Revealing the contribution of basilar membrane's biological activity to the mechanism of the cochlear phonosensitive amplification

Explaining the mechanism of the cochlear active phonosensitive amplification has been a major problem in medicine.The basilar membrane(BM)is the key infrastructure.In 1960,Nobel Laureate von B′ek′esy first discovered BM's traveling wave motion.Since that time,BM's models only have considered the traveling wave but not the biological activity.Therefore,a new model considering changes of BM's stiffness in space and time is established based on the immersed boundary method to describe its biological activity.It not only reproduces the results of traveling wave motion but also explains the mechanization on the generation of traveling wave.An important discovery is that changes of BM's stiffness in space and time will cause the unstable global resonance,which will induce amplification of sounds in cochlea.An important inference is that biological activity shall be included in the application of mechanical principles to the analysis of life,which is the essential difference between biomechanics and general mechanics.

Research and Application of"Soft"Devices for Realizing Servo Amplification

This article analyzes and discusses the working principle and problems encountered by various servo amplification devices used in the on-site continuous adjustment system,analyzes and discusses the application of the servo mechanism,and analyzes the mechanism of the servo device's implementation of the"positioning"func-tion on the control device.Intended to guide the continuous adjustment process in controlling the function/accuracy of actuator equipment and application debugging,ensuring the safe and stable operation of production equipment and facilities.

A Piezoelectric Friction-Inertial Linear Motor Based on Piezoelectric Single-Crystal Cymbal Displacement Amplification Mechanism

Piezoelectric friction-inertial motor is known for its promise for a long-range and high-resolution motion.The movement of the slider/rotor of the motor is achieved by stick-slip effect.We report a relaxor-based-ferroelectric-single-crystal cymbal actuator and a miniature piezoelectric friction-inertial linear motor(abbreviated as PFILM)fabricated with the cymbal actuator.The cymbal actuator is fabricated with a 10 mm diameter disk of 0.70Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-0.30PbTiO_3 single crystal.The displacement of the cymbal actuator increases almost proportionally from 0to 23μm with driving voltage up to 500 V,and the minimal hysteresis is observed.The cymbalPFILM with 20 mm motion range works under driving voltage frequency of ca.100 Hz to ca.5kHz,the fastest speed is obtained with 3.5kHz and the no-load speed is 14mm/s and the maximum thrust force is 98 mN.Compared with a PFILM based on multilayer piezoelectric ceramic,the proposed motor has a larger stroke under DC/quasistatic input voltage in fine motion mode,but a smaller driving force in long-travel mode due to lower resonance frequency.

Amplification mechanism of perturbation energy in controlled backward-facing step flow

A body force resembling the streamwise Lorentz force which decays exponentially in the wall-normalwise direction is applied in the primary and secondary separation bubbles to modify the base flow and thereby adjust the amplification rate of the perturbation energy.The amplification mechanisms are investigated numerically via analyzing the characteristics of the terms in the Reynolds-Orr equation which describes the growth rate of the perturbation energy.The results demonstrate that the main convective term always promotes the increase in the growth rate while the viscous terms usually play the reverse role.The contours of the product of the wall-normalwise and streamwise perturbation velocities distribute on both sides of the isoline,which represents the zero wall-normalwise gradient of the streamwise velocity in the base flow,due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)instability.For the case without control,the isoline downstream the reattachment point of the primary separation bubble is closer to the lower wall,and thus the viscous term near the lower wall might suppress the amplification rate.For the case in which the body force only acts on the secondary separation bubble,the secondary separation bubble is removed,and the magnitude of the negative wall-normalwise gradient of the base flow streamwise velocity decreases along the streamwise direction,and thus the growth rate of the perturbation energy is smaller than that for the case without control.For the case where the body force acts on both the separation bubbles,the secondary separation bubble is removed,the isoline stays in the central part of the channel,and thereby the viscous term has less effects on the amplification rate of which the peak value could be the maximum one for some control number.

