Numerical investigation of dynamic characteristics of dual throat nozzle and bypass dual throat nozzle in thrust vectoring starting process

The Bypass Dual Throat Nozzle(BDTN)is a novel fluidic Thrust Vectoring(TV)nozzle,it switches to TV state by opening the valve in the bypass.To greatly manipulate the BDTN,the dynamic characteristics in the TV starting process should be analyzed.This paper conducts numerical simulations to grasp the variation processes of performances and the flow field evolution of BDTN and Dual Throat Nozzle(DTN).The dynamic responses of TV starting in typical DTN models are investigated at first.Then,the TV starting processes of BDTN in different Nozzle Pressure Ratio(NPR)conditions are simulated,and the valve opening durations(T)are also considered.Before the expected TV direction is achieved in the DTN,the jet is deflected to the opposite direction at the beginning of the dynamic process,which is called the reverse TV phenomenon.However,this phenomenon disappears in the BDTN.The larger injection width of DTN intensifies unsteady oscillations,and the reverse TV phenomenon is strengthened.In the BDTN,T determines the delay degree of performance variations compared to the static results,which is called hysteresis effect.At NPR=10,the hysteresis affects the final stable performance of BDTN.This study analyses the dynamic characteristics in DTN and BDTN,laying a foundation for further design of nozzles and control strategies.

Dynamic characteristics and application of dual throat fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle

Thrust vectoring technology plays an important role in improving the maneuverability of aircraft.In order to overcome the disadvantages of mechanical thrust vectoring nozzles,such as complications of structure and significant increases in weight and cost,fluidic thrust vectoring noz-zles are proposed.Dual Throat fluidic thrust vectoring Nozzle(DTN)has received wide attention due to its excellent thrust vectoring efficiency and minimal thrust loss.In this study,three-dimensional unsteady numerical simulations of a single axisymmetric DTN are conducted first to analyze its dynamic response.Then the pitch and yaw control characteristics of DTN equipped on a flying-wing aircraft are investigated.It is found that the dynamic response will experience three stages:rapid-deflecting stage,oscillating stage,and steady stage.A complete recirculation zone forms at the end of the rapid-deflecting stage,which pushes the primary flow to attach to the wall opposite the secondary injection.Meanwhile,the exhaust flow is deflected.In terms of DTN's appli-cation,the DTN equipped on the flying-wing aircraft is capable of providing effective pitch and yaw moments at all angles of attack and Mach numbers.In addition,continuous pitch and yaw moments can be obtained by adjusting the secondary mass flow ratios.The control moment is gen-erated due to the asymmetrical pressure distribution of nozzle surface,which is mainly contributed by the pressure decrease on the secondary injection surface.Moreover,the DTN equipped on the flying-wing aircraft has a relatively high thrust vectoring efficiency of around 5°/%and a thrust coefficient of around 0.95 when nozzle pressure ratio equals 4.These results provide an important theoretical basis for the practical application of DTN.

Numerical study of a trapezoidal bypass dual throat nozzle

Bypass Dual Throat Nozzle(BDTN)is a novel type of fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle.To improve the infrared stealth performance of BDTN,a nozzle based on BDTN is proposed and numerically simulated.Each cross-section along the x-axis of the novel nozzle becomes a trapezoid,which is named“BDTN-TRA.”The main numerical simulation results show that BDTN-TRA can produce a thrust vectoring angle when the upper or lower bypass valve is open.The angle difference between the two conditions mentioned above is usually approximately 1°-2°.Even if the two bypasses are closed,BDTN-TRA can produce a small thrust vectoring angle at around 3°-5°.When the sidewall angle increases from 60°to 90°,the thrust coefficient and thrust vectoring angle under each work condition usually decrease.A larger aspect ratio indicates better performance.As the aspect ratio increases over 7.2,the performance of BDTN-TRA is quite close to that of BDTN with rectangular cross-sections at the same aspect ratio.These features will benefit the control and trimming for future aircraft design,especially for the flying wing layout aircraft.Last but not least,BDTN-TRA has a more extraordinary mixing performance compared with BDTN.The distributions of static temperature and axial velocity along the x-axis of BDTN-TRA with sidewall angle of 60°decrease faster than those of BDTN.When the total temperature of the inlet equals 1600 K,the static temperature difference between BDTN-TRA with sidewall angles of 60°and 90°is over 360 K at twice the length of the nozzle downstream of the nozzle exit,which is the reflection for excellent infrared stealth for the fighter.

