatment, the amount of soil water storage within 0～200 cm of soil layers increases by 50.5 mm, 13.5～58.6 mm, and 24.5 mm respectively during seedling stage, the critical stage of water requirement and the ripening and harvesting stage compared with the control. The micro water collecting technique not only has the function of regulating and adjusting the amount and distribution of field evapotranspiration, but also can raise the water use efficiency, which results in an obvious effect of increasing crop yield, especially in the dry years.

Water Availability for Winter Wheat Affected by Summer Fallow Tillage Practices in Slope Dryland

The tillage experiments for winter wheat were conducted on the slope farmland in Luoyang, Henan Province in the semihumid to arid loess plateau areas of North China. Different tillage methods including reduced tillage(RT), no-till(NT), 2 crops/year(2C), subsoiling(SS), and conventional tillage(CT)were compared to determine the effects of tillage methods on soil water conservation, water availability, and wheat yields in a search for better farming systems in the areas. The NT and SS showed good effects on water conservation. The soil water storage increased 12 - 33 mm with NT and 9-24 mm with SS at the end of summer fallow periods. The soil evaporation with NT and SS decreased 7-8 mm and 34 - 36 mm during the fallow periods of 1999 and 2001, respectively. Evapotranspiration(ET)with NT and SS increased about 47 mm during wheat growth periods of 2000 to 2001. Treatment RT and 2C had low water storage and high water losses during the fallow periods. The winter wheat yields with conservation tillage practices were improved in the 2nd year, increased by 3, 5 and 8% with RT, NT and SS, respectively, compared with CT. The highest wheat yields were obtained with subsoiling, and the maximum economic benefits from no-till. All conservation tillage practices provided great benefits to saving energy and labors, reducing operation inputs, and increasing economic returns. No-till and subsoiling have shown promise in increasing water storage, reducing water loss, enhancing water availability, and saving energy, as well as increasing wheat yield.

夏闲期耕作下旱地土壤有机碳库与温度和含水量季节变化及关系研究

为明确夏闲期耕作下土壤有机碳(SOC)库与温度和含水量的季节变化及其相互关系,设置夏闲期免耕、翻耕和深松3种耕作处理,分析了黄土高原旱地麦田SOC和易氧化有机碳(POxC)含量的季节变化、土壤含水量和温度的季节变化、以及碳库与温度和含水量变化的关系。结果表明,在冬小麦生育期内,随着生育进程的推进,翻耕和深松处理0~5和5~10 cm土层SOC含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而POxC含量呈“降低—升高—再降低”的变化趋势;土壤质量含水量变化均呈“增加—降低—再增加”的变化趋势,而土壤温度呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。回归分析发现,5~10 cm土层土壤质量含水量与SOC含量呈线性关系(P<0.05),与POxC含量呈二次多项式关系(P<0.05),尤其与免耕和深松处理相比,翻耕处理拟合效果更佳。此外,0~5和5~10 cm土层土壤温度变化与SOC含量无显著相关性,而日最高温度、日平均温度和日最低温度与POxC含量呈显著负相关。综上所述,不同夏闲期耕作下旱地麦田0~10 cm土层POxC含量季节变化与土壤质量含水量和温度变化密切相关,而SOC含量变化对土壤温度变化的敏感性较弱。本研究结果为旱地麦田碳库管理提供了理论依据。

A STUDY ON FIELD WATER CIRCULATION PATTERN IN THE DRYLAND OF NORTHERN CHINA

Based on the observed data of soil moisture from locating experiments from 1986 to 1990, the pattern of field water circulation in dryland of northern China, where the mean annual precipitation is 300 600 mm, is studied in this paper using the method of water balance. The results show that water satisfying ratio of spring seeding crops is 83.7 90.8 percent and that of winter wheat is about 70 percent in these areas; about 80 90 percent of water consumption of spring seeding crops and about 60 70 percent of water consumption of winter wheat comes from precipitation during the growing period, the rest comes from the soil water storage before the seeding period. But the available soil water is not used thoroughly, about 30 70 percent of available soil water remains unused when the crops are harvested. At the fallow period, the amount of soil water lost by evaporation is very important, which takes up 57 68 percent of precipitation in winter wheat field and 73 244 percent in field of spring seeding crops. Thus restraining soil evaporation, raising the storage ratio of natural precipitation and the soil water utilization efficiency of crops, strengthening the circulation ability of soil water by adopting efficient measures of agricultural techniques, are the main ways for exploiting and developing the potential productivity of natural precipitation in these areas.

