Dual RNA-seq技术及其在宿主-病原体相互作用中的研究进展

利用转录组测序技术(RNA-sequencing,RNA-seq)进行转录组分析是了解病原体入侵宿主分子变化的重要工具,在同时分析病原体与宿主转录组时,RNA-seq技术需要分别构建病原体及宿主的cDNA文库,再将其各自映射到病原体及宿主参考基因组中,而互作转录组测序技术(Dual RNA-seq)无需分离两物种,只需构建一个转录组文库,便能同时对两个(或多个)研究对象进行测序和分析,可以直观地揭示病原体和宿主相互作用过程中转录组学动态变化,因此Dual RNA-seq技术被广泛应用到人类疾病和生物感染模型的相互作用研究中。为了解Dual RNA-seq技术及其在宿主-病原体相互作用研究中的前景,就Dual RNA-seq技术概述以及近年来该技术在原核生物、真核生物以及病毒研究中的应用现状及发展前景进行综述。Dual RNA-seq技术可为病原体与宿主相互作用的研究提供新视角,有助于更好地识别和理解感染过程中病原体和宿主的转录组学变化,从而揭示潜在的新靶点或生物标记物。

Novel insights into host-pathogen interactions of large yellow croakers(Larimichthys crocea)and pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas plecoglossicida using time-resolved dual RNA-seq of infected spleens

Host-pathogen interactions are highly complex,involving large dynamic changes in gene expression during infection. These interactions are fundamental to understanding anti-infection immunity of hosts, as well as the pathogenesis of pathogens. For bacterial pathogens interacting with animal hosts, timeresolved dual RNA-seq of infected tissue is difficult to perform due to low pathogen load in infected tissue. In this study, an acute infection model of Larimichthys crocea infected by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida was established. The spleens of infected fish exhibited typical symptoms, with a maximum bacterial load at two days post-injection(dpi). Time-resolved dual RNA-seq of infected spleens was successfully applied to study hostpathogen interactions between L. crocea and P.plecoglossicida. The spleens of infected L. crocea were subjected to dual RNA-seq, and transcriptome data were compared with those of noninfected spleens or in vitro cultured bacteria. Results showed that pathogen-host interactions were highly dynamically regulated, with corresponding fluctuations in host and pathogen transcriptomes during infection. The expression levels of many immunogenes involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor,Toll-like receptor signaling, and other immunerelated pathways were significantly up-regulated during the infection period. Furthermore, metabolic processes and the use of oxygen in L. crocea were strongly affected by P. plecoglossicida infection. The WGCNA results showed that the metabolic process was strongly related to the entire immune process.For P. plecoglossicida, the expression levels of motility-related genes and flagellum assemblyrelated genes were significantly up-regulated. The results of this study may help to elucidate the interactions between L. crocea and P.plecoglossicida.

基于Dual RNA-seq分析的褪黑素影响萝卜与链格孢菌互作的作用研究

由芸薹链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicae)严重影响萝卜(Raphanus sativus)生产,外源喷施褪黑素可减轻病症,但褪黑素同时存在于植物和微生物中,外源喷施时可对感病植株上寄主和病原物的生命活动均有影响,其介导寄主-病原菌互作的作用模式。为解析褪黑素参与调控病叶上萝卜和链格孢菌互作的生理和基因转录机制,本研究通过对感黑斑病萝卜叶面外施0~1500μmol·L^(-1)浓度褪黑素,检测病情指数变化,同时利用互作转录组分析0、500和1500μmol·L^(-1)褪黑素处理下萝卜和链格孢菌转录水平变化。结果显示,50~500μmol·L^(-1)褪黑素可分别显著提高萝卜和链格孢菌双方的生长势和抗逆性,且500μmol·L^(-1)表现最优,1000和1500μmol·L^(-1)与500μmol·L^(-1)相比作用较小,呈明显剂量依赖型模式,但500μmol·L^(-1)褪黑素处理下,萝卜对链格孢菌抗性明显提升。Dual RNA-seq检出萝卜基因组reads比对率>88%,链格孢菌基因reads比对率≤0.06%,萝卜差异表达基因数显著高于链格孢菌检出数。对萝卜及链格孢菌生长及抗逆性调控相关基因表达模式进行验证,基因表达模式基本与表型反应一致。综上所述,褪黑素介导萝卜与链格孢菌的作用存在低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的剂量依赖性效应,500μmol·L^(-1)浓度下褪黑素对双方均具生长促进作用,但褪黑素对寄主的影响超过对链格孢菌的影响,最终表现为诱导萝卜对链格孢菌抗性增强。本研究为褪黑素在萝卜黑斑病抑制中的应用提供了数据支撑和理论基础,并在转录水平上初步解析了褪黑素参与萝卜对链格孢菌抗性变化的作用模式。