Simulation Study of Solid Rocket Motor C/C Throat Liner Ablation Based on Two Regions

Based on the ablation micro-morphological characteristics, thermo-chemical ablation mechanism, and mechanical stripping mechanism, a dual-region solid rocket motor C/C throat liner ablation model and physical model are established. The ablation program was written and the experimental data of 70 lb BATES engine platform was used for model validation. The relative errors between the simulation calculation results and the experimental results were −6.83% - 10.20%. The ablation program was applied to study the effects of combustion chamber temperature, pressure, oxidation component concentration, throat particle concentration and particle scouring angle on the nozzle throat liner, which provides a reference for the design of the nozzle throat liner and the estimation of solid rocket motor ablation.

A Computational Study of Thrust Vectoring Control Using Dual Throat Nozzle

Dual throat nozzle (DTN) is fast becoming a popular technique for thrust vectoring. The DTN is designed with two throats, an upstream minimum and a downstream minimum at the nozzle exit, with a cavity in between the upstream throat and exit. In the present study, a computational work has been carried out to analyze the performance of a dual throat nozzle at various mass flow rates of secondary flow and nozzle pressure ratios (NPR). Two-dimensional, steady, compressible Navier-Stokes equations were solved using a fully implicit finite volume scheme. The present computational results were validated with available experimental data. Based on the present results, the control effectiveness of thrust-vectoring is discussed in terms of the thrust coefficient and the coefficient of discharge.

双喉道推力矢量喷管内外流特性

对二元双喉道推力矢量喷管内流特性进行了研究。针对一种简化的飞机后体模型,利用数值计算与风洞试验结合的方法研究了后机身一体化设计对矢量喷管内外流特性的影响,进一步分析了矢量喷流干扰效应对飞机后体的影响。研究结果表明,气流在喷管空腔内的分离导致了喷管上下壁面的压力差,而该压力差是双喉道喷管推力矢量产生的主要原因;随着二次流流量的增加,喷管上下壁面压差逐渐变大,喷管推力矢量角增加。无来流时,在主喷管落压比NPR=4.0,二次流落压比NPR s=4.8时,双喉道喷管具有的最大矢量角为16.6°;在来流Mach数Ma=0.4时,具有的最大矢量角为11.2°。喷管外罩表面声载荷频率主要集中在900 Hz以下,并且外罩型面变化剧烈处具有最高的噪声幅值。喷流矢量角的变化对噪声峰值频率没有影响,仅对下壁面1000 Hz以下幅值有影响,噪声最大频谱幅值影响量为2 dB。

双轴承旋转喷管型面设计及数值模拟研究

针对短距/垂直起降战斗机高机动飞行的迫切需求及其矢量喷管机械结构复杂笨重的问题,提出了基于轴对称双喉道气动矢量喷管设计的双轴承旋转喷管,通过采用双轴承结构和双喉道气动矢量喷管相结合的方式,减少驱动结构,使喷管能更高效、轻便地实现短距/垂直起降,并且赋予了飞行器平飞模态高机动飞行的潜力。基于典型轴对称双喉道气动矢量喷管构型,开展了双轴承旋转喷管的型面设计和运动规律研究,利用数值模拟开展关键设计参数对喷管流场的影响研究,获得喷管的性能变化规律。结果表明,短距/垂直起降模态下,典型构型的双轴承旋转喷管推力矢量角最大可达108°,满足短距/垂直起降飞行器对喷管的要求。凹腔段的长短轴比值对喷管短距/垂直起降模态的性能影响较大,相同落压比条件下,长短轴比值越大,喷管的总推力系数越低,推力矢量角越大,并且推力矢量角最大差值达到41°。本文所提出的双轴承旋转喷管可为未来具备短距/垂直起降、高机动性能的飞行器动力系统提供一种新的解决方案。

二元双喉道射流推力矢量喷管流动参数影响的数值研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了不同流动参数对二元双喉道射流推力矢量喷管（Dual-throatfluidic Thrust-vecto-ringNozzle，DTN）内流特性和推力矢量控制效果的影响。结果表明，DTN在非推力矢量情况下，NPR在3～4范围时，推力系数较大，达到0．968，而流量系数较小，仅为0．93；NPR再增大，推力系数迅速下降。在推力矢量情况下，落压比一定时，随着次流流量比的增加，推力矢量角增加，而流量系数、推力系数、推力矢量效率减小；次流流量比一定时，随着落压比的增加，推力矢量角减小，系统推力系数先增加后减小，流量系数略微增加。

二元双喉道射流推力矢量喷管的数值模拟研究

对二元双喉道射流推力矢量喷管的设计规律进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,空腔长度、空腔扩张角、空腔收敛角、上游喉道高度等设计参数对喷管的推力系数、矢量效率以及内部流态均有着显著影响.研究中获得的较优的参数组合方案为:空腔长度2.61,空腔扩张角10°,空腔收敛角30°,上游喉道高度1.0,次流注入角150°(长度尺度以下游喉道高度无量纲化).当主流压比为4、次/主流压比为1.08、次流量为主流的2.5%时,该方案获得了14.34°的矢量角,且推力系数为0.967.

