Electro-Optical Effect Measurement of Thin-Film Material Using PM Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

A polarization-maintaining （PM） fiber Mach-Zehnder （MZ） interferometer has been established to measure the EO effect of very thin film materials with optical anisotropy. Unlike a common MZ interferometer, all the components are connected via polarization-maintaining fibers. At the same time, a polarized DFB laser with a maximum power output of 10mW is adopted as the light source to induce a large extinction ratio. Here,we take it to determine the electro-optical coefficients of a very thin superlattice structure with GaAs, KTP, and GaN as comparative samples. The measured EO coefficients show good comparability with the others.

Simulation of distributed optical fiber disturbance detection system based on Sagnac/Mach-Zehnder interferometer and cross-correlation location

A distributed optical fiber disturbance detection system consisted of a Sagnac interferometer and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is demonstrated. Two interferometers outputs are connected to an electric band-pass filter via a detector respectively. The central frequencies of the two filters are selected adaptively according to the disturbance frequency. The disturbance frequency is obtained by either frequency spectrum of the two interferometers outputs. An alarm is given out only when the Sagnac interferometer output is changed. A disturbance position is determined by calculating a time difference with a cross-correlation method between the filter output connected to the Sagnac interferometer and derivative of the filter output connected to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The frequency spectrum, derivative and cross-correlation are obtained by a signal processing system. Theory analysis and simulation results are presented. They show that the system structure and location method are effective, accurate, and immune to environmental variations.

MZI/FPI Fiber Optic Dual-parameter Sensor Based on a Double Cone and Air Cavity Structure(Invited)

This paper proposes a Mach Zehnder/Fabry Perot Interferometer(MZI/FPI)fiber sensor based on Single-mode Fiber(SMF)and Hollow-core Fiber(HCF),which has high sensitivity to temperature and lateral loads.The proposed device consists of two single-mode fiber cones formed by manually controlling the fusion splicer and an air cavity formed by fusing a section of hollow-core fiber.The structure of the sensor is a double cone cascaded air cavity.At the beginning of the design,we compared the basic transmission spectra of single cone structure and double cone structure experimentally,and therefore chose to use double cone structure and air cavity cascade.Light undergoes its first reflection at the first interface between the single-mode fiber and the air cavity structure,and its second reflection at the second interface between the air cavity structure and the single-mode fiber.The two reflected light waves produced by the two reflections form FP interference,which can be used to measure lateral loads.The transmitted light is excited through the first cone,and a portion of the core mode light is excited to the cladding,while another portion of the core mode light continues to propagate in the core.The light couples at the second cone,and the cladding mode light couples back into the core,forming MZ interference with the core mode light,which can be used to measure temperature.The use of hollow-core fiber to form an air cavity has little effect on transmitted light,while avoiding the problem of crosstalk in dual parameter measurements.By designing temperature and lateral load experiments,this article verifies the sensitivity characteristics of this sensor to temperature and lateral loads.A significant redshift phenomenon was observed in the temperature experiment.A significant redshift phenomenon also occurred in the lateral load experiment.Through wavelength demodulation,the experimental results show that the wavelength sensitivity of the sensor to temperature is 56.29 pm/℃in the range of 30℃to 80℃.The wavelength sensitivity of the sensor to lateral loads is 1.123 nm/N in the range of 0~5 N.In addition,we have prepared multiple sets of fiber optic sensors with this structure and conducted repeated experiments to verify that the sensing performance of this structure of fiber optic sensors for temperature and lateral load is relatively stable.Also,the different waist diameters of cones will have a certain impact on the transmission spectrum of MZ,while the length of the air cavity will also have a certain impact on the reflection spectrum of FP.This article lists some fiber optic sensors for dual parameter measurement of temperature and lateral load.Compared with the listed sensors,the fiber optic sensor proposed in this article has better sensitivity to temperature and lateral load.And the fiber optic sensor proposed in this article has a simple manufacturing process,low production cost,and good performance,which has certain prospects in scientific research and industrial production.

