The corrosion characteristic and mechanism of Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-xZn-0.5Zr(x=0,2,4,6 wt.%)alloys in marine atmospheric environment

The microstructure and precipitated phases of as-cast Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-x Zn-0.5Zr(x=0,2,4,6 wt.%)alloys were investigated by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray Diffraction.The exposure corrosion experiment of these magnesium alloys was tested in South China Sea and KEXUE vessel atmospheric environment.The corrosion characteristic and mechanism of magnesium alloys of Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-x Zn-0.5Zr(x=0,2,4,6 wt.%)alloys were analyzed by weight loss rate,corrosion depth,corrosion products and corrosion morphologies.The electrochemical corrosion tests were also measured in the natural seawater.The comprehensive results showed that Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-4Zn-0.5Zr magnesium alloy existed the best corrosion resistance whether in the marine atmospheric environment and natural seawater environment.That depended on the microstructure,type and distribution of precipitated phases in Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-4Zn-0.5Zr magnesium alloy.Sufficient quantity anodic precipitated phases in the microstructure of Mg-5Y-1.5Nd-4Zn-0.5Zr alloy played the key role in the corrosion resistance.

The coordinated evolution of ecological environment,public service,and tourism economy along the Silk Road Economic Belt,using the Dual-Carbon Targets

Carbon peak and carbon neutrality(dual-carbon)are important targets for the international response to climate change.The Silk Road Economic Belt is a strategic resource region and is important for future ecological environment and tourism development.Based on the“dual-carbon”targets,the Single index quantification,Multiple index synthesis,and Poly-criteria integration evaluation model were used in this study to measure the coordinated development index of the ecological environment,public service,and tourism economy along the Silk Road Economic Belt and to analyze its spatial and temporal evolution.Further,it explores the dynamic evolution and development trend of the three systems using the Kernel Density and Grey Markov Prediction Model.The results show that the coordinated development index along this region needs to be improved during the study period.Furthermore,the coordinated development index of the Southwest region is relatively higher than that of the Northwest region.From the development trend of the three systems,all of them develop in a stable manner;however,the tourism economy system is easily affected by external disturbances.The coordinated development index of the three systems changes dynamically and tends to be in a good state of coordination.There is a certain spatial and temporal heterogeneity.The gravity center of the coordinated development index has been in the Southwest region.During the forecast period,the coordinated development index along this region will improve significantly,while insufficient and unbalanced development will continue.

Developing an atmospheric aging evaluation model of acrylic coatings:A semi-supervised machine learning algorithm

To study the atmospheric aging of acrylic coatings,a two-year aging exposure experiment was conducted in 13 representative climatic environments in China.An atmospheric aging evaluation model of acrylic coatings was developed based on aging data including11 environmental factors from 567 cities.A hybrid method of random forest and Spearman correlation analysis was used to reduce the redundancy and multicollinearity of the data set by dimensionality reduction.A semi-supervised collaborative trained regression model was developed with the environmental factors as input and the low-frequency impedance modulus values of the electrochemical impedance spectra of acrylic coatings in 3.5wt%NaCl solution as output.The model improves accuracy compared to supervised learning algorithms model(support vector machines model).The model provides a new method for the rapid evaluation of the aging performance of acrylic coatings,and may also serve as a reference to evaluate the aging performance of other organic coatings.

On the influence of sand-wind on atmospheric environment

The authors seek, through tests on simulated sand samples in a wind tunnel and analysis of minerals combination and trace elements, to discover the environmental implications of flying-up, falling-down and concentration variation as a function of natural wind speed and direction, distance of movement, range and extent of influence on the atmospheric environment, of micro-granular components on the ground surface in the Keerqin desert area in northwest Liaoning Province of China.

Optimization of harmonious development on regional energy－economy－atmospheric environment system

The energy,industrial economy and atmospheric environment were taken into account as a whole cornplex system in this study. Based on the application of grey system theory and the analysis of development coefficients about major parameters of the system,the method of grey developrnent decision was approached, and a new concept-integrated development coefficient was put forward. Furthermore,the reasonable ranking of development decision within eight industrial sectors(building materials,coking,food and drink,chemical engineering,paper rnaking,machinery and electrical appliance,textile, mining)has been concluded from the viewpoint of economic growth, energy saving and ambient air quality protection.

