Dielectric barrier discharge plasma-assisted catalytic ammonia synthesis:synergistic effect of Ni-MOF-74 catalyst and nanosecond pulsed plasma

Ammonia is one of the most important chemical raw materials in both manufacture and life of human.Traditionally Haber-Bosch method for ammonia synthesis involves high temperature and high pressure conditions,leading to significant energy consumption and environmental pollution.Non-thermal plasma(NTP) is a promising alternative approach to ammonia synthesis at low temperature and atmospheric pressure.In this study,the synergistic effect of nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge(np-DBD) and Ni-MOF-74 catalyst was investigated in ammonia synthesis by utilizing nitrogen and hydrogen as feedstock.The results demonstrated that the plasma catalytic-synthesis process parameters play a crucial role in the synthesis process of ammonia.The highest ammonia synthesis rate of 5145.16 μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)with an energy efficiency of 1.27 g·kWh^(-1)was observed in the presence of the Ni-MOF-74 catalyst,which was3.7 times higher than that without Ni-MOF-74 catalyst.The synergistic effect of Ni-MOF-74catalyst and nanosecond pulsed plasma was explored by in-situ plasma discharge diagnostics.

Microwave-Assisted Transition Metal Nanostructure Synthesis: Power-Law Signature Verification

A power-law (y = cxn) signature between process energy budget (kJ) and process energy density (kJ·ml-1) of microwave-assisted synthesis of silver and gold nanostructures has been recently described [Law and Denis. AJAC, 14(4), 149-174, (2023)]. This study explores this relation further for palladium, platinum, and zinc oxide nanostructures. Parametric cluster analysis and statistical analysis is used to test the power-law signature of over four orders of magnitude as a function of six microwave applicator-types metal precursor, non-Green Chemistry synthesis and claimed Green Chemistry. It is found that for the claimed Green Chemistry, process energy budget ranges from 0.291 to 900 kJ, with a residual error ranging between −33 to +25.9 kJ·ml-1. The non-Green Chemistry synthesis has a higher process energy budget range from 3.2 kJ to 3.3 MJ, with a residual error of −33.3 to +245.3 kJ·ml-1. It is also found that the energy profile over time produced by software controlled digestion applicators is poorly reported which leads to residual error problematic outliers that produce possible phase-transition in the power-law signature. The original Au and Ag database and new Pd, Pt and ZnO database (with and without problematic outliers) yield a global microwave-assisted synthesis power-law signature constants of c = 0.7172 ± 0.3214 kJ·ml-1 at x-axes = 0.001 kJ, and the exponent, n = 0.791 ± 0.055. The information in this study is aimed to understand variations in historical microwave-assisted synthesis processes, and develop new scale-out synthesis through process intensification.

Non-Linear Synthesis Problems for Plane Radiating Systems According to the Prescribed Power Directivity Pattern

A variational formulation of the synthesis problem for plane radiating systems according to the prescribed power directivity pattern (DP) is considered. The function representing the mean-square deviation of the prescribed and synthesized power DPs and containing the additional term with squared norm of the current or field in the antenna aperture is considered as the criterion of optimization. Freedom to choose the phase DP is used to improve the proximity of the prescribed and synthesized DPs. In such formulation, the classes of non-linear problems, for which the non-uniqueness of solutions, their branching and bifurcation are characteristic, arise. The properties of solutions depend on the electric size of radiating system and prescribed power DP. From a practical point of view, the existence of different solutions creating the same or similar DPs, gives the opportunity to choose the solution that has a simpler implementation. The synthesis problems for plane radiating systems and plane arrays are considered.