基于RNA-Seq技术对不同品种猪排卵前卵泡差异表达基因的筛选与注释

[目的]筛选淮猪和大约克猪排卵前卵泡组织差异表达基因。[方法]采集淮猪和大约克猪各3头的排卵前卵泡,提取RNA,个体独立建库。采用RNA测序技术以及GO和pathway方法对所获序列进行显著性富集分析。[结果]测序后,获得的淮猪clean reads数分别为85958912、91701082、84448828,其中有效Reads数分别达到98.39%、98.59%、96.04%;获得的大约克猪clean reads数分别为87914166、80480542、85994612,其中有效reads数分别达到98.61%、96.95%、98.80%,测序饱和度良好(证明测序数据真实可靠)。结果表明,筛选到上调基因67个,下调基因54个。GO和Pathway分析发现,差异表达基因富集在繁殖过程、生长过程和代谢过程及WNT信号通路、卵巢类固醇生成通路和类固醇生物合成通路等。[结论]获得了猪排卵前卵泡基因表达谱,并筛选到与繁殖性状相关的关键候选基因。

基于RNA-seq对复合益生菌作用于肉鸡回肠中新转录本预测及可变剪接、SNP分析

为分析复合益生菌饲喂肉鸡回肠转录组中的新转录本预测、可变剪接事件和SNP,选择200只1日龄黄麻肉鸡随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复20只。对照组正常饮水,益生菌组饮用水中补充1%复合菌制剂,试验分为生长前期(1~21 d)、后期(22~42 d)两个阶段。42日龄时进行肉鸡屠宰试验,取对照组和益生菌组回肠各3个样本进行转录组测序。对测序数据进行分析,共发现1047个新基因,20176个新转录本,276个新基因在GO数据库中得到归类注释。对转录组数据进行可变剪接分析,外显子跳跃(SE)占可变剪接类型的比例最高,共筛选到1131个显著的差异剪接基因,在外显子跳跃(SE)、第一个外显子可变剪接(A5SS)、最后一个外显子可变剪接(A3SS)、外显子选择性跳跃(MXE)、内含子滞留(RI)事件中鉴定到的差异剪接基因数分别为588、139、176、136、92。对获得的差异剪接基因进行GO富集分析,主要富集在代谢和免疫GO term。KEGG富集到了胞吞作用、MAPK信号通路等。在各样品中大多数碱基取代均为转换大于颠换,其中转换单核苷酸多态性(SNP)所占百分比为73.53%~73.94%;颠换型SNP所占百分比为26.05%~26.47%。试验对对照组、益生菌组肉鸡的回肠进行了RNA-seq测序分析,为发掘复合益生菌作用于肉鸡回肠中的可变剪接事件提供基础,为进一步了解复合益生菌作用于肉鸡回肠中新转录本的发现和SNP位点提供了数据支撑。