Study on the Characteristics of Atmospheric Environmental Pollution in Jining City

[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss the characteristics of atmospheric environmental pollution in Jining City. Methed] Based on the environmental monitoring data and synchronous meteorological data in 2006 -2010 in Jining City, the distribution regularity of main atmospheric pol- lutants in this city was studied by the method of statistical analysis. [ Result] There were obvious spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric pollutants in Jining City during 2006 -2010 under the comprehensive effects of meteorological conditions and pollution source emission. That is, at- mospheric pollution was serious in winter but slight in summer, and it was severe in the morning and evening. The load coefficients of SO2, NO2 and PM10 in the atmosphere showed an increasing trend from 2006 to 2010, and their concentrations had close relations with wind direction and ve- locity, urban heat island effect, and motor vehicle quantity. [ Conclusion] This research has important practical significance to the control of atmos- pheric pollution in Jining City.

ON THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GUANGZHOU ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT FACTORS AND THE SARS EPIDEMIC

Based on SARS epidemic data and the corresponding atmospheric data, we used the timescale-partitioning technique, spectrum analysis and correlation analysis to investigate the impacts of the atmospheric environmental factors on the SARS epidemic. Results showed that there were close relations between environmental factors and SARS: The daily probable cases of SARS varied in 3-5 day cycles, much the same as the atmospheric elements did. The variations of the epidemics correlated remarkably with atmospheric elements. So conclusions can be drawn that weather changes have influences on the variations of daily SARS cases. In addition, statistical results showed that cold air activities aggravated the SARS epidemic.

What Do the Cited and Citing Environments Reveal about Advances in Atmospheric Physics?

The networking status of journals reflects their academic influence among peer journals. This paper analyzes the cited and citing environments of this journal, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences （Adv. Atmos. Sci.）, using methods from social network analysis. Since its initial publication, Adv. Atmos. Sci. has been actively participating in the international journal environment and international journals are frequently cited in Adv. Atmos. Sci. Particularly, this journal is intensely interrelated with its international peer journals in terms of their similar citing patterns. The international influence of Adv. Atmos. Sci. is comparatively bigger than other Chinese SCI journals in atmospheric sciences as reffected by total cites to Adv. Atmos. Sci. and the total number of international journals citing it. The academic visibility of Adv. Atmos. Sci. is continuing to improve in the international research community as the number of reference citation it receives in its peer journals internationally increases over time.

Formulation Method and Management Principle for the Safety Base-line of Atmospheric Environmental Quality

The formulation of the safety base-line for atmospheric environmental quality is not only basic needs of mankind maintaining the quality of survival environment but also concrete measures of red line system for national ecological protection. It is urgent to solve the problem in current environmental management how to draft the safety basa-line of atmospheric environmental quality. To solve this problem, the connotation of safety base-line for atmospheric environmental quality is defined firstly, and then the indexes for atmospheric importance, sensitivity and vulnerability are generalized. Moreover, formulation methods for red, yellow and green lines of the safety base-line for atmospheric environmental quality are put forward ,and corresponding division principle and management principle are put forward finally.

Territorial Features of Atmospheric Environment in Beijing and Impact of Dust-storm

The territorial features of the atmospheric environment in Beijing were described in detail, and the transportation pathways of the atmosphere pollutants were found by the dot aggregation in the form of the meshwork. The concept on convergence belt of the atmosphere pollutants was given. The vertical distribution of the atmospheric pollutants in Beijing was detected by the laser techniques, showing an interrelationship between the quality of atmospheric environment in Beijing and the pollution sources in the neighboring areas of Beijing. The sand dust storms in the North China would also impact on the quality of the atmospheric environment of Beijing, so the phenomena of sand dust storm in China were studied by both satellite inspection technology and analysis of atmospheric flow fields. According to the distributions of sand dust storm sources to impact on the air environment in China, the sand dust storm sources were divided into two parts, one is the inner sources inside China, and the other is the outer sources outside China. The sand dust sources inside China were situated in the desert and Gobi in the Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang autonomous regions. The sand dust sources outside China were situated in the desert and Gobi in Russia,Hazakhstan and Mongolia. A very strong sand dust storm taken place on the 20th Mar, 2002 is given as an exa\|mple.