Green Chemistry Allometry Test of Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Transition Metal Nanostructures

Microwave irradiation is considered an important approach to Green Chemistry, because of its ability to rapidly increase the internal temperature of polar-organic compounds that lead to synthesis times of minutes rather than hours when compared to conventional thermal heating. This works describes a dual allometry test for the discrimination between the solvents and reagents used in the microwave-assisted synthesis of transition metal (zinc oxide, palladium silver, platinum, and gold) nanostructures. The test is performed in log-log process energy phase-space projection, where the synthesis data (kJ against kJ·mol-1) has a power-law signature. The test is shown to discriminate between recommended Green Chemistry, problematic Green Chemistry, and Green Chemistry hazardous solvents. Typically, recommended Green chemistry exhibits a broad y-axes distribution within an upper exponent = 1 and lower exponent = 0.5. Problematic Green Chemistry exhibits a y-axes narrower distribution with an upper exponent = 0.94 and lower exponent = 0.64. Non-Green Chemistry hazardous data exhibits a further narrowing of the y-axes distribution within upper exponent = 0.87 and lower exponent = 0.66. In all three cases, the y-axes is aligned to original database power-law signature. It is also shown that in the x-axes direction (process energy budget) the grouped order of magnitude decreases from four orders for recommended Green Chemistry solvent and reagent data, through two orders for non-Green Chemistry hazardous material and down to one order for problematic Green Chemistry.

Mass-Based Environmental Factor and Energy Assessment of Microwave-Assisted Synthesized Transition Metal Nanostructures

This paper describes mass-based energy phase-space projection of microwave-assisted synthesis of transition metals (zinc oxide, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold) nanostructures. The projection uses process energy budget (measured in kJ) on the horizontal axes and process density (measured in kJg−1) on the vertical axes. These two axes allow both mass usage efficiency (Environmental-Factor) and energy efficiency to be evaluated for a range of microwave applicator and metal synthesis. The metrics are allied to the: second, sixth and eleventh principle of the twelve principle of Green Chemistry. This analytical approach to microwave synthesis (widely considered as a useful Green Chemistry energy source) allows a quantified dynamic environmental quotient to be given to renewable plant-based biomass associated with the reduction of the metal precursors. Thus allowing a degree of quantification of claimed “eco-friendly” and “sustainable” synthesis with regard to waste production and energy usage.

Interference synthesis of cross beams from sparse array

Based on principle of power synthesis of sparse array, mathematical model of spatial power combining is established. Relation between cross angle of beams and synthesis efficiency on aimed point from two antenna nodes is derived. Furthermore, the setting principle of sampling interval is analyzed for simulation experiment. Energy distributions of the useful points under different cross angles were simulated. Simulation shows that if distance between the antenna nodes and aimed point are equal, and frequency, polarization and an- tenna type are the same, synthesis efficiency relies on the cross angles of beams, shape and density on the useful points accumulation area also rely on the cross angles of beams.

In-Depth Study on Synthesis Load Modeling

Detailed procedures for the modeling of synthesis load models (SLM) of actual power network are presented, then the classification indices based on 1oad characteristics and the principle of load classification are expounded. Based on the results of general investigation of 220 kV and 330kV substations in China’s power grid, the load characteristics are classified, and detailed load characteristic investigation of selected different kinds of typical substations are carried out. By use of statistical synthesis, the SLM for typical substations, in which the distribution networks are taken into account, are built;and the modeling results are disseminated and applied to whole Chinese power grid. Besides, the load model parameters are evaluated and verified via post-disturbance simulation method. The effectiveness of the built SLM is validated by the fitting of some disturbance incidents.

Design and Implementation of Smart Power Voltage and Frequency Synchroniser in Power Distribution System

Voltage and frequency are usually considered and assessed independently in the design and operation of electrical networks. However, these two are linked. Each and every malfunctioning electrical system has an impact on both voltage and frequency. This paper presents the opportunity for monitoring the distributed electrical energy by means of a system that monitors, controls, and provides a breakpoint based on high or low voltage and frequency tripping mechanism that avoids any damage to the load. The designed system comprised a switch mode power supply (SMPS), a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), and PIC16F876A microcontroller techniques for stable voltage and frequency outputs. Proteus design suite version 8.11 software and Benchcope SDS1102CN were used for modeling and simulation. The hardware prototype was implemented at a telecom cell site for data capturing and analysis. Test results showed that the implementation of the prototype provided stable and constant outputs of 222 V/50 Hz and 112 V/60 Hz which constituted 99% and 99.8% efficiency for voltage and frequency performance respectively. The paper also discusses different technologies that can be adopted by the system to mitigate voltage and frequency effects on customer appliances.