Dual-Path Vision Transformer用于急性缺血性脑卒中辅助诊断

急性缺血性脑卒中是由于脑组织血液供应障碍导致的脑功能障碍,数字减影脑血管造影(DSA)是诊断脑血管疾病的金标准。基于患者的正面和侧面DSA图像,对急性缺血性脑卒中的治疗效果进行分级评估,构建基于Vision Transformer的双路径图像分类智能模型DPVF。为了提高辅助诊断速度,基于EdgeViT的轻量化设计思想进行了模型的构建;为了使模型保持轻量化的同时具有较高的精度,提出空间-通道自注意力模块,促进Transformer模型捕获更全面的特征信息,提高模型的表达能力;此外,对于DPVF的两分支的特征融合,构建交叉注意力模块对两分支输出进行交叉融合,促使模型提取更丰富的特征,从而提高模型表现。实验结果显示DPVF在测试集上的准确率达98.5%,满足实际需求。

BSA-Seq结合RNA-Seq技术挖掘大豆叶片提前黄化衰老基因

大豆产量与其生殖生长的持续时间呈正相关,延缓其开花后叶片的衰老,提高其生理功能,有利于增加植物的粒重。叶片黄化是植物衰老的显著特征之一。关于在大豆鼓粒后期叶片黄化的研究鲜见报道。本研究对鼓粒后期叶片提前黄化突变体ly和野生型ofc杂交组合进行遗传分析,结果表明,大豆鼓粒后期叶片提前黄化性状受单隐性核基因控制。通过BSA-Seq在19号染色体得到一个2.23Mb的初定位区间,经开发标记图位克隆后将区间缩短至1.75 Mb,区间内有219个基因,再结合RNA-Seq分析,得到了区间内12个候选基因,其中有4个SNP变异基因和8个差异表达基因。本研究结果为大豆鼓粒后期叶片黄化衰老基因的克隆奠定了基础。

基于RNA-Seq分析大白猪和巴马香猪背最长肌组织基因表达差异

以180日龄的大白猪(n=6)与巴马香猪(n=6)为研究对象,屠宰后测定肌内脂肪、肉色、嫩度、pH、滴水损失等肉质性状,采集背最长肌组织提取总RNA,利用RNA-Seq技术鉴定大白猪和巴马香猪背最长肌组织中的表达差异基因及其功能富集通路。结果发现,以大白猪为对照组,在巴马香猪和大白猪背最长肌组织中共鉴定到5 037个差异表达基因,其中有3 326个上调表达基因,1 711个下调表达基因。经过KEGG富集通路分析,发现巴马香猪和大白猪一共有168条显著富集通路,其中上调DEGs有92条富集路径,下调DEGs有76条富集路径;GO功能分析中上调表达基因富集到BP有3 058条、CC有413条、MF有559条,下调表达基因富集到BP有3 050条、CC有415条、MF有557条。大白猪与巴马香猪肉色的亮度L在45min时呈极显著差异;大白猪与巴马香猪之间的肌内脂肪、水分均呈现显著差异。本文对大白猪与巴马香猪肌内脂肪含量进行转录组测序分析,初步认为CAPN3、MTM1、TMOD4等基因在巴马香猪肉质中发挥重要作用。

Electron-distribution control via Pt/NC and MoC/NC dual junction:Boosted hydrogen electro-oxidation and theoretical study

The scarcity,high cost and susceptibility to CO of Platinum severely restrict its application in alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction(HOR).Hybridizing Pt with other transition metals provides an effective strategy to modulate its catalytic HOR performance,but at the cost of mass activity due to the coverage of modifiers on Pt surface.Herein,we constructed dual junctions'Pt/nitrogen-doped carbon(Pt/NC)andδ-MoC/NC to modify electronic structure of Pt via interfacial electron transfer to acquire Pt-MoC@NC catalyst with electron-deficient Pt nanoparticles,simultaneously endowing it with high mass activity and durability of alkaline HOR.Moreover,the unique structure of Pt-MoC@NC endows Pt with a high COtolerance at 1,000 ppm CO/H_(2),a quality that commercial Pt-C catalyst lacks.The theoretical calculations not only confirm the diffusion of electrons from Pt/NC to Mo C/NC could occur,but also demonstrate the negative shift of Pt d-band center for the optimized binding energies of*H,*OH and CO.

