A transceiver frequency conversion module based on 3D micropackaging technology

The idea of Ku-band transceiver frequency conversion module design based on 3D micropackaging technology is proposed. By using the double frequency conversion technology,the dual transceiver circuit from Ku-band to L-band is realized by combining with the local oscillator and the power control circuit to complete functions such as amplification, filtering and gain. In order to achieve the performance optimization and a high level of integration of the Ku-band monolithic microwave integrated circuits(MMIC) operating chip, the 3 D vertical interconnection micro-assembly technology is used. By stacking solder balls on the printed circuit board(PCB), the technology decreases the volume of the original transceiver to a miniaturized module. The module has a good electromagnetic compatibility through special structure designs. This module has the characteristics of miniaturization, low power consumption and high density, which is suitable for popularization in practical application.

Quantum frequency down-conversion of single photons at 1552 nm from single InAs quantum dot

Near-infrared single photon sources in telecommunication bands, especially at 1550 nm, are required for long-distance quantum communication. Here a down-conversion quantum interface is implemented, where the single photons emitted from single In As quantum dot at 864 nm is down converted to 1552 nm by using a fiber-coupled periodically poled lithium niobate（PPLN） waveguide and a 1.95 μmm pump laser, and the frequency conversion efficiency is ~40%. The singlephoton purity of quantum dot emission is preserved during the down-conversion process, i.e., g^（（2））（0）, only 0.22 at 1552 nm.This present technique advances the Ⅲ-Ⅴ semiconductor quantum dots as a promising platform for long-distance quantum communication.

Noise-free frequency conversion of quantum states

In this paper, the frequency conversion of quantum states based on the intracavity nonlinear interaction is proposed. The fidelity of an input state after frequency conversion is calculated, and it is shown the noise-free frequency conversion of a quantum state can be achieved by injecting a strong signal field. The dependences of conversion efficiency on the pump parameter, extra losses and input state amplitude are also analysed.

Quantum frequency up-conversion with a cavity

The quantum state transfer from subharmonic frequency to harmonic frequency based on asymmetrically pumped second harmonic generation in a cavity is investigated theoretically. The performance of noise-free frequency up- conversion is evaluated by the signal transfer coefficient and the conversion efficiency, in which both the quadrature fluctuation and the average photon number are taken into consideration. It is shown that the quantum property can be preserved during frequency up-conversion via operating the cavity far below the threshold. The dependences of the transfer coefficient and the conversion efficiency on pump parameter, analysing frequency, and cavity extra loss are also discussed.

Multiple frequency conversion via atomic spin coherence of storing a light pulse

We experimentally demonstrate multiple frequency conversion via atomic spin coherence of storing a light pulse in a doped solid. The essence of this multiple frequency conversion is four-wave mixing based on stored atomic spin coherence. Through electromagnetically induced transparency, an input probe pulse is stored into atomic spin coherence by modulating the intensity of the control field. By using two different control fields to interact with the coherently prepared medium, the stored atomic spin coherence can be transformed into three different information channels. Multiple frequency conversion is implemented efficiently by manipulating the spectra of the control fields to scatter atomic spin coherence. This multiple frequency conversion is expected to have potential applications in information processing and communication network.

Advanced Power Module Packaging and Integration Structures for High Frequency Power Conversion：From Silicon to GaN

The emerging of commercial high-voltage gallium nitride(GaN) power devices provides extraordinary switching performance over silicone devices, which enables high-voltage power conversion switching at megahertz range.Such outstanding features also pose strong challenges for device packaging design since the package parasitics can significantly influence the device switching characteristics, and thus can shadow the advantages brought by GaN devices. Designers have been dealing with these challenges brought by high du/dt and high-frequency switching operation even since the silicon(Si) era when fast switching Si MOSFET is first developed and came up with lots of inspiring advanced power module packaging structures to mitigate the problems.This paper presents a review of advanced power module packaging and integration structures that are suitable for high frequency power conversion.The review covers the heritage from the high frequency Si MOSFET packaging to the state-of-the-art for GaN devices.

