Look from the empty nester problem of urban and rural dual structure of society

More and more empty nest has become a social problem that couldn＇t ignore. The problem of empty nester is the essence of urban and rural dual structure social changing. The emergence of empty-nesters is a serious problem in China＇s social development process, with the aging of the population increasing, urban-rural divide more and more obvious. The condition of the human society has gradually formed the rural and the division of labor and the dual structure of the city. This paper expounds the connotation, significance and characteristics of empty nest elderly, analyzes on the problems existing in current urban and rural society and the problem of empty nest elderly in the new situation puts forward the suggestions and countermeasures.

The Chinese Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure Model and Analysis

Based on the characteristics of urban-rural dual economic structure in China,we build a dynamic endogenous urban-rural dual economic model closely linked to China's reality,and carry out mathematical economics analysis of optimized conditions for urban and rural sectors. The main results show that:(i) The labor growth rate of urban-rural sectors must be greater than the time discount rate,or else there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(ii) The accumulation rate of physical capital and human capital of urban-rural sectors,and the rate of technological progress,need to be greater than the corresponding depreciation rate plus the time discount rate,otherwise there would be a vicious cycle of diminishing returns in the sectors;(iii) The low accumulation rate in the rural sector,and the occurrence of labor outflow,human capital loss and lack of investment,will expand income gap between urban and rural areas,which is a reason for solidification of urban-rural dual economic structure.

Study on Factors Influencing Urban-rural Dual Economic Structure of Chongqing Based on the State Space Variable Parameter Method

Firstly,this paper reviews and analyzes historic background of urban-rural integration of Chongqing,and the evolution and trend of urban and rural dual economic structure.On the basis of previous researches,it selects factors and variables influencing urban and rural dual economic structure,and establishes an econometric model.By state space Kalman filtering method,it analyzes dynamic influence of factors upon urban-rural dual economic intensity.According to empirical conclusion,it puts forward corresponding policy recommendations for promoting integrated urban and rural economic development of Chongqing.

An Empirical Study of the Relationship between the Fixed Assets Investment and Urban-rural Income Gap during the Transition Period

As the gap in income between urban and rural residents bigger and bigger,based on the data from 1978 to 2007,this paper makes an empirical study of the dynamic relation between the fixed assets investment and the difference in income between urban and rural residents. The outcome from the study indicates a long-term balance exists between the investment rate of the fixed assets and the difference in income between urban and rural residents. A short-term deviation from the balance can be adjusted through long time. To a certain extent,city-oriented fixed assets investment policy is the main cause of the big gap in income between urban and rural residents. The big gap in income between urban and rural residents in turn reinforces their social status,thus further strengthening the city-oriented instead of countryside-oriented fixed assets investment policy. Based on that,this paper puts forward some suggestions on adjusting the fixed assets investment policy so as to shorten the difference in income between urban and rural residents and realize the goal of harmonious development between city and countryside.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Development Path of Urban-rural Integration

The urban and rural areas are regarded as two major components of the regional economic system. Only through joint balanced development of the two can we achieve overall economic optimization and social welfare maximization. But the great social division of labor has separated urban areas from rural areas,which casts the shadow of city-oriented theory on cooperative relations between urban and rural areas. Mutual separation between urban and rural settlements and independent development trigger off a range of social problems. We must undertake guidance through rational development path of urban-rural integration,to eliminate the phenomenon of urban-rural dual structure,and promote the sustainable development of population,resources and environment in urban and rural areas as soon as possible.

Opportunities and challenges for development of urbanization in Western China

Urban and rural dual structure in Western China is obvious.The economic development of the central cities is relatively quick while that of the rural areas is lagging behind.The speeding up of urbanization contributes to the intensively uncoordinated development of urban and rural areas.Besides,the eco-fragile environment,shortage of available water resources,adverse geographic location,and relatively backward social economy restrict the development of urbanization in Western China.However,Western China also has the advantages of backwardness.This paper analyzes the present situation and development trend of urbanization in Western China.The results show that Western China has basically formed a development pattern with"industry promotes agriculture and urban leads to village".Therefore,combined with the present situation of Western China,this paper describes and analyzes the opportunities and challenges that may appear in the process of urbanization in Western China,puts forward the development pattern in which urban and rural areas can gain mutual support and co-development,and provides related recommendations.