光伏电站建设对荒漠土壤环境影响的研究进展

荒漠光伏电站的建设通常会导致光伏面板下表层土壤温度降低1.5~4.1℃,土壤湿度增加3.8%~14.7%.站内土壤的pH、电导率、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、总氮、总磷等理化属性相较于站外土壤会出现下降、增加或不变的趋势,取决于光伏电站的位置和运营时间.光伏电站建成后,会通过直接或间接作用影响土壤微生物群落的结构和多样性,以及土壤生态环境功能的恢复.站内土壤相较于站外土壤的抗蚀性会增强,但强度取决于光伏面板阵列与风向的交会角.尽管光伏电站创造的低温条件有利于抑制板下土壤的呼吸,但土壤中的碳积累总量由土壤温度和湿度共同调节.光伏电站的建设会带来荒漠土壤的盐渍化、沙化和污染等次生环境问题.

微塑料对典型农田土壤温室气体排放影响的比较研究

因微塑料在不同农田土壤中对温室气体排放的影响存在差异,故认识其差异对农田温室气体排放控制有重要意义。根据稻田和旱地2种农田土壤类型,选取聚氨酯微塑料开展室内培养实验,探究不同环境条件下农田温室气体排放的差异。结果表明,在稻田土壤中,添加微塑料可促进CO_(2)和CH_(4)的排放,而对N_(2)O排放的影响较小;在旱地土壤中,添加微塑料可减少CH_(4)排放,促进CO_(2)和N_(2)O的排放。微塑料对不同农田温室气体排放的影响差异,主要与土壤条件变化引起的游离碳、氮组分和微生物活动有关。该研究有助于改善和控制农业种植活动中的温室气体排放,并有针对性的提出治理措施。

不同施肥年限对红壤细菌多样性及群落结构演替的影响

为探讨不同年限施肥处理对旱地红壤细菌多样性和群落结构演替的影响,基于中国科学院红壤生态实验站设置的不同秸秆还田方式长期定位试验,采集种植玉米后第1年(Y2011)、第3年(Y2013)和第7年(Y2017)的土样进行分析。试验处理分为不施肥(CK)、化肥(N)和化肥+秸秆猪粪配施(NSM)3个处理,通过高通量测序技术研究旱地红壤细菌多样性和群落结构差异。结果表明:(1)施肥处理显著提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和有效磷养分含量,NSM处理对土壤肥力的提升效果比N处理好,且随着施肥年限的延长,提升效果越显著;(2)与Y2011相比,Y2013和Y2017下CK、N和NSM处理的细菌α多样性均显著提高,且N和NSM处理细菌多样性显著高于CK处理;(3)主坐标分析和聚类分析表明,土壤细菌群落主要通过施肥年限聚类在一起,但同一施肥年限下不同施肥处理之间细菌群落结构没有显著差异;(4)土壤全磷是驱动细菌多样性和群落结构变异的最关键因子。本研究从细菌多样性增加的角度,为探索有机培肥下红壤肥力提升和生态系统健康管护提供了科学依据。

绿肥填闲种植和施氮对旱作冬小麦农田土壤氮组分的影响

【目的】研究绿肥填闲种植和施氮对旱作冬小麦农田土壤氮组分的影响,探讨旱地绿肥填闲种植系统提升土壤供氮能力的途径。【方法】冬小麦−夏季绿肥田间定位试验开始于2017年,采用绿肥填闲作物和施氮双因素设计,其中绿肥填闲作物包括苏丹草单播(SG)、长武怀豆单播(SB)、苏丹草与怀豆混播(MIX)和裸地休闲(CK)4个处理,冬小麦施氮量包括0、60、120 kg/hm^(2)3个水平。2023年6月小麦收获后采集0—10、10—20和20—40 cm土壤样品,测定土壤全氮(STN)、颗粒有机氮(PON)、潜在矿化氮(PMN)和微生物量氮(MBN)含量。【结果】与CK处理相比,种植绿肥并未显著影响各土层STN含量,但提高了0—10 cm土层PON含量(增幅为25.8%~54.8%)、0—10和10—20 cm土层PMN含量(增幅分别为9.7%~14.1%和11.2%~13.7%)以及0—10、10—20和20—40 cm土层MBN含量(增幅分别为15.1%~24.1%、18.2%~28.8%和22.3%~32.5%)。不同绿肥处理间比较,SB和MIX处理较SG显著提高了0—10 cm土层PON含量(增幅均为23.1%),SB处理各土层MBN含量均显著高于SG处理(增幅为7.79%~8.93%),而各土层PMN含量在不同绿肥处理间差异均不显著。供试土壤氮组分相对含量大小排序为PON>MBN>PMN,绿肥处理较CK均显著提高了0—10 cm土层PON、PMN、MBN相对含量、10—20 cm土层PMN和MBN相对含量以及20—40 cm土层PON和MBN相对含量。施氮提高了0—20 cm土层氮组分及其相对含量,但对20—40 cm土层没有显著影响。相关性分析结果表明,除STN外,PON、PMN和MBN含量均与系统年均氮输入呈显著正相关关系;STN、PON、PMN、MBN含量间均呈显著正相关,且PON较其它活性组分更能指示土壤供氮能力变化。【结论】夏季绿肥填闲种植和施氮均能显著提高旱地冬小麦单作系统0—20 cm土层氮组分含量及其相对含量,其中长武怀豆与氮肥120 kg/hm^(2)联合施用更有助于提高农田土壤供氮能力。