核电工程异形水箱流固耦合分布式参数模型与效用研究

在流固耦合动力分析领域,传统的Housner模型在工程设计中发挥重要作用。但其理论推导仅适用于规则水箱,采用集中质量总体模型描述液体晃动的整体效应,难以有效模拟异形水箱储液结构的局部精细响应,亟须建立适用于不规则水体晃荡的分布式附加质量模型。基于势流理论推导了一种模态综合法模型,实现了分布质量与储液器壁激振加速度的解耦。该模型能够有效剥离分布式的脉冲质量与对流质量;同时,实体网格的振型分析适用于任意形状水体的动力分析。通过算例的形式将该模型与精细声学-结构耦合(Acoustic-Structural coupling,CAS)模拟法进行了比较,验证了模型的精确性与可靠性。最后,基于本文的模型研究了核电异形的安全水箱在不同水位和减晃格栅分布下的动力响应规律,并检验了其在工程中的适用性。

S波段MW级高效互耦磁控管模式分布调控

磁控管高效互耦锁相为基于电真空振荡器的高效率、高功率阵列提供了一种有效的技术方案。互耦结构的引入使得互耦磁控管整体上建立了新的谐振模式序列,其中满足互耦磁控管高效锁相的模式为期望的锁相模式。然而,锁相模式易受到模式序列中邻近模式的干扰,导致工作不稳定。提出一种等效电路与本征模分析相结合调控模式分布的方法,通过调控模式频率分隔,使锁相模式单模工作;同时建立磁控管工作模式与互耦结构耦合场匹配的谐振条件,实现磁控管的高效互耦锁相。为了验证该方法的有效性,设计了基于S波段MW级磁控管高效互耦模型,对锁相模式工作特性进行了粒子模拟,模拟结果表明互耦模型可以稳定工作在高效锁相模式:0相位差模式和π相位差模式,锁定频率约为2.545 GHz,接近磁控管单管自由振荡频率。每只磁控管的输出功率接近单管自由运行时的输出功率,电子效率与单管几乎相同,互耦锁相效率达到了99%,实现了高效锁相。

多级混合极性Reed-Muller逻辑电路功耗优化

针对多级混合极性Reed-Muller(MPRM)电路功耗优化问题,提出一种基于列表法和onset法的多级MPRM功耗优化算法.对于电路的各个割集,结合列表法和多输入AND/XOR门低功耗分解模型,遍历所有极性下的二级MPRM最优功耗函数;然后在二级MPRM函数的基础上,通过onset法得到多级MPRM函数,对其中的多输入AND/XOR门进行低功耗分解.在MCNC和EPFL测试集上的实验结果表明,与原电路相比,所提算法的平均功耗优化率达到49.90%和27.87%;与二级MPRM功耗优化算法相比,该算法的平均面积优化率为20.52%,平均功耗优化率达到21.24%.

基于多智能体强化学习的目标跟踪辐射方法及设计

针对分布式空间功率合成中单平台微波发射装置有最大发射功率限制的问题,提出了一种基于Friend-Q多智能强化学习的微波发射装置路径规划方法,以实现对目标施加持续4 min及以上的10 mW/cm^(2)~15 mW/cm^(2)的辐射强度。在所提方法中通过变ε-贪婪策略平衡探索和利用的关系,同时提出一种具有选择性的输入功率方案,以减少系统耗能。通过对三种具有代表性的仿真场景进行训练,实验结果表明:(1)相比于分散远离场景和单一接近场景,路径结合场景的成功率分别提高了55.7%和120.9%,证实了微波辐射源的合理位置排布可以在很大程度上提高模型的成功率;(2)采用多智能体强化学习训练的模型相比于采用随机策略的模型,三种仿真场景中的成功率分别提高了48.8%、72%、41.8%,进一步验证了该算法的有效性。