Application of Wavelet Transform in Dual-differential Optical Fiber F-P Interferometric Micro-displacement Measurement System

Based on dual-differential comparing principle, an experimental system of optical fiber F-P interferometric micro-displacement measurement is introduced. It is capable of achieving the absolute displacement measurement, and wavelet transforms is adopted as theory fundament to extract the optical F-P interferometric characteristic signal and remove the noise, so its resolution can reach 0. 01 μm in the dynamic range of 0～ 1 mm.

双Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪中的模拟退火偏振控制算法

基于双Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪的分布式光纤油气管道安全检测及预警系统运行时,由于光纤等效双折射和输入偏振态扰动的影响,常出现相位偏移而导致用于报警定位的两路检测信号相关性下降而产生定位误差。本文提出基于双臂检测信号相关系数的模拟退火算法对输入偏振态进行实时控制,在系统信号相关性恶化时,通过反馈控制改变输入偏振态以恢复信号的良好相关性。现场实验表明,基于双臂检测信号相关系数的模拟退火偏振控制算法,可快速寻找到偏振态最优点,使检测信号维持良好的相关性;相较采用偏振控制之前,系统的工作稳定性得到了明显提高。

双Mach-Zehnder光纤干涉仪中的遗传偏振控制算法

Mach-Zehnder光纤传感系统在实际应用中受偏振相位偏移现象影响,使得信号相关性不稳定,造成定位时出现粗大误差,甚至无法定位的问题。为解决这一问题,提出了一种基于双臂检测信号相关系数的遗传偏振控制算法。利用偏振控制器对输入光的偏振态进行实时控制,在系统信号相关性恶化时,通过改变输入偏振态,恢复信号的相关性。实验证明,该算法可使检测信号维持良好的相关性,系统的稳定性得到较大提高。

High Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Cladding Etched Photonic Crystal Fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

A high sensitive refractive index sensor based on the cladding etched photonic crystal fiber (PCF) Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is proposed, which is spliced a section of photonic crystal fiber between two single modes fibers (SMFs).The interference fringe of the MZI shifts with the variation of the ambient refractive index (RI). It is found that the RI sensitivity slightly decrease with an increase in the interference length. The sensitivities of MZI with 35inm PCF, 40mm PCF, and 45mm PCF are 106.19nm/RIU, 93.33nm/RIU, and 73.64nm/RIU, respectively, in the range of 13.33 to 1.381. After etched, the RI sensitivity of the MZI could be improved obviously. The RI sensitivities of the MZI with 35 mm PCF are up to 211.53nm/RIU and 359.37nm/RIU when the cladding diameter decreases to 112(im and 91 pm, respectively. Moreover, the sensor is insensitive to temperature, and the measured sensitivity is only 9.21 pm/℃ with the range from 20℃ to 500℃. In addition, the sensor has advantage of simple fabrication, low cost, and high RI sensitivity.

Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for High Temperature(1000℃)Sensing Based on a Few-Mode Fiber

A Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI)for high temperature(1000°C)sensing based on few mode fiber(FMF)was proposed and experimentally demonstrated.The sensor was fabricated by fusing a section of FMF between two single-mode fibers(SMFs).The structure was proven to be an excellent high temperature sensor with good stability,repeatability,and high temperature sensitivity(48.2 pm/C)after annealing process at a high temperature lasting some hours,and a wide working temperature range(from room temperature to 1000 C).In addition,the simple fabrication process and the low cost offered a great potential for sensing in high temperature environments.

Strain and Temperature Discrimination Based on a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer With Cascaded Single Mode Fibers

An in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is proposed for the discrimination of strain and temperature.The sensor is based on two cascaded standard single mode fibers using three peanut tapers fabricated by simple splicing.The cascaded structure excites more frequency components,which induce four sets of interference dips in the transmission spectrum.One set of the spectrum dips have different sensitivities to temperature and strain from those of the other three.The sensor can discriminate strain and temperature by monitoring the wavelength shifts of two spectrum dips.Repeated experiments are taken both for strain and temperature increasing and decreasing scenarios.Experimental results show that Dip 1 has an average strain sensitivity of-0.911 pm/με and an average temperature sensitivity of 49.98pm/℃.The strain sensitivity for Dip 2 is negligible and its average temperature sensitivity is 60.52pm/℃.The strain and temperature resolutions are±3.82με and±0.33℃.