基于RNA-Seq探究蔗糖影响黑果枸杞枝刺发生的机理

【目的】黑果枸杞Lycium ruthenicum是集生态、经济和药用价值等为一体的灌木。然而,其密集的枝刺严重阻碍其作为经济林推广,本研究旨在探究蔗糖(Suc)促进黑果枸杞(黑杞)枝刺的发生机理,为培育其无刺优良品种提供依据。【方法】在证明Suc通过能量和信号路径促进黑杞枝刺发生的基础上,利用RNA-Seq对无刺茎顶芽(TleCK)、有刺茎顶芽(ThoCK)、黑暗处理的有刺茎顶芽(ThoDCK)、减少内源Suc处理后有刺变无刺茎顶芽(TleDPL)和喷施外源Suc后无刺变有刺茎顶芽(ThoSuc)5种样品的差异表达基因(DEG)和叶绿体差异基因(cpDEG)进行筛选和分析,并采用RT-qPCR验证了9个DEG的表达情况。【结果】5组有刺和无刺材料顶芽之间(ThoCK vs.TleCK、ThoCK vs.TleDPL、ThoDCK vs.TleDPL、TleCK vs.ThoSuc和TleDPL vs.ThoSuc)的DEG分别为5281、4363、3125、5226和3278个,这5组DEG共同显著富集在9个GO条目和4个KEGG通路(“类黄酮生物合成”“二萜生物合成”“苯丙烷生物合成”、“芪类、二芳基庚烷和姜辣素生物合成”)。韦恩图显示5组比较组共有的DEG是196个,其中33个被预测为转录因子基因,较多转录因子基因被预测为NAC和WRKY家族。5组比较组有3个共有DEG注释在植物激素信号转导KEGG通路,分别参与生长素、茉莉酸和水杨酸信号传导。3个关键有刺和无刺比较组(ThoCK vs.TleCK、ThoCK vs.TleDPL和TleCK vs.ThoSuc)中共有2个DEG被预测为TCP转录因子基因,这3个比较组均有cpDEG被注释到光合作用KEGG通路。9个DEG的RT-qPCR验证了RNA-Seq结果的可靠性。【结论】Suc可能通过影响生长素、茉莉酸和水杨酸信号传导以及赤霉素合成基因表达来促进黑杞枝刺发生,枝刺发生也可能与类黄酮积累和木质素减少有关,而且增施外源和减少内源Suc并非通过简单地逆转cpDEG的表达来影响枝刺发生。注释到WRKY、TCP和NAC转录因子家族的共有DEG可能是调控枝刺发生的关键基因。本研究建立了Suc影响黑杞枝刺发生的机理模型图。

A strategy for strengthening chaotic mixing of dual shaft eccentric mixers by changing non-Newtonian fluids kinetic energy distribution

Efficiently modulating the velocity distribution and flow pattern of non-Newtonian fluids is a critical challenge in the context of dual shaft eccentric mixers for process intensification,posing a significant barrier for the existing technologies.Accordingly,this work reports a convenient strategy that changes the kinetic energy to controllably regulate the flow patterns from radial flow to axial flow.Results showed that the desired velocity distribution and flow patterns could be effectively obtained by varying the number and structure of baffles to change kinetic energy,and a more uniform velocity distribution,which could not be reached normally in standard baffle dual shaft mixers,was easily obtained.Furthermore,a comparative analysis of velocity and shear rate distributions is employed to elucidate the mechanism behind the generation of flow patterns in various dual-shaft eccentric mixers.Importantly,there is little difference in the power number of the laminar flow at the same Reynolds number,meaning that the baffle type has no effect on the power consumption,while the power number of both unbaffle and U-shaped baffle mixing systems decreases compared with the standard baffle mixing system in the transition flow.Finally,at the same rotational condition,the dimensionless mixing time of the U-shaped baffle mixing system is 15.3%and 7.9%shorter than that of the standard baffle and the unbaffle mixing system,respectively,which shows the advantage of the U-shaped baffle in stirring rate.