Design and dynamic analysis of integrated architecture for vibration energy harvesting including piezoelectric frame and mechanical amplifier

Vibration energy harvesters(VEHs) can transform ambient vibration energy to electricity and have been widely investigated as promising self-powered devices for wireless sensor networks, wearable sensors, and applications of a micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS). However, the ambient vibration is always too weak to hinder the high energy conversion efficiency. In this paper, the integrated frame composed of piezoelectric beams and mechanical amplifiers is proposed to improve the energy conversion efficiency of a VEH. First, the initial structures of a piezoelectric frame(PF) and an amplification frame(AF) are designed. The dynamic model is then established to analyze the influence of key structural parameters on the mechanical amplification factor. Finite element simulation is conducted to study the energy harvesting performance, where the stiffness characteristics and power output in the cases of series and parallel load resistance are discussed in detail. Furthermore, piezoelectric beams with variable cross-sections are introduced to optimize and improve the energy harvesting efficiency. Advantages of the PF with the AF are illustrated by comparison with conventional piezoelectric cantilever beams. The results show that the proposed integrated VEH has a good mechanical amplification capability and is more suitable for low-frequency vibration conditions.

Optimization design of two-stage amplification micro-drive system without additional motion based on particle swarm optimization algorithm

With the increasing requirements of precision mechanical systems in electronic packaging,ultra-precision machining,biomedicine and other high-tech fields,it is necessary to study a precision two-stage amplification micro-drive system that can safely provide high precision and a large amplification ratio.In view of the disadvantages of the current two-stage amplification and micro-drive system,such as poor security,low motion accuracy and limited amplification ratio,an optimization design of a precise symmetrical two-stage amplification micro-drive system was completed in this study,and its related performance was studied.Based on the guiding principle of the flexure hinge,a two-stage amplification micro-drive mechanism with no parasitic motion or non-motion direction force was designed.In addition,the structure optimization design of the mechanism was completed using the particle swarm optimization algorithm,which increased the amplification ratio of the mechanism from 5 to 18 times.A precise symmetrical two-stage amplification system was designed using a piezoelectric ceramic actuator and two-stage amplification micro-drive mechanism as the micro-driver and actuator,respectively.The driving,strength,and motion performances of the system were subsequently studied.The results showed that the driving linearity of the system was high,the strength satisfied the design requirements,the motion amplification ratio was high and the motion accuracy was high(relative error was 5.31%).The research in this study can promote the optimization of micro-drive systems.

The response law of far-field seismic ground motion of the Wenchuan earthquake and its damaging mechanism in the Loess Plateau

A series of housing collapses and other serious damage was caused by the 2008 Wenchuan M_(S)8.0 earthquake in the seismic intensity Ⅵ areas of the Loess Plateau, which is hundreds of kilometers away from the epicenter, and which showed a remarkable seismic intensity anomaly. The seismic disasters are closely related to the seismic response characteristics of the site, therefore, the systematic study of the far-field seismic response law of the Wenchuan earthquake in the Loess Plateau is of great significance to prevent the far-field disaster of great earthquake. In this paper, the seismic acceleration records of several bedrock stations and loess stations from the seismogenic fault of the Wenchuan earthquake to the Loess Plateau were collected, and the attenuation law of ground motion along the propagation path and the characteristics of seismic response on the loess site are studied,and the mechanism of amplification effect of ground motion is analyzed based on the dynamic feature parameters of the loess site obtained through the HVSR method. Taking a typical loess site of thick deposit as the prototype, a series of shaking table tests of dynamic response of loess site models with different thicknesses were carried out.Amplification effect, spectral characteristics of acceleration in model sites were analyzed under the action of a farfield seismic wave of the Wenchuan earthquake. The results show that seismic attenuation on the propagation path along the NE strike of the seismogenic fault to the Loess Plateau is slower than that in other directions, and the predominant period range of ground motion on bedrock site of the Loess Plateau presents broadband characteristics. Because the natural periods of loess sites with thick deposits are within the predominant period range of bedrock input wave, loess sites appear significant amplification effect of ground motion, the horizontal acceleration of ground motion exceeds 0.1 g, the seismic intensity reaches 7°. The thicker the loess deposit is, the more significant the change of spectral characteristics of ground motion on loess sites, and the narrower the predominant period range of ground motion becomes, and the closer it is to the natural period of loess sites.Therefore, for some old houses on thick loess sites, the poor seismic performance and strong seismic response eventually led to their collapses and damages because their natural periods are very close to the predominant period of ground motion of the Wenchuan earthquake on thick loess sites;For these damaged high-rise buildings,the resonance effect might be the main reason for their damages because their natural periods are included in the predominant period range of ground motion of the Wenchuan earthquake on thick loess sites.These research results would provide a basis for seismic disasters prediction and evaluation and seismic design of construction engineering in the Loess Plateau.