Fiber up-taper assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometer for high sensitive temperature sensing

A new in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI） sensor consisting of a stub of multi-mode fiber and an up-taper was proposed and demonstrated. Temperature measurement can be carried out by detecting wavelength shift. Dependency of sensitivity on interferometer length and dip wavelength was discussed. Experimental results showed a maximum temperature sensitivity of 113.6pm/℃ can be achieved, which is superior to most fiber temperature sensors based on in-line MZIs within the range from 20℃ to 80℃, also a good mechanical strength can be obtained. The proposed sensor is a good candidate for temperature measurement, due to the advantages of simple structure, easy fabrication, cost- effective and high sensitivity.

Highly sensitive salinity sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer with double-C fiber

This paper proposes a highly sensitive,compact,and low-cost optical fiber salinity sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer.The sensor is constructed using a single mode fiber(SMF)-no-core fiber-double-C fiber(DCF)-NCF-SMF structure,with the DCF prepared by etching the dual side-hole fiber with HF acid.The DCF’s large-size exposed microfluidic channels solve the previous microstructured optical fiber’s challenging liquid filling and replacement problems.Theoretical simulations and experiments demonstrate that the sensor is suitable for high-sensitivity salinity measurement.The sensor exhibits a high salinity sensitivity of-2.26 nm/‰ in the salinity range of 10‰-50‰,as demonstrated by the experimental results.Additionally,the sensor exhibits some fascinating characteristics,including high repeatability,hysteresis,reversibility,and stability.

Temperature Insensitive Bending Sensor Based on In-Line Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

A simple and compact fiber bending sensor based on the Maeh-Zehnder interferometer was proposed. A photonic crystal fiber （PCF） with a length of 10mm was spliced by collapsing air holes with two conventional single mode fibers to consist of an all fiber bending sensor. The sensitivity of 0.53nm/m-1 was obtained at 1586nm for the curvature range from 0 to 8.514 m-1. The temperature sensitivity was very low. The measurement error due to the temperature effect was about 8.68x10-3 m-1/℃, and the temperature effect in the curvature measurement could be ignored. This device can avoid the cross sensitivity of the temperature in the curvature measurement.

Analysis of the Interference Signal of the Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing Based on DSP

In this paper, the author analyzes characteristics and extracting method of interference signal of the distributed optical fiber sensing. In the distributed optical fiber sensing, realizing alarm and positioning function only through the cross-correlation operation will increase the load of the system, can make misinformation rate of the system be improved greatly. Therefore, before the localization algorithm, adding a interference signal feature recognition is very necessary, can reduce unnecessary operation loss and reduce the load of the system, also reducing the number of the false positives.

基于端点检测与互相关时延估计的精准光纤扰动定位检测

针对双马赫曾德干涉仪型分布式光纤扰动传感系统无法实时高效精准定位的检测难题,提出了一种快速端点检测与互相关时延估计相结合的快速精准定位检测方案。采用一种改进型的巴特沃斯滤波端点检测算法,实现了对原始干涉扰动信号的精准快速扰动端点检测,以获取干涉信号中的高频扰动部分,剔除无效低频干扰数据。基于互相关时延估计算法,对获取的两路高频扰动信号进行固定时延求解,并根据扰动位置与固定时延之间的关系解调出作用于传感光纤链路上的具体扰动位置。实验测试结果表明,在总长为1.1 km的光纤链路上,双马赫曾德干涉仪型分布式光纤扰动传感系统的定位标准差仅为5.2 m。该定位检测方案具有较高的定位精度和较好的信号处理实时性。

基于分布式光纤振动传感技术的汽车排气管漏气检测方法研究

针对汽车尾气泄漏检测问题,提出一种基于分布式光纤振动传感检测技术的尾气泄漏检测方法。首先,通过在汽车尾气管上安装传感器捕捉尾气泄漏引起的局部气压扰动导致的光纤光信号强度和相位变化,采用基于双马赫-曾德尔干涉结构的分布式振动传感系统和微分交叉算法解调双端振动信号,其次,利用互相关时延算法精确定位泄漏位置,在仿真测试中通过压电陶瓷装置模拟泄漏情况,设置2m光纤长度,实现了0.01m的定位精度,验证了所提出方法的可行性。