次流通道对双喉道气动矢量喷管的性能影响研究

为了进一步了解次流通道对双喉道气动矢量喷管(Dual Throat Nozzle,DTN)气动矢量性能的影响,基于二维DTN喷管构型进行了详细的数值模拟研究。结果表明:收扩的次流通道相对于平直的次流通道不会改善DTN喷管的推力矢量性能;随着次流流量增加,DTN的推力矢量角存在一个最大值,超过该值各推力矢量性能均会降低;次流通道宽度对DTN喷管推力矢量性能影响显著:(1)次流宽度不影响所能达到的最大推力矢量角;(2)小的次流宽度在进口总压较高的条件下具有更高的推力矢量角;(3)增大次流宽度能降低次流总压,但达到的矢量角会有所减小。

基于RBF和PSO的双喉道气动矢量喷管优化设计

本文探索了一种能多变量综合优化的方法,即对喷管进行参数化设计后,用均匀试验设计(UED)将试验样本均匀散布在设计区间内,求出各性能参数后,利用径向基神经网络(RBF)对试验样本进行拟合,再用粒子群算法(PSO)对训练好的神经网络进行寻优,找出了更好的双喉道气动矢量喷管设计参数组合。数值模拟结果显示,优化后的双喉道气动矢量喷管的矢量角有了明显提高。试验表明这种优化方法具有很好的优化能力,可以用来对喷管几何外形进行参数优化。

两段式喷嘴引射器及其引射制冷系统性能实验研究

对采用两段式喷嘴引射器的两相流引射制冷系统进行了实验研究,并将两段式喷嘴的引射比及其系统COP分别与拉法尔喷嘴引射器的引射比及其系统COP进行了比较。实验结果表明:在冷凝/蒸发温度为45℃/1℃工况下,使用不同几何尺寸两段式喷嘴引射器的引射比均大于拉法尔喷嘴引射器的引射比,最大提高了约18%;使用两段式喷嘴引射器的制冷系统COP大于使用拉法尔喷嘴引射器的制冷系统COP,最大提高了约12%;在蒸发温度为1℃条件下,两段式喷嘴引射器及拉法尔喷嘴引射器的引射比均在冷凝温度为45℃时达到最大值,而在冷凝温度为50℃条件下,两种引射器的引射比均在蒸发温度为3℃时达到最大值。

双喉道射流推力矢量喷管的数值模拟研究

文章利用数值模拟手段,对双喉道射流推力矢量喷管展开研究,探讨了双喉道喷管产生推力矢量的原理,通过与实验的比较,验证了采用数值算法进行射流推力矢量研究的可行性,并在多个主喷流压比NPR=2、4、7下,系统考察了次流注入角度、空腔收敛角、上游喉道高度等喷管设计参数对其性能的影响,利用这些设计变量的参数化研究得出的规律,确定了一个相对较优的双喉道喷管参数组合方案:l=2.6hdt,hut=0.96hdt,1θ=10°,2θ=40°,=130,°在NPR=4,3%次流注入量时,该方案喷管产生的推力矢量偏角是14.65,°矢量效率是98.85%。

扩张段射流对旁路式双喉道喷管矢量特性的影响研究

为探究腔体扩张段射流对旁路式双喉道喷管气动矢量特性的影响,采用数值模拟方法对喷管在不同次流入射位置和次流压比下的内流情况进行仿真研究。结果表明:在扩张段引入次流能够改善喷管内流性能,随着次流入射位置后移,推力矢量角先增大后减小,推力系数逐渐增大且增幅渐缓;随着次流压比增加,喷管推力矢量角逐渐增加后基本保持不变,推力系数先增加后快速下降,而矢量效率先急剧上升后趋于平稳;改进后的喷管在最佳算例中得到推力矢量角为27.59°,推力系数为0.956,矢量效率3°/1%次流流量。

双喉道推力矢量喷管研究进展

推力矢量喷管能够大幅提升飞行器的机动性,传统机械式矢量喷管因结构复杂、可靠性差等缺点而使用受限,相比之下,气动矢量喷管的综合性能更为突出,已发展出多种类型,包括激波控制型、双喉道型等。本文简要介绍了气动矢量控制技术的发展现状,重点综述了矢量效果最好的双喉道喷管在二元、轴对称模型气动特性和构型优化等方面的研究情况,并基于现阶段研究的不足,对未来发展方向提出设想。