海上风电场经交流海缆并网谐波谐振放大分析

采用交流海缆接入电网的海上风电场在电缆线路分布电容的作用下,可能出现陆上风电场不常见的谐波谐振与谐波放大现象,严重威胁到海上风电场安全可靠运行。为研究海上风电场谐波谐振机理与谐波放大影响因素,首先,建立了海上风电场输电系统与集电系统两部分的状态空间模型,并给出谐波放大倍数、谐波含量等指标的计算方法;其次,通过特征值和参与因子揭示了谐波谐振机理及关键影响因素;然后,通过根轨迹法研究了电网短路容量、高压电缆参数和风电机组并网台数对谐振模态的影响;最后,在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台搭建江苏某海上风电场.验证理论分析的有效性。

基于柔性铰链结构的大口径压电快摆镜

为了解决压电作动器驱动的快速反射镜因压电作动器伸长量较小,导致快速反射镜偏转角过小的问题,该文提出了一款新型快速反射镜设计方案。采用三级杠杆式柔性铰链放大机构实现压电作动器位移的放大,采用柔性轴承作为快摆镜的运动关节实现快摆镜的大角度定轴偏转。通过理论推导和有限元仿真对快摆镜的最大偏转角度、等效应力、谐振频率以及振型进行分析。实验结果表明,所设计的快摆镜可以实现大于2 mrad的镜面偏转,满足大范围、高精度的光束定位要求。

基于轴承式杠杆机构的光纤光栅高频地震检波器设计

针对目前高频段信号波的研究相对薄弱的问题,设计了一种基于轴承式杠杆机构的光纤光栅高频地震检波器。该检波器以杠杆机构和其中的轴承支点为创新点,使用仿真软件对检波器模型进行了静态结构分析、模态分析和谐波响应分析。仿真结果表明:该地震检波器的仿真灵敏度为64.588 pm/g,仿真固有频率为1638.5 Hz;调整杠杆放大机构动力臂与阻力臂长度比例和摆线铰链的切割半径,得到检波器的仿真固有频率为1204.4 Hz,仿真灵敏度为75.56 pm/g。

A New Differential Operator Method to Study the Mechanical Vibration

In this paper, we propose a unified differential operator method to study mechanical vibrations, solving inhomogeneous linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. The main advantage of this new method is that the differential operator D in the numerator of the fraction has no effect on input functions (i.e., the derivative operation is removed) because we take the fraction as a whole part in the partial fraction expansion. The method in various variants is widely implemented in related fields in mechanics and engineering. We also point out that the same mistakes in the differential operator method are found in the related references [1-4].

适应动态加速度场的压电-液压串联复合激振装置研制

为了实现动态加速度与时变振动环境的综合模拟,研制了一套适应动态加速度场的轻量宽频激振装置。首先提出了压电-液压串联复合激振方法和装置构型,解决了传统激振方法“宽频不轻量、轻量不宽频”的难题。设计了六单元并联压电激振模块,建立了精密装调工艺,并联激振效率达到74.2%。为满足动态加速度环境下的宽频激振需求,提出液压内嵌式定中方案,研制了具有“缸中缸”构型的液压激振模块。基于分频器,提出了串联复合激振系统的分频控制方法,实现了压电、液压激振模块的协调工作、均衡出力。以力平衡控制结合零位移反馈补偿控制,提出了液压激振模块定中控制方法,实现了动态加速度环境下的精确定中。提出了变增益、长时波形再现两种时变振动控制方法,研制了一体化的控制系统。测试结果表明,串联复合激振装置在离心加速度不低于60 g、加速度变化率不低于15 g/s工况下,分别实现了50 kg负载下的6 grms振动加速度、10~2 000 Hz频率范围的宽频激振。该装置已应用于多项惯性器件、组件和系统的环境试验考核,载荷控制效果良好。相比飞行试验,本文成果为飞行器制导、控制系统功能性能考核提供了高效经济的实验室手段,特别在大样本数据获取方面具有优势。