Dual Additives for Stabilizing Li Deposition and SEI Formation in Anode-Free Li-Metal Batteries

Anode-free Li-metal batteries are of significant interest to energy storage industries due to their intrinsically high energy.However,the accumulative Li dendrites and dead Li continuously consume active Li during cycling.That results in a short lifetime and low Coulombic efficiency of anode-free Li-metal batteries.Introducing effective electrolyte additives can improve the Li deposition homogeneity and solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)stability for anode-free Li-metal batteries.Herein,we reveal that introducing dual additives,composed of LiAsF6 and fluoroethylene carbonate,into a low-cost commercial carbonate electrolyte will boost the cycle life and average Coulombic efficiency of NMC‖Cu anode-free Li-metal batteries.The NMC‖Cu anode-free Li-metal batteries with the dual additives exhibit a capacity retention of about 75%after 50 cycles,much higher than those with bare electrolytes(35%).The average Coulombic efficiency of the NMC‖Cu anode-free Li-metal batteries with additives can maintain 98.3%over 100 cycles.In contrast,the average Coulombic efficiency without additives rapidly decline to 97%after only 50 cycles.In situ Raman measurements reveal that the prepared dual additives facilitate denser and smoother Li morphology during Li deposition.The dual additives significantly suppress the Li dendrite growth,enabling stable SEI formation on anode and cathode surfaces.Our results provide a broad view of developing low-cost and high-effective functional electrolytes for high-energy and long-life anode-free Li-metal batteries.

A dual-RPA based lateral flow strip for sensitive,on-site detection of CP4-EPSPS and Cry1Ab/Ac genes in genetically modified crops

Traditional transgenic detection methods require high test conditions and struggle to be both sensitive and efficient.In this study,a one-tube dual recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)reaction system for CP4-EPSPS and Cry1Ab/Ac was proposed and combined with a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay,named“Dual-RPA-LFD”,to visualize the dual detection of genetically modified(GM)crops.In which,the herbicide tolerance gene CP4-EPSPS and the insect resistance gene Cry1Ab/Ac were selected as targets taking into account the current status of the most widespread application of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits and their stacked traits.Gradient diluted plasmids,transgenic standards,and actual samples were used as templates to conduct sensitivity,specificity,and practicality assays,respectively.The constructed method achieved the visual detection of plasmid at levels as low as 100 copies,demonstrating its high sensitivity.In addition,good applicability to transgenic samples was observed,with no cross-interference between two test lines and no influence from other genes.In conclusion,this strategy achieved the expected purpose of simultaneous detection of the two popular targets in GM crops within 20 min at 37°C in a rapid,equipmentfree field manner,providing a new alternative for rapid screening for transgenic assays in the field.

Revealing the role of honokiol in human glioma cells by RNA-seq analysis

Background:Glioma is a kind of tumor that easily deteriorates and originates from glial cells in nerve tissue.Honokiol is a bisphenol compound that is an essential monomeric compound extracted from the roots and bark of Magnoliaceae plants.It also has anti-infection,antitumor,and immunomodulatory effects.In this study,we found that honokiol induces cell apoptosis in the human glioma cell lines U87-MG and U251-MG.However,the mechanism through which honokiol regulates glioma cell apoptosis is still unknown.Methods:We performed RNA-seq analysis of U251-MG cells treated with honokiol and control cells.Protein-protein interaction(PPI)network analysis was performed,and the 10 top hub unigenes were examined via real-time quantitative PCR.Furthermore,MAPK signaling and ferroptosis were detected via western blotting.Results:332 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were found,comprising 163 increased and 169 decreased genes.Analysis of the DEGs revealed that various biological processes were enriched,including‘response to hypoxia’,‘cerebellum development cellular response to hypoxia,’‘iron ion binding,’‘oxygen transporter activity,’‘oxygen binding,’‘ferric iron binding,’and‘structural constituent of cytoskeleton.’Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were enriched in the following pathways:‘mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)’,‘Hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1)’,‘ferroptosis,’‘Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR),’‘Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase(PI3K)-protein kinase B(Akt),’and‘phagosome.’Among these pathways,the MAPK signaling pathway and ferroptosis were verified.Conclusion:This study revealed the potential mechanism by which honokiol induces apoptosis and provided a comprehensive analysis of DEGs in honokiol-treated U251-MG cells and the associated signaling pathways.These data could lead to new ideas for future research and therapy for patients with glioma.