乡村收缩的内涵界定与测度研究

乡村收缩是我国城乡结构转化进程中呈现的新现象。文章首先从概念层面阐释了乡村收缩的内涵,梳理了我国乡村收缩需要重点把握的逻辑线索,进而通过文献调查和实地调研,以甘肃省为例从县域尺度对乡村收缩程度进行测度,从乡村人口、经济和社会三个维度揭示其形成机理。研究发现:(1)乡村收缩在不同语境其内涵可能存在差异,但其本质均是青壮年劳动力的过度流失;(2)2000年、2010年、2020年甘肃省乡村收缩指数均值呈现动态大幅度上升趋势,分别为26.11%、38.97%、49.98%,且上升趋势具有比较显著的空间差异性;(3)城乡二元结构下,资源禀赋和地理区位、经济发展与要素流动、历史基础与社会文化、政策安排与治理能力都对乡村收缩有影响。新时代我国应从振兴县域经济出发,依靠产业聚集、人才引进、资金筹措、城乡融合的政策组合来回应乡村收缩现象。

海南省城乡冷链物流一体化发展现状与对策研究

大力推动城乡冷链物流一体化,是巩固和增强农村经济发展的重要手段之一,有利于打破城乡二元格局。本文以海南城乡冷链物流为研究对象,分析城乡冷链物流一体化必要性,通过实地调研海南省城乡冷链物流发展现状,发现存在冷链供应链尚未建立、城乡冷链资源分布不均、专业冷链物流人才匮乏、农村冷链信息化水平低、“最先一公里”冷链认知不足等问题,并针对存在的问题提出了相应对策,以期促进海南省城乡冷链物流一体化健康发展。

农村劳动力流动、经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响——基于动态面板与门槛效应模型的实证分析

城乡一体化发展是破解新时代社会主要矛盾的关键抓手。近年来,我国经济不断发展,农村劳动力流动规模不断扩大。但城乡二元结构并没有随着经济增长和劳动力流动而同步转化,存在着严重的滞后性。城乡二元结构成为掣肘经济持续发展的重要因素。文章基于2006—2020年我国31省份面板数据,运用系统动态面板模型(SYS-GMM)分析劳动力流动与经济增长对城乡二元结构的影响;运用门槛效应模型,以劳动力流动为门槛变量,分析经济增长对城乡二元结构的非线性影响。结果表明,劳动力流动促进城乡二元结构转化,而经济增长抑制城乡二元结构转化;经济增长对城乡二元结构的作用受到劳动力流动的影响,表现出门槛效应:当劳动力流动规模超过一定限度后,经济增长对城乡二元结构转化的抑制作用将得到缓解。

面向新工科“五维形态”的城乡规划课程结构反向设计

在我国新工科建设背景下,城乡规划教学如何匹配国土空间发展尤为重要。城乡规划作为实践性较强的工科专业,课程成果是直接检验其授课效果的高效工具。针对目前理论课程教学成果路径设置模糊、实践创新性不足、理论知识繁杂枯燥等问题,本研究面向新工科(人文维度、规模维度、政治维度、产业维度与人文维度)“五维形态”,将OBE理念分解为5个阶段运用到课程结构设计中,结合课程技术、规模、政治与人文成果形成知识模块、能力模块及素质模块,力求提升城乡规划专业理论课教学效果。

从城乡二元到城乡融合发展——中国式现代化进程中的城乡关系发展

城乡实现融合发展的关键在于消除制度性、历史性因素所造成的区域、城乡资源配置被边缘化的问题,从而推进国民经济结构的转型升级,继而实现现代化。回顾我国发展进程发现:中国城乡关系是从分离、对立到融合,从非均衡向均衡发展转变的过程,此过程把握了中国式现代化道路的生成逻辑,实现了城乡融合发展的新境界,开辟了马克思主义现代化理论的新道路。现阶段,我国乡村振兴与新型城镇化融合发展仍存在体制机制不健全,城乡基本公共服务体系包容性较差,乡村基础设施建设分布不均衡,城乡空间结构关系不协调等问题。文章认为需要从物质、文化、制度等层面进行战略统筹,树立科学的城乡融合理念,不断完善乡村治理体制;发挥有效市场和有为政府的合力,推进城乡要素市场一体化;以数字科技赋能城乡产业,孕育更多有利于城乡融合发展的新型产业。