张衡地动仪工作原理探究

张衡地动仪至今仍未得到公认的复原模型,通过对张衡的哲学思想、科学成就等史料研究,对袁宏著《后汉纪》中描述地动仪的文字内容进行分析,对张衡研制的“地动仪”和“水运浑象”进行比较,认为地动仪为自动运行一体化精密仪器,可实现对微弱地振动信号感知、放大和记录功能。结合当时的历史背景和科技水平,提出了三点悬挂复合物理摆+机械杠杆放大的地动仪复原技术方案,详细介绍了地动仪摆锤的悬挂方式、八个方向地振动信号的提取、机械杠杆放大机构和擒纵机构的设计思路,并研制了实验样机,证实地动仪工作原理具有科学性,且能与文献中描述地动仪的文字内容相互验证。

x-y-θ_(z)大行程无耦合并联压电微动平台的设计

为了实现大位移行程、无耦合运动的精密定位,设计了一种结构紧凑、工作台面大的x-y-θ_(z)三自由度并联压电微动平台。该文首先采用双柔性薄板的柔顺桥式放大机构对微动平台的驱动单元进行了设计,并基于双平行四连杆柔顺机构设计了微动平台的台体,进而获得平台的整体结构。再采用有限元方法对平台的应力、位移放大倍数和模态进行了分析。最后对所设计的微动平台进行实验系统的搭建,并对平台的位移和频率响应特性进行测试。实验结果表明,平台在x方向上的最大输出位移为306.1μm,耦合率为0.26%;平台在y方向上的最大输出位移为402.3μm,耦合率为0.14%;在θ_(z)方向(即绕z轴)的最大转角为2.72 mrad。平台在x、y、θ_(z)方向的位移分辨率分别为10 nm、10 nm、0.1μrad,固有频率分别为104.1 Hz、130.0 Hz、115.6 Hz。

柔顺正交二级杠杆位移放大机构的设计与分析

设计位移放大机构是扩大压电叠堆驱动器输出位移,进而提升精密定位平台和微纳操作末端执行器工作空间的常见策略之一。对于柔顺位移放大机构,如何提高位移增益并使输出位移达到预期方向是其研究热点之一。鉴于此,对柔顺正交二级杠杆位移放大机构进行了系统性设计与分析。首先,分析机构与压电叠堆驱动器的运动学特性要求,结合机构自由度分析与刚体替代法,对柔顺正交二级杠杆位移放大机构进行系统性结构设计;然后,考虑柔顺铰链中点漂移与杆件变形,运用矢量多边形、卡氏第二定理与静力平衡方程,对机构位移增益进行静力学建模;进而,基于蒙特卡洛方法,对机构尺寸参数进行全局敏感性分析;最终,利用有限元仿真,对机构运动学综合、位移增益建模以及敏感性分析结果的有效性进行验证,并基于敏感性分析和有限元仿真结果,进一步设计了机构尺寸参数的制造公差等级。所提出的机构位移增益建模与敏感性分析方法无需使用输入输出位移正交的条件,可以推广应用于一般的柔顺多级杠杆位移放大机构。

扩增感受野特征融合的小目标检测算法

为了解决小目标检测在实际应用中的高漏检率、低准确率、低召回率等问题,提出一种基于感受野扩增特征融合的小目标检测算法.首先,对全卷积单阶段目标检测算法(fully convolutional one-stage object detection,FCOS)基础网络特征提取部分增加感受野扩增模块,改善基础网络ResNet-50特征信息提取较少、浅层特征层信息利用率偏低等问题;其次,在特征金字塔部分利用门控思想筛选信息融合,降低无效信息融合的干扰;最后,对7个特征层增加注意力机制模块,提升目标定位精度和分类精度.在COCO2017数据集上的实验结果表明,该算法比传统FCOS算法的检测精度提升2.4%.其中,小目标检测精度提升3.2%,具有更好的检测效果.