动力总成质心合成实验研究及误差分析

为了能够准确、方便地获得动力总成质心坐标,提出了一种动力总成质心的合成方法。通过三线摆测试系统分别对发动机和变速器进行了测试,对动力总成质心进行了合成计算,对比了合成值与实际测量值,并分析了实验可能存在的误差。结果表明,实验与理论结合的方法具有较好的便捷性与准确性,可为实际工程应用提供参考。

New Antenna Array Beamforming Techniques Based on Hybrid Convolution/Genetic Algorithm for 5G and Beyond Communications

Side lobe level reduction(SLL)of antenna arrays significantly enhances the signal-to-interference ratio and improves the quality of service(QOS)in recent and future wireless communication systems starting from 5G up to 7G.Furthermore,it improves the array gain and directivity,increasing the detection range and angular resolution of radar systems.This study proposes two highly efficient SLL reduction techniques.These techniques are based on the hybridization between either the single convolution or the double convolution algorithms and the genetic algorithm(GA)to develop the Conv/GA andDConv/GA,respectively.The convolution process determines the element’s excitations while the GA optimizes the element spacing.For M elements linear antenna array(LAA),the convolution of the excitation coefficients vector by itself provides a new vector of excitations of length N=(2M−1).This new vector is divided into three different sets of excitations including the odd excitations,even excitations,and middle excitations of lengths M,M−1,andM,respectively.When the same element spacing as the original LAA is used,it is noticed that the odd and even excitations provide a much lower SLL than that of the LAA but with amuch wider half-power beamwidth(HPBW).While the middle excitations give the same HPBWas the original LAA with a relatively higher SLL.Tomitigate the increased HPBWof the odd and even excitations,the element spacing is optimized using the GA.Thereby,the synthesized arrays have the same HPBW as the original LAA with a two-fold reduction in the SLL.Furthermore,for extreme SLL reduction,the DConv/GA is introduced.In this technique,the same procedure of the aforementioned Conv/GA technique is performed on the resultant even and odd excitation vectors.It provides a relatively wider HPBWthan the original LAA with about quad-fold reduction in the SLL.

风光互补发电制氢耦合合成氨系统的配置分析

将可再生能源制氢与传统化工过程结合实现电-氢-化耦合,不仅可提高可再生能源的利用消纳,还有利于化工过程的绿色低碳转型。针对电-氢-化耦合系统中存在的可再生能源波动性与化工过程稳定性需求的矛盾,建立了大规模风光互补发电制氢-储氢-合成氨系统的配置模型,基于西北地区典型风光发电曲线研究风光配比、制氢容量、制氢最小负荷和氢气储罐体积等关键参数对系统运行的影响规律,并分析系统的全年运行特性。计算结果表明:当风光配比为8∶3且制氢容量与风光平均输出功率接近时,可在较小储罐体积工况下降低网电补充。制氢最小负荷降低和储罐体积增加有利于降低网电补充,有望实现系统纯绿电运行。当系统参数配置为风光配比8∶3、制氢容量400 MW、制氢最小负荷20%和氢气储罐体积100000 m^(3)时,全年平均网电补充比例在5%左右。对系统8760 h的模拟结果表明,制氢装置的负荷调节可减缓系统受风光发电波动的影响,通过储氢装置的进一步缓冲,可实现合成氨装置在50%~110%负荷的连续运转。