国土空间规划视角下城乡融合发展实施路径研究——以南充高坪城乡融合片为例

国土空间规划成为当前推进城乡融合发展的重要举措。以南充高坪城乡融合片为例,通过梳理其现状特征,并剖析其目前面临的主要问题,在此基础上契合相关规划、政策关于城乡融合、乡村振兴等发展要求,提出城乡融合片的发展目标、定位以及实现城乡融合的实施路径,为其它地区城乡融合发展提供参考。

数字经济对城乡融合发展的影响研究——基于劳动力错配视角

城乡融合发展是应对城乡发展不平衡难题的关键所在,迫切需要引入当前经济体系中最活跃的数字经济来打破城乡融合发展中的困境。基于2011—2021年省级面板数据,建立熵值法指标体系,构建面板回归、门槛效应等模型,研究数字经济、城乡劳动力错配与城乡融合发展之间的关系。结果表明:数字经济能显著促进城乡融合发展;数字经济通过改善我国城乡劳动力错配现状,对城乡融合发展产生促进作用;而劳动力错配会带来效率损失,因此在数字经济促进城乡融合发展的过程中表现出遮掩效应。数字经济对城乡融合发展的作用程度受城乡劳动力错配门槛效应影响,当城乡劳动力错配程度较高时,数字经济的促进效应会被大幅抑制,造成资源浪费且不利于城乡融合发展。基于此,提出优化布局数字新基建,利用数字赋能调节城乡要素配置,完善要素市场体系,深化城乡分割体制改革,建设全国统一大市场等建议。

“兼容型城镇化”与“新三元结构”——一种解释和分析中国新阶段城镇化的新视角与新框架

随着中国经济社会发展进入新阶段,农业转移人口正在经历从远距离迁徙向近域流动转变,从满足家庭生计需要向更高质量发展转变,从公共服务不足向城乡公共服务兼容共享转变。从“人的城镇化”出发,提出“兼容型城镇化”的概念,即动态生活于城市和乡村之间,生产生活方式具有城乡双栖、工农兼业特征,同时享有城市和乡村公共服务的城镇化形态。兼容型城镇化还具有灵活就业、就地非农化、职住空间耦合等特征。这一现象受到城乡二元制度框架下的“推拉均衡”机制、以家庭分工合作为基础的城乡兼容型家庭机制、以文明素质提升和社会跃迁为表征的人的现代化机制的共同作用。案例分析表明,兼容型城镇化包括以特大城市功能外溢为基础的就地兼容型城镇化和以县城为载体的就近兼容型城镇化两种模式。当前,城乡之间呈现出以兼容型城镇化为特征的“新三元结构”,引导和促进这个“第三元”健康有序发展,有利于协同推动新型城镇化和乡村振兴,促进城乡融合发展,最终实现城乡一体化。

人口变化背景下我国城乡义务教育资源需求预测与规划

人口规模和结构的变化直接影响着教育资源供需形势的变化。准确把握学龄人口的变动状况,是合理规划城乡义务教育资源的重要前提。基于第七次人口普查数据源,运用CPPS人口预测工具系统,对2023—2035年我国城乡义务教育在校生数量进行预测发现,义务教育在校生数总体上呈现下降趋势,小学阶段在校生数的下降规模呈现出城市>县镇>农村的趋势,初中阶段在校生数下降规模则呈现县镇>城市>农村的趋势。在义务教育学龄人口变动影响下,2023—2035年义务教育资源需求变化主要集中在师资、教育经费以及校舍上。师资上,义务教育阶段师资需求总体呈下降的趋势,城市、县镇、农村小学阶段的师资需求将分别下降87.60、85.46、60.44万人,城市、县镇、农村初中阶段的师资需求将分别下降68.77、83.28、22.10万人;教育经费上,小学、初中阶段教育经费需求的涨幅分别为15.41%和5.96%;校舍上,城市、县镇小学仍有一定的缺口,农村小学、县镇和农村初中则将出现大量校舍闲置状况。基于此,可通过构建城乡义务教育资源跨周期调节机制、促进城乡教师队伍协调高质量发展、健全义务教育经费保障机制、分类科学合理规划利用闲置校舍等策略,应对人口变化给我国城乡义务教育带来的资源需求变动。