全球旱地饱和水汽压差和根区土壤水分变化对植被生产力的影响及其成因

旱地约占全球陆地面积的40%,而水分是旱地植被生长的一大限制要素。尽管土壤水分与饱和水汽压差对植被生长的重要性已经得到了广泛证实,然而目前二者对植被生产力影响的空间异质性及其形成因素仍未得到深入研究,这对研究旱地生态系统对气候变化的响应带来了挑战。为了填补这一认知空白,研究收集了多源气象、根区土壤含水率和总初级生产力产品,基于随机森林算法量化了植被总初级生产力对根区土壤含水率和饱和水汽压差的敏感性,结合土地覆盖数据和分档平均方法分析了敏感性空间异质性的形成机制。结果表明:全球旱地饱和水汽压差与植被生产力总体呈显著上升趋势;根区土壤水分对植被生长的影响以正效应主导,饱和水汽压差对植被生长的影响以负效应主导;相较于森林和灌木,饱和水汽压差对植被生长的负效应及根区土壤含水率对植被生长的正效应在农田、草地和苔原及半干旱区更为强烈;植被生产力对饱和水汽压差和根区土壤水分的敏感性在数量上总体呈显著的线性负相关性。综上,植被种类和气候条件是导致全球旱地植被生产力对土壤水分和饱和水汽压差敏感性空间异质性的重要因素。

河北省旱地土壤有机碳时空演变模拟

为了更好地实现旱地的可持续发展,以河北省为研究对象,采用CENTURY模型模拟的方法,对1990年—2020年河北省旱地土壤有机碳的动态变化进行模拟并分析。结果表明:(1)CENTURY模型模拟的土壤有机碳变化和实测值具有很好的一致性。(2)30年来土壤有机碳储量和密度均呈上升趋势,1990年SOCS为158.60 Tg,2020年为167.66 Tg,30年中增加了5.7%,表现出“碳汇”效应。(3)SOCD年均增加0.06 Mg C hm^(-2),增加的区域主要分布在中南部和南部。

江西红壤旱地不同播期对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

【目的】旨在明确江西红壤旱地玉米栽培的适宜播种时期。【方法】以郑单958和先玉335为试验材料,于2021—2022年5—7月设置播期处理,研究了不同播期玉米产量及构成因素变化,以期为江西玉米高产栽培提供理论参考。【结果】播期调整显著影响玉米的生育进程、花前花后物质积累和最终产量。玉米产量以5月初播种为最高(5529.99 kg/hm^(2)),并随播期推迟整体呈下降趋势。穗粒数是随播期变化影响产量的主要因素。此外,粒重也受到播期调整的影响,且与最大灌浆速率时的粒重呈显著正相关。品种比较而言,郑单958产量整体高于先玉335。【结论】在不影响冬季作物(如油菜)的前提下,江西红壤旱地普通玉米应在品种选择的基础上,适时早播,时间不宜晚于5月上/中旬。

不同施肥方式对旱地玉米土壤质量及产量的影响

针对宁夏南部山区耕地地力条件薄弱、农田生产力水平低、水分利用效率低等问题,选择典型的旱地玉米农田,跟踪监测在不同施肥方式下旱地玉米的主要农艺性状、土壤含水量、土壤养分、产量等指标,探究不同施肥方式对旱地土壤质量及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,常规化肥减量1/3+有机肥50 kg·hm^(-2)的施肥方式使0~40 cm土壤的耗水量最低;施用有机肥和常规化肥减量1/2+有机肥50 kg·hm^(-2)的施肥方式使深层土壤的耗水量最高。常规化肥减量1/3+有机肥50 kg·hm^(-2)的施肥方式使土壤有机质含量显著高于其他施肥方式;常规化肥减量1/3+有机肥50 kg·hm^(-2)和常规化肥减量1/2+有机肥50 kg·hm^(-2)这2种施肥方式土壤全氮、全磷和全钾的平均含量均高于其他处理。减N+有机肥的施肥方式能有效提升土壤养分。施有机肥和常规化肥减量1/2+有机肥50 kg·hm^(-2)的施肥方式可在一定程度上提高作物的产量。