Cost-Effective Fiber Multiplexing System Based on Low Coherence Interferometers and Application to Temperature Measurement

Based on the low-coherence interferometric principles, a cost-effective all-fiber Mach-Zehnder multiplexing system is proposed and demonstrated. The system consists of two interferometers： sensing interferometer and demodulation interferometer. By scanning an optical tunable delay line back and forth constantly with a stable speed, sensing fibers with different optical paths can be temporal interrogated. The system is experimentally proved to have a high performance with a good stability and low system noises. The multiplexing capacity of the system is also investigated. An experiment of measuring the surrounding temperature is carried out. A sensitivity of 12 gm/℃ is achieved within the range of 20 ℃ to 80 ℃. This low cost fiber multiplexing system has a potential application in the remote monitoring of temperature and strain in building structures, such as bridges and towers.

双芯光子晶体光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪及其应力特性

利用自制的双芯光子晶体光纤(D-PCF)与单模光纤(SMF)熔接,并在熔接点塌陷空气孔,提出了一种新型的D-PCF马赫-曾德干涉仪(MZI)。利用图像提取法和有限元方法,分析并计算了实际拉制出的D-PCF支持的光纤模式。经过分析发现,这种新型光纤干涉仪的主要干涉模式是环芯模式,不同于传统光纤干涉仪的干涉模式。实验观测了D-PCF长度及第1个完全塌陷区长度对干涉仪周期、传输谱及空间频率谱的影响。并对D-PCF MZI的应力特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,干涉仪的波长位移与应力呈良好的线性关系。

双M-Z型光纤微振动传感器光波随机偏振分析

对应用于分布式微振动传感的双M-Z型光纤传感器进行偏振分析,阐明光波偏振态随机变化导致时间差振动定位方法失效的原因。分析表明,光波偏振态随机变化引起两干涉输出的幅值波动,同时在两干涉输出间引入取值范围是-π~π的相位差,可使双M-Z型光纤传感器处于两个不同的工作点,造成同一相位调制产生两个不相关的干涉输出,导致基于信号相关的时间差振动定位方法失效。光路实验验证了理论分析的结果。

全光纤M-Z干涉仪的高灵敏度与大动态范围多普勒激光雷达风场探测技术

多普勒测风激光雷达是大气风场探测的重要手段之一。通过检测风速导致的大气后向散射谱的多普勒频移从而实现风速的探测。由于受鉴频器本身特性的影响,高灵敏度与大动态范围的探测一直是大气风场探测的难点。提出采用双光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(FMZI)作为多普勒激光雷达的鉴频器件,设计两路不同动态范围及风速探测灵敏度的FMZI鉴频器同时对大气回波信号进行鉴频。采用小光程差(13.7 cm)、大动态范围(±100 m·s^(-1))鉴频光路FMZI-2对风速区间进行定位,大光程差(74.8 cm)、高探测灵敏度(2.62%/(m·s^(-1)))的鉴频光路FMZI-1进行风速精细探测,从而实现大动态范围高灵敏度的风场探测。利用标准大气模型对不同参数条件下的系统灵敏度、系统探测的信噪比及风速误差进行仿真分析。结果表明,该系统可以实现±100 m·s^(-1)大动态范围内风速误差小于1 m·s^(-1)的大气风场探测,为大动态范围高灵敏度测风激光雷达的发展进行了有益的探索。

全光纤双传感臂振动传感器频率特性研究

以全光纤Mach-Zehnder(M-Z)干涉仪为基础,阐述了光纤双传感臂振动传感器的工作原理和结构设计。按照理论设计的结构采用硫化硅橡胶及金属铁块制作了传感探头,并完成全光纤双传感臂M-Z干涉仪的制作,实现干涉可见度约为95.8%。搭建实验系统对不同频率的振动信号进行测试,初步测试结果表明,系统的固有频率在850～1 150 Hz之间,与理论计算相符;在固有频率以下,传感器工作频带范围是100～800 Hz,在固有频率以上工作频带范围是1.2～6.0 kHz。