数字经济、城乡二元结构与农村环境治理

文章在系统分析数字经济影响农村环境治理的直接机制及城乡二元结构在其中起到的调节机制基础上,以长江经济带为例,基于2011—2020年的省级面板数据,运用熵值法测度了数字经济与农村环境治理水平,然后运用双向固定效应模型、调节效应模型探究数字经济、城乡二元结构对长江经济带农村环境治理的影响。研究表明:数字经济对长江经济带农村环境治理具有显著的正向促进作用,城乡二元结构在数字经济助力农村环境治理过程中发挥着显著的抑制作用,在运用剔除特殊值法进行稳健性检验后,该结论仍然成立。同时,异质性分析发现,长江上游地区和下游地区数字经济的正向效应显著,中游地区表现乏力;长江下游地区城乡二元结构的调节效应显著,中游地区调节效应存在但并不显著,上游地区调节效应不存在。

城乡教育资源不平衡对乡村产业振兴的影响

乡村振兴战略实施需要解决城乡教育资源不平衡问题,实现城乡教育均等化是构建乡村“输血-造血”机制、实现乡村振兴的首要要求。通过完全模糊和相对的方法(TFR)构造城乡教育不平衡指数,测算结果显示,城乡教育资源不平衡呈加剧状况,且东部地区最不平衡。城乡教育资源不平衡阻碍乡村振兴的机制主要体现在两条路径上:其一,城乡教育资源不平衡致使乡村人才大量流失,乡村留居人口无论从数量上还是素质上都呈相对下降趋势;其二,城乡教育资源不平衡导致乡村劳动力存在体力型劳动力剩余而技术型管理型劳动力不足并存的结构性短缺问题。基于上述研究结论,提出促进教育资源流入乡村、建立人才引进激励机制、加大乡村职业教育、提高教育资源配置效率的政策建议。

金融集聚对城乡收入差距的影响

作为现代经济的核心,金融在促进经济发展和调节收入分配方面发挥着重要作用。文章基于城乡二元视角,选取我国2010—2020年的省级面板数据,采用区位熵测算三大金融行业即银行业、证券业和保险业的集聚水平,进而运用空间杜宾模型分析金融集聚对收入差距的影响。研究发现,我国金融集聚水平和城乡收入差距之间存在倒“U”型关系;金融集聚具有较强的空间溢出效应;不同金融行业的集聚水平对城乡居民收入差距的影响存在显著差异,其中银行业的集聚能缩小城乡收入差距,保险业的集聚则扩大了城乡收入差距;不同区域金融集聚的空间溢出效应存在异质性,其中东北地区的溢出效应最为显著。最后,为缩小城乡居民收入差距,文章提出推进金融制度改革、充分利用空间溢出效应打造经济增长极、制定差异化金融政策等建议。

城乡融合赋能共同富裕:逻辑关联、理论阐释与实践进路

共同富裕内蕴着生产力与生产关系的双重目标,是包含物质文明、精神文明与生态文明的“整体性富裕”社会形态。城乡发展差距是实现共同富裕道路上的首要制约因素。城乡融合发展旨在解决共同富裕中“城兴乡衰”、城乡失衡等结构性困境,从而突破西方“富者更富,贫者更贫”的资本主义制度定律。文章廓清了城乡融合发展与共同富裕目标的逻辑关联,基于政府、市场与社会多元共治视角阐释了城乡融合发展赋能共同富裕的机理脉络,将共同富裕解构为有效市场、有为政府和有爱社会协同共治的渐进式过程。城乡融合发展赋能共同富裕的实践进路在于:加快城乡产业深度融合,夯实共同富裕物质基础;加快城乡要素畅通流动,激发共同富裕内在动能;加快城乡公共资源均衡配置,确保共同富裕起点公平;加快城乡生态共保共享,拓展共同富裕时代内涵。