两段式喷嘴淹没空化射流流场数值模拟

为了研究两段式喷嘴结构对空化射流效果的影响,建立了两段式喷嘴的数学模型与物理模型,对两段式喷嘴进行了模拟。以蒸汽气相体积分数为判断空化效果的主要依据,分析了第一喉部直径、第二喉部直径和连接处直径对两段式喷嘴空化性能的影响,并与角形喷嘴进行对比研究。结果表明:两段式喷嘴的结构参数对空化效果产生显著的影响。空化程度随着第一喉部直径的增加先增强后减弱;第二喉部直径取值越小,空化程度越高,空化程度随着第二喉部直径的增加先增加后减小;随着连接处直径的增大,空化效果逐渐增强。但当连接处的直径大于4 mm时,连接处直径取值对空化效果几乎没有影响;当两段式喷嘴的第一喉部直径为1.5 mm,第二喉部直径为1.0 mm,连接处直径为4 mm时,具有良好的空化效果。

旁路式双喉道喷管气动矢量特性数值研究

旁路式双喉道喷管(BDTN)通过设置旁路通道即可实现稳定的推力矢量,无需增加额外的高压气源和次流系统,研究其推力矢量特性对于提高飞行器的机动性和敏捷性具有重要意义。采用数值方法对BDTN在不同落压比下的内外流场及其在高温高压环境下的内流特性进行数值仿真。结果表明:BDTN的流场结构与普通双喉道喷管(DTN)相仿,但矢量效果更好,可在推力系数为0.966的同时获得24.6°的推力矢量角;落压比(NPR)大于4时,随着入口总压的增加,喷管推力矢量角和推力系数均逐渐减小;在入口总温为3 000K、落压比为100时,喷管的推力矢量角减小至12.75°,推力系数减小至0.882,即高温高压的内流环境对喷管矢量性能具有很大的消极影响。

扩张段注气对扩张型双喉道喷管起动的影响研究

扩张型双喉道喷管存在起动问题,使喷管推力性能显著下降。为此,提出了扩张段注气解决喷管起动问题的方案,并利用数值模拟方法,针对二元扩张型双喉道喷管,研究了扩张段注气压比、注气位置等对喷管流动和性能的影响。研究结果表明:扩张段注气可以产生斜激波系和大的分离区,改变了扩张型双喉道喷管主气流通道的形状,减小了激波损失,解决了喷管的起动问题,并使喷管性能显著提高;注气缝位于扩张段中间时,容易形成连续扩张的主流通道,有利于主流的加速和产生推力,因此其推力性能最好。

天然气/柴油双燃料发动机燃气供给系统特性研究

在试验的基础上,研究了由X6130改造的天然气/柴油机双燃料发动机的燃气供给系统的特性,重点分析了节气门开度及混合器喉口直径对混合器真空度,进而对双燃料发动机性能的影响关系。

孔隙-孔喉分形多孔介质复杂类型组构模式表征

自然储层孔隙结构复杂,孔隙和孔喉共存且往往会表现出分形特征。经典的数量-尺度关系Rns及其衍生模型虽然能有效获取分形维数D,然而它们之间多对一的关系无法保证反演建模的惟一性。与此同时,分形对象中复杂类型的种类及其组构模式尚不明了,这导致储层复杂孔隙结构等效表征的困难。因此,厘清孔隙和孔喉多类型共存、多尺度分布的孔隙结构中的复杂类型,进而定量表征其组构模式对评估油气的赋存和运移规律至关重要。新近出现的分形拓扑理论表明分形对象是耦合原始复杂性与行为复杂性的双复杂系统。这两类复杂类型表现出相互独立的组构模式,其中原始复杂性确定单尺度与多尺度、单相与多相、单类型与多类型等缩放类型,而行为复杂性则决定自相似、自仿射、多重分形等尺度不变特征。基于此,本文有效标定了孔隙-孔喉耦合分形结构中的复杂类型种类,查明了孔隙、孔喉以及其连通性的原始复杂性归属,利用泰森多边形算法实现了孔隙-孔喉耦合行为的定量描述,依据分形拓扑理论给出了行为复杂性的尺度不变定义,结合原始复杂性与行为复杂性组构模式发展了一种精细表征孔隙-孔喉耦合分形孔隙结构的算法。基于新算法,模拟了不同复杂组构模式下的分形多孔介质,分析了原始复杂性与行为复杂性对孔隙结构的影响,推演了孔隙度及比表面积计算公式并验证了其有效性。