Meiotic transcriptional reprogramming mediated by cell-cell communications in humans and mice revealed by scATACseq and scRNA-seq

Meiosis is a highly complex process significantly influenced by transcriptional regulation.However,studies on the mechanisms that govern transcriptomic changes during meiosis,especially in prophase I,are limited.Here,we performed single-cell ATAC-seq of human testis tissues and observed reprogramming during the transition from zygotene to pachytene spermatocytes.This event,conserved in mice,involved the deactivation of genes associated with meiosis after reprogramming and the activation of those related to spermatogenesis before their functional onset.Furthermore,we identified 282 transcriptional regulators(TRs)that underwent activation or deactivation subsequent to this process.Evidence suggested that physical contact signals from Sertoli cells may regulate these TRs in spermatocytes,while secreted ENHO signals may alter metabolic patterns in these cells.Our results further indicated that defective transcriptional reprogramming may be associated with non-obstructive azoospermia(NOA).This study revealed the importance of both physical contact and secreted signals between Sertoli cells and germ cells in meiotic progression.

Enhanced Precision Therapy of Multiple Myeloma Through Engineered Biomimetic Nanoparticles with Dual Targeting

Multiple myeloma(MM)is the second most prevalent hematological malignancy.Current MM treatment strategies are hampered by systemic toxicity and suboptimal therapeutic efficacy.This study addressed these limitations through the development of a potent MM-targeting chemotherapy strategy,which capitalized on the high binding affinity of alendronate for hydroxyapatite in the bone matrix and the homologous targeting of myeloma cell membranes,termed T-PB@M.The results from our investigations highlight the considerable bone affinity of T-PB@M,both in vitro and in vivo.Additionally,this material demonstrated a capability for drug release triggered by low pH conditions.Moreover,T-PB@M induced the generation of reactive oxygen species and triggered cell apoptosis through the poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1(PARP1)-Caspase-3-B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)pathway in MM cells.Notably,T-PB@M preferentially targeted bone-involved sites,thereby circumventing systemic toxic side effects and leading to prolonged survival of MM orthotopic mice.Therefore,this designed target-MM nanocarrier presents a promising and potentially effective platform for the precise treatment of MM.

SUMS OF DUAL TOEPLITZ PRODUCTS ON THE ORTHOGONAL COMPLEMENTS OF FOCK-SOBOLEV SPACES

We consider dual Toeplitz operators on the orthogonal complements of the FockSobolev spaces of all nonnegative real orders.First,for symbols in a certain class containing all bounded functions,we study the problem of when an operator which is finite sums of the dual Toeplitz products is compact or zero.Next,for bounded symbols,we construct a symbol map and exhibit a short exact sequence associated with the C^(*)-algebra generated by all dual Toeplitz operators with bounded symbols.