内燃动车组动力包刚柔耦合双层隔振系统动力学建模及参数影响分析

动力包系统为内燃动车组的重要组成部分,其隔振性能直接关系到动车组的运行安全性及乘坐舒适性。针对动力包刚柔耦合双层隔振系统,提出了一种基于子结构频响函数综合的动力包刚柔耦合双层隔振系统建模方法。该方法将动力包系统分为发电机组、散热器机组、公共构架和车体地板子结构,通过2次频响函数综合建立了公共构架B-基础D综合体和机组刚体的频响函数表达式,大大提升了建模效率与计算速度,对工程计算和设计具有重要的价值。通过与ABAQUS软件中有限元频响结果进行对比,验证了该方法的正确性与计算精度。以某型内燃动车组动力包系统为研究对象,利用该建模方法,结合动力包系统实际隔振设计需求,研究了子结构质量比、子结构刚度、子结构阻尼、各级隔振器刚度及阻尼等参数对动力包系统隔振性能的影响规律,为内燃动车组动力包隔振系统设计及优化提供了理论支撑。

深远海海上风电制氨场景及技术分析

海上风电将朝着深远海化、规模化和浮式化发展,而离岸距离较远的深远海海上风电的储能和消纳是一项挑战。通过对国内外这一领域文献的解读,分析得出深远海海上风电制氨(海上风电制氨,下同)可以实现大规模储能和能量从海上向陆上消费端的转移,便于发挥下游大规模消纳和利用的优势。结合我国海上油气工业的技术与装备经验,提出了深水半潜式生产储氨平台、浮式生产储卸氨船和浮式海上风电平台分布式制氨3种适用于深远海海上风电就地制氨的创新应用场景,总结了适合于不同场景的制氨技术路线。结果表明,大中型低温低压合成氨技术适合于深水半潜式生产储氨平台和浮式生产储卸氨船场景,小型橇装低温低压合成氨技术和新型电催化合成氨技术更适合于浮式海上风电平台分布式制氨场景。分析了不同制氨技术的发展现状和面临的难题,并对未来深远海海上风电海上制氨的研究方向提出了建议。

Ricker脉冲功率合成方法及辐射效率

针对时域天线辐射效率低的问题,对Ricker脉冲展开了研究。首先指出Ricker脉冲具有较高的中心频率,对提高天线的辐射效率大有裨益。然后从时延量精确控制出发,阐述了产生Ricker脉冲的功率合成方法,并推导出合成高阶高斯脉冲最优延时的理论公式。设计了一款单极脉冲源并采用锐化电容法优化了其下降沿,并以该单级脉冲源为基础,设计了一款峰峰值为5.1 kV,主峰半峰值脉宽为350 ps的Ricker脉冲源,其中心频率为0.5 GHz。为了验证以上分析的正确性,针对全金属的时域天线,提出了一种计算辐射效率的简便方法,并利用设计的Ricker脉冲和具有相同脉宽的单极脉冲来激励相同的天线。结果表明,单极脉冲的幅度辐射效率只有60%左右,而Ricker脉冲可以达到80%以上;单极脉冲的功率辐射效率不到40%,而Ricker脉冲则可以提高到60%以上。利用Ricker脉冲做为激励信号,大幅提升了天线的辐射效率,大大减小了发射系统被反射功率损坏的风险,同时对天线小型化有着重要意义,在诸如探地雷达、高功率微波源等时域应用中具有广泛的应用前景。

基于ADS的27.12 MHz功率放大器研究与设计

使用Advanced Design System(ADS)软件对功率器件SD2931-10进行直流扫描、稳定性分析、负载牵引与源牵引仿真,以确定射频功率放大器工作在AB类时的静态工作点,从而改善其稳定性,并获得最佳的输入、输出阻抗。同时利用Smith Chart工具建立L型输入、输出匹配电路,并通过谐波平衡仿真来验证电路的性能参数。在此基础上,设计了功率放大器的基本电路单元,并根据二端口网络并联原理确定功率放大器的拓扑结构,从而设计出相应的功率合成电路,使其实现了最高2000 W的功率输出。

一种宽带行波管功放大功率合成优化设计

结合功放的主流合成架构,分析了影响功放合成效率的原理。针对宽带行波管功放研制过程中遇到的大功率条件下合成效率过低问题,提出了基于功率检测的相位优化合成方法,实现了大功率宽带行波管功放额定输出功率范围内末级合成效率从74%提升到91.6%。