An ultrasonic humidification fluorescent tracing method for detecting unsaturated atmospheric water absorption by the aerial parts of desert plants

Atmospheric water absorption by plants has been explored for more than two centuries, and the aerial parts of plants, particularly the leaves of certain species, have been demonstrated to have an ability to absorb and utilize saturated atmospheric water such as fog, dew and condensed water. So far, however, there have been few studies on the aerial parts of desert plants in their absorption of unsaturated water from the atmosphere. This study presents an ultrasonic humidification fluorescent tracing method of detecting unsaturated atmospheric water absorption by the aerial parts of desert plants. We constructed an organic glass room based on the sizes of field plants. Then, the aboveground parts of the plants were humidified in the sealed glasshouse using an ultrasonic humidifier containing fluorescent reagents. The humidity and wetting time were controlled by turning on or off the humidifier according to the reading of a thermo-hygrometer suspended in the glasshouse. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to observe these plant samples. This method can generate unsaturated atmospheric water vapor and incorporate other fluorescent reagents or water-soluble chemical reagents for gasified humidification. In addition, it can identify plant parts that absorb unsaturated atmospheric water from the air, detect water absorption sites on the surface of leaves or tender stems, and determine the ability of tissues or microstructure of aerial parts to absorb water. This method provides a direct visual evidence for the inspection of leaf or tender stem microstructure in response to unsaturated atmospheric water absorption. Moreover, this method shows that aqueous pores in the cuticles of leaves or tender stems of desert plants are large enough to allow the passage of ionic fluorescent brightener with a molecular weight of up to 917 g/mol. Thus, this paper provides an important approach that explores the mechanism by which desert plants utilize unsaturated atmospheric water.

Radar-based Characteristics and Formation Environment of Supercells in the Landfalling Typhoon Mujigae in 2015

This study presents the radar-based characteristics and formation environment of supercells spawned by the tornadic landfalling Typhoon Mujigae(2015)in October 2015.More than 100 supercells were identified within a 24-hour period around the time of the typhoon’s landfall,of which three were tornadic with a rotational intensity clearly stronger than those of non-tornadic supercells.The identified supercells were concentrated within a relatively small area in the northeast quadrant beyond 140 km from the typhoon center.These supercells were found more likely to form over flat topography and were difficult to maintain in mountainous regions.During the study period,more supercells formed offshore than onshore.The mesocyclones of the identified supercells were characterized by a small diameter generally less than 5 km and a shallow depth generally less than 4 km above ground level.An environmental analysis revealed that the northeast quadrant had the most favorable conditions for the genesis of supercell in this typhoon case.The nondimensional supercell composite parameter(SCP)and entraining-SCP(E-SCP)were effective in separating supercell from non-supercell environment.Even though the atmosphere in the typhoon’s northeast quadrant was characterized by an E-SCP/SCP value supportive of supercell organization,orography was an impeditive factor for the supercell development.These findings support the use of traditional parameters obtained from midlatitude supercells to assess the supercell potential in a tropical cyclone envelope.

Atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China:A review and outlook

Accurate monitoring of the atmospheric environment and its evolution are important for understanding the sources,chemical mechanisms,and transport processes of air pollution and carbon emissions in China,and for regulatory and control purposes.This study gives an overview of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China and summarizes the major achievements obtained in recent years.China has made great progress in the development of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment with decades of effort.The manufacturing level of atmospheric environment monitoring equipment and the quality of products have steadily improved,and a technical&production system that can meet the requirements of routine monitoring activities has been initiated.It is expected that domestic atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment will be able to meet future demands for routine monitoring activities in China and provide scientific assistance for addressing air pollution problems.

Comparison of electrochemical properties of atmospheric pressure plasma coatings for Al_2O_3-3TiO_2 and CoNiCrAlY in sea water

To improve the durability of underwater rotating products,the corrosion characteristics in harsh marine environment were evaluated through various electrochemical experiments on the Al2O3-3TiO2 and CoNiCrAlY coating layers by atmospheric pressure plasma spray coating process.By evaluating the corrosion resistance of these materials,their applicability to environmentally friendly power generation equipment such as blades of tidal current turbines was examined.According to the Tafel analysis for micro-areas including the coating layer,the coating/metal interlayer and the base metal,the Al2O3-3TiO2 coating layer and the CoNiCrAlY coating layer show markedly lower corrosion current density than the base metal.The corrosion current density of the CoNiCrAlY coating layer (9.75316×10-8A/cm2) is about 1.6 times more than that of the Al2O3-3TiO2 coating layer (6.13139×10-8A/cm2).