A Sustainable Dual Cross‑Linked Cellulose Hydrogel Electrolyte for High‑Performance Zinc‑Metal Batteries

Aqueous rechargeable Zn-metal batteries(ARZBs)are considered one of the most promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage.However,their widespread commercial application is largely plagued by three major challenges:The uncontrollable Zn dendrites,notorious parasitic side reactions,and sluggish Zn^(2+) ion transfer.To address these issues,we design a sustainable dual crosslinked cellulose hydrogel electrolyte,which has excellent mechanical strength to inhibit dendrite formation,high Zn^(2+) ions binding capacity to suppress side reaction,and abundant porous structure to facilitate Zn^(2+) ions migration.Consequently,the Zn||Zn cell with the hydrogel electrolyte can cycle stably for more than 400 h under a high current density of 10 mA cm^(−2).Moreover,the hydrogel electrolyte also enables the Zn||polyaniline cell to achieve high-rate and long-term cycling performance(>2000 cycles at 2000 mA g^(−1)).Remarkably,the hydrogel electrolyte is easily accessible and biodegradable,making the ARZBs attractive in terms of scalability and sustainability.

Finely regulated luminescent Ag-In-Ga-S quantum dots with green-red dual emission toward white light-emitting diodes

Ag-In-Ga-S(AIGS)quantum dots(QDs)have recently attracted great interests due to the outstanding optical properties and eco-friendly components,which are considered as an alternative replacement for toxic Pb-and Cd-based QDs.However,enormous attention has been paid to how to narrow their broadband spectra,ignoring the application advantages of the broadband emission.In this work,the AIGS QDs with controllable broad green-red dual-emission are first reported,which is achieved through adjusting the size distribution of QDs by controlling the nucleation and growth of AIGS crystals.Resultantly,the AIGS QDs exhibit broad dual-emission at green-and red-band evidenced by photoluminescence(PL)spectra,and the PL relative intensity and peak position can be finely adjusted.Furthermore,the dual-emission is the intrinsic characteristics from the difference in confinement effect of large particles and tiny particles confirmed by temperature-dependent PL spectra.Accordingly,the AIGS QDs(the size consists of 17 nm and 3.7 nm)with 530 nm and 630 nm emission could successfully be synthesized at 220°C.By combining the blue light-emitting diode(LED)chips and dual-emission AIGS QDs,the constructed white light-emitting devices(WLEDs)exhibit a continuous and broad spectrum like natural sunlight with the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage(CIE)chromaticity coordinates of(0.33,0.31),a correlated color temperature(CCT)of 5425 K,color rendering index(CRI)of 90,and luminous efficacy of radiation(LER)of 129 lm/W,which indicates that the AIGS QDs have huge potential for lighting applications.

Bulked Segregant RNA-Seq Analysis of Pollinated Pistils Reveals Genes Influencing Spikelet Fertility in Rice

Prezygotic isolation is important for successful fertilization in rice, significantly affecting yield. This study focused on F_(5:6) generation plants derived from inter-subspecific crosses(Nipponbare × KDML105) with low(LS) and high seed-setting rates(HS), in which normal pollen fertility was observed. However, LS plants showed a reduced number of pollen grains adhering to the stigma and fewer pollen tubes reaching the ovules at 4-5 h post-pollination, compared with HS plants. Bulked segregant RNA-Seq analysis of pollinated pistils from the HS and LS groups revealed 249 and 473 differentially expressed genes(DEGs), respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the HS and LS-specific DEGs indicated enrichment in metabolic pathways, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Several of these DEGs exhibited co-expression with pollen development genes and formed extensive clusters of co-expression networks. Compared with LS pistils, enzyme genes controlling pectin degradation, such as OsPME35 and OsPLL9, showed similar expression patterns, with higher levels in HS pistils pre-pollination. Os02g0467600, similar to cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene(CYP73), involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, displayed higher expression in HS pistils post-pollination. Our findings suggest that OsPME35, OsPLL9, and Os02g0467600 contribute to prezygotic isolation by potentially modifying the stigma cell wall(OsPME35 and OsPLL9) and controlling later processes such as pollen-stigma adhesion(Os02g0467600) genes. Furthermore, several DEGs specific to HS and LS were co-localized with QTLs and functional genes associated with spikelet fertility. These findings provide valuable insights for further research on rice spikelet fertility, ultimately contributing to the development of high-yielding rice varieties.