旱地小麦锌吸收转移与籽粒锌含量的关系

【目的】黄土高原旱地小麦籽粒锌含量较低,明确土施锌肥引起的小麦花前花后锌吸收转移和籽粒锌含量的变化,及其与土壤锌形态及有效性关系,为优化旱地小麦锌营养强化技术提供科学依据。【方法】基于2017年在黄土高原旱地石灰性土壤上开始的定位试验,于2021—2022和2022—2023年两个小麦生长季取样,研究锌肥用量对土壤有效锌及锌形态、小麦花前花后锌吸收转移及籽粒锌含量的影响。【结果】施用锌肥对小麦产量无显著影响,但两季小麦籽粒锌含量分别提高44.7%和38.2%,施锌25.6 kg/hm^(2)时,籽粒锌含量最高达33.6 mg/kg,花前锌吸收量分别提高38.8%~83.7%和13.4%~49.0%,花后锌转移量分别提高36.0%~73.9%和13.0%~39.6%;施锌对小麦花后锌吸收量的影响因年份而异。表层0—20和20—40 cm土壤有效锌含量分别提高11.6和11.3倍,最高分别达9.20和3.57 mg/kg,深层40—60、60—80和80—100 cm土壤有效锌含量分别提高4.4、1.8和1.9倍,最高分别达0.54、0.28和0.29 mg/kg。施用锌肥显著提高了土壤各形态锌含量,0—20和20—40 cm土层水溶态锌分别提高54.5%和75.0%,达0.17和0.14 mg/kg;松结有机态锌分别提高214.9%和90.8%,达5.70和3.11 mg/kg;碳酸盐结合态锌分别提高1178.0%和551.7%,达5.24和1.89 mg/kg;氧化锰结合态锌分别提高345.9%和183.9%,达15.52和9.37 mg/kg;紧结有机态锌分别提高91.5%和34.4%,达1.13和0.86 mg/kg;残渣态锌分别提高23.7%和24.3%,达56.57和56.80 mg/kg。【结论】施锌显著提高了土壤松结有机态、碳酸盐结合态和氧化锰结合态锌含量,并通过其向水溶态锌转化,维持了施锌后表层土壤有效锌提升和施入土壤的肥料锌的有效性,促进了小麦花前锌吸收,实现了花后地上部锌向籽粒的转移及籽粒锌含量提升,但干旱缺水影响了旱地小麦花后锌吸收,抑制了施锌后籽粒锌含量进一步提升。

黄土高原旱地小麦籽粒锌含量及分布对锌肥的响应

【目的】明确施锌肥引起的土壤有效锌、小麦产量和籽粒锌含量的变化,为优化小麦锌营养强化技术提供重要依据。【方法】基于2017年在黄土高原旱地石灰性土壤上开始的定位试验,于2020—2021年和2021—2022年两个小麦生长期取样,研究锌肥用量对土壤有效锌、小麦产量、产量构成、籽粒及其不同部位锌吸收分配的影响。【结果】施用锌肥对小麦产量及产量构成要素无显著影响,但籽粒锌含量提高28.8%—46.0%,在施锌24.9 kg·hm^(-2)时,籽粒锌含量最高达31.1 mg·kg^(-1);麸皮和面粉锌含量分别提高31.8%—58.8%、26.3%—41.3%,施锌27.3 kg·hm^(-2)时,麸皮锌含量最高,达87.6 mg·kg^(-1);施锌24.0 kg·hm^(-2)时,面粉锌含量最高,达11.3 mg·kg^(-1)。在籽粒中,锌主要分配在麸皮,占77.7%—80.0%,平均锌含量78.9 mg·kg^(-1);面粉占20.0%—22.3%,平均锌含量10.8 mg·kg^(-1)。施锌提高了麸皮和面粉的锌含量,麸皮锌含量增幅高于面粉。0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤有效锌含量分别提高235.2%—1233.8%和207.4%—825.9%,在最高施锌量27.3 kg·hm^(-2)时,土壤有效锌含量分别达9.47和2.50 mg·kg^(-1)。0—100 cm不同土层有效锌对小麦锌吸收的贡献存在差异,表层土壤对籽粒锌含量提高的作用显著高于深层土壤。【结论】在黄土高原旱地石灰性土壤上,施锌肥显著提高土壤有效锌含量和小麦籽粒锌含量;进一步改善小麦籽粒锌营养,应将锌肥用量、施锌方式和多种农艺措施,如水分和氮磷肥供应、绿肥种植等综合优化,充分挖掘旱地小麦籽粒锌含量提升的潜力。