高速磁浮车-轨耦合系统动态机理与振动响应

对高速磁浮车-轨耦合系统进行动态机理和振动响应研究。首先,对高速磁浮中的各类耦合关系进行建模;其次,分别分析了动态和静态条件下的车-轨耦合作用机理;然后,建立了高速磁浮车-轨耦合动力学有限元模型;最后,对磁浮列车高速通过桥梁时轨道梁、功能件的动力响应和车-轨共振速度进行分析。结果表明:高速运行时车-轨作用频率不同,长时间共振速度下运行时车-轨振动明显增大;若桥梁动力放大系数小于1.2,则基频比最小值为1.16;若桥梁动力放大系数小于1.3,则基频比最小值为1.04。

纳米二氧化硅对板式无砟轨道混凝土的泛碱抑制与力学性能研究

以成绵乐高铁无砟轨道混凝土出现泛碱病害为工程背景,针对C60混凝土泛碱及相关力学问题,采用“半浸泡法”模拟泛碱多潮环境,证实了纳米二氧化硅百分含量低于3%时,对泛碱有明显抑制作用,单方面对于抑制其泛碱而言,纳米二氧化硅的最佳掺量值大于4%,但此后其泛碱抑制能力增益的速率随其掺量增加而减小。通过本文设计的“病害放大法”,对Y1组添加过量氢氧化钙(外加5%),致使其严重泛碱时,其抗压强度相对基准对照组下降了3.9%,验证了严重泛碱对C60混凝土的抗压强度具有负面影响。利用纳米二氧化硅、粉煤灰、减水剂三者的耦合效应,减小了纳米二氧化硅的团聚效应对混凝土后期强度的影响,纳米二氧化硅掺量值为3%以内时,对C60混凝土的抗压强度和抗折强度有积极贡献意义;纳米二氧化硅掺量值大于3%时,力学强度已低于标准值。综合考虑泛碱抑制和力学性能的提高,C60混凝土的纳米二氧化硅最佳掺量范围宜在3%以内。

Quantum parametric amplification of phonon-mediated magnon-spin interaction

The recently developed hybrid magnonics provides new opportunities for advances in both the study of magnetism and the development of quantum information processing.However,engineering coherent quantum state transfer between magnons and specific information carriers,in particular,mechanical oscillators and solid-state spins,remains challenging due to the intrinsically weak interactions and the frequency mismatch between different components.Here,we show how to strongly couple the magnon modes in a nanomagnet to the quantized mechanical motion(phonons)of a micromechanical cantilever in a hybrid tripartite system.The coherent and enhanced magnon-phonon coupling is engineered by introducing the quantum parametric amplification of the mechanical motion.With experimentally feasible parameters,we show that the mechanical parametric drive can be adjusted to drive the system into the strong-coupling regime and even the ultrastrong-coupling regime.Furthermore,we show the coherent state transfer between the nanomagnet and a nitrogen-vacancy center in the dispersive-coupling regime,with the magnon-spin interaction mediated by the virtually-excited squeezed phonons.The amplified mechanical noise can hardly interrupt the coherent dynamics of the system even for low mechanical quality factors,which removes the requirement of applying additional engineered-reservoir techniques.Our work opens up prospects for developing novel quantum transducers,quantum memories and high-precision measurements.

一种新型柔性双轴微夹钳的设计与分析

针对传统的微夹钳在复杂的微操作中只能沿单轴进行夹持操作的不足,文中设计了一种柔性铰链的双轴微夹钳,结构简单又紧凑,该微夹钳由一个压电陶瓷驱动器驱动,实现夹持和旋转两种操作。采用非对称结构设计,实现左边完成向前旋转动作,右边完成夹持动作。通过左右两边两级放大机构结构设计不同,实现位移放大和运动传递。为实现抓取和搓动功能的解耦,对两部分的运动导向机构进行了正交设计。采用伪刚体法建立了机构的伪刚体模型,建立了机构的运动学和动力学模型,包括运动机构放大比、输入刚度和机构的固有频率。通过有限元分析方法验证了微夹钳的性能模型的准确性。仿真试验结果表明,左侧机构的放大比为8.01,右侧放大比为8.56,最大输出位移可达171.36μm。所设计的微夹钳具有良好的抓取和搓动的性能,可实现高精度的抓取和释放操作。