The difference of atmospheric chemical loadings shown by electrical conductivity of snow and ice between Antarctica, Arctic and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The relationship of ECM with ice acidity and impurities concentrations are much different between the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau and the polar regions. On the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, ECM is dependent on the mineral ions (i.e., Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , SO 2- 4, etc.) mainly derived from crustal sources, thus displays a positive linear correlation between ECM and these ions. While in polar ice sheets, however, ECM of snow and ice is mainly dependent on the acidic roots such as Cl -, SO 2- 4 and NO - 3 that mostly come from ocean. Therefore, there is good relationship between ECM and concentration of H +. However, the relationship between ECM and major ions has complicated geographical differentiation in the whole Arctic. For instance, there no longer exits the same simple relationship in the central Arctic as that in the Greenland Ice Sheet, probably due to the disturbance of Arctic haze. In general, ECM of snow and ice is a potential indicator of atmospheirc envirmment of cold regions.

Climatic and Environmental Characteristics of Beijing Based on Rapid Processing Technology of Urban Meteorological Big Data

The meteorological big data in Beijing area are typical multi-dimensional big data containing spatiotemporal characteristics,which have important research value for researches related to urban human settlement environment.With the help of computer programming and software processing,big data crawling,integration,extraction and multi-dimensional information fusion can be realized quickly and effectively,so as to obtain the data set needed for research and realize the target of visualization.Through big data analysis of wind environment,thermal environment and total atmospheric suspended particulate pollutants in Beijing area,it was found that the average wind speed in Beijing area decreased signifi cantly in recent 40 years,while the surface temperature increased signifi cantly;urban heat island effect was signifi cant,and the phenomenon of atmospheric suspended particulate pollution was relatively common.The spatial distribution of the three climatic and environmental data was not balanced and had signifi cant regularity and correlation.Improving urban ventilation corridors and improving urban ventilation capacity is a feasible way to improve urban heat island effect and reduce urban climate issues such as atmospheric particulate pollution.

Source apportionment and distribution of atmospheric mercury in urban Beijing, China

The concentration of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in the atmosphere of urban Beijing was meas-ured from October 2003 to September 2004 to investigate the origins and spatial-temporal variations of atmospheric Hg. The mean value of Hg concentration is 17.1 ng·m-3 (n=653). The atmospheric Hg data showed spatial-temporal variations throughout the duration of our observation. The maximum GEM concentration (53.7 ng·m-3) was observed at Gucheng in the western area of urban Beijing. The GEM concentrations increased from the north to the south of the studied area, and were higher in winter than in summer. The highest and lowest monthly averages of GEM concentrations were measured to be 23.3 and 4.1 ng·m-3 in January and July, respectively. In addition, GEM concentrations are higher in the daytime than at night in Autumn and from 14 March to 15 April, but daily GEM variation showed an inverse pattern from 22 April to 22 May. In winter, two peak values of GEM concentrations occurred at 13:30 and 21:30. Daily variation of GEM concentrations in summer was the lowest in the four seasons. Mercury from coal combustion was estimated to be the main source of anthropogenic emissions in Beijing from October 2003 to September 2004. Additionally, Hg emission from natural gas burning was estimated to be another dominant source of atmospheric Hg in Beijing.

Development of Space Environment Research and Service in China

During the past two years,space environment has achieved great development in space environment monitoring,model research,system developing and space environment service in China.In this paper,we mainly introduce space environment safety support for Shenzhou-7 manned spacecraft,two typical space environment operation platforms,and the advance of Re-locatable Atmospheric Observatory(RAO).At the last part of this paper,the Sub-committee on Space Environment(SSE) which was set up in 2009 under the Technical Committee on Space Technology and Operation of Standardization Administration of China is briefly introduced.

Advances in Research and Service of Space Environment in China

This paper presents the recent progress of space environment research and service in China.During the past two years,many models of space environment forecast and analysis methods of space environment effects have been developed for tailored space environment service for Chinese space mission.A new Re-locatable Atmospheric Observatory(RAO) for monitoring atmospheric wind,temperature,density and pressure of the near space from 20km up to 120km altitudes is being constructed.In space environment service space environment safety was provided to ensure the safety of CE-1 for its launch and operation in 2007.