Decoupled estimation of frequency-dependent IQI and channel for OFDM systems with direct-conversion transceivers

The in-phase and quadrature-phase imbalance (IQI) is one of the major radio frequency impairments existing in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with direct-conversion transceivers. During the transmission of the communication signal, the impact of IQI is coupled with channel impulse responses (CIR), which makes the traditional channel estimation schemes ineffective. A decoupled estimation scheme is proposed to separately estimate the frequency-dependent IQI and wireless channel. Firstly, the generalized channel model is built to separate the parameters of IQI and wireless channel. Then an iterative estimation scheme of frequency-dependent IQI is designed at the initial stage of communication. Finally, based on the estimation result of IQI, the least square algorithm is utilized to estimate the channel-related parameters at each time of channel variation. Compared with the joint estimation schemes of IQI and channel, the proposed decoupled estimation scheme requires much lower training overhead at each time of channel variation. Simulation results demonstrate the good estimation performance of the proposed scheme.

Frequency Up-conversion Luminescence Properties and Mechanism of Tm^(3+) /Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+) Co-doped Oxyfluorogermanate Glasses

Oxyfluoride glasses were developed with composition 60GeO 2 ·10AlF 3 ·25BaF 2 ·（1.95-x）GdF 3 · 3YbF 3 ·0.05TmF 3 ·xErF 3 （x=0.02,0.05,0.08,0.11,0.14,0.17）in mole percent.Intense blue（476 nm）,green（524 and 546 nm）and red（658 nm）emissions which identified from the 1G 4 →3H 6 transition of Tm3＋and the（2H 11/2 ,4S 3/2 ）→4I 15/2 ,4F 9/2 →4I 15/2 transitions of Er3＋,respectively,were simultaneously observed under 980 nm excitation at room temperature.The results show that multicolor luminescence including white light can be adjustably tuned by changing doping concentrations of Er3＋ion or the excitation power.In addition,the energy transfer processes among Tm3＋,Er3＋and Yb3＋ions,and up-conversion mechanisms are discussed.

Nonreciprocal Single Photon Frequency Conversion via Chiral Coupling between a V-Type System and a Pair of Waveguides

The single photon frequency conversion is investigated theoretically in the system composed of a V-type system chiral coupling to a pair of waveguides. The single photon scattering amplitudes are obtained using the real-space Hamiltonian. The calculated results show that the probability of single photon frequency down-or up-conversion can reach a unit by choosing appropriate parameters in the non-dissipative system with perfect chiral coupling.We present a nonreciprocal single photon beam splitter whose frequency of the output photon is different from that of the input photon. The influences of dissipations and non-perfect chiral coupling on the single frequency conversion are also shown. Our results may be useful in designing quantum devices at the single-photon level.

Scheme for implementing frequency up-conversion between two collective atomic modes

This paper presents a scheme for realizing the frequency up-conversion between two collective atomic modes. In the scheme two atomic samples are coupled to a cavity mode. Under the large detuning condition, the two collective atomic modes are coupled via the virtual excitation of the cavity mode and the effective Hamiltonian corresponds to the frequency up-conversion. In the scheme the cavity mode is only virtually excited and thus the process is insensitive to cavity decay.

Conversion of Kinetic Energy from Synoptic Scale Disturbance to Low-Frequency Fluctuation over the Yangtze River Valley in the Summers of 1997 and 1999

In order to investigate the conversion of kinetic energy from a synoptic scale disturbance （SSD; period≤seven days） to a low-frequency fluctuation （LFF; period〉seven days）, the budget equation of the LFF kinetic energy is derived. The energy conversion is then calculated and analyzed for the summers of 1997 and 1999. The results show that the energy conversion from the SSD to the LFF is obviously enhanced in the middle and lower troposphere during the heavy rainfall, suggesting this to be one of mechanisms inducing the heavy rainfall, although the local LFF kinetic energy may not be enhanced.

Efficient collinear frequency tripling of femtosecond laser with compensation of group velocity delay

This paper demonstrates an approach that negative uniaxial crystal has a relative anomalous dispersion effect which can compensate group velocity delay, and applies this approach to nonlinear frequency conversion of an ultrafast laser field. High efficiency of the third harmonic generation is experimentally fulfilled by adopting a collinear configuration of doubing-compensation-tripling system. Through finely adjusting the incident angle and optical axis direction of the compensation plate, it obtains ultraviolet （UV） output energy of 0.32 mJ centered at 270 nm with spectral bandwidth of 2 nm when input beam at 800 nm was 70 fs pulse duration and 6 mJ pulse energy which was extracted from Ti：sapphire laser system by a diaphragm, corresponding to an 800-to-270 nm conversion efficiency of 5.3% and a factor-of-l.6 improvement in the third harmonic generation of UV band in comparison with a general conventional configuration. Furthermore, when the full energy of 18 mJ from a Ti：sapphire laser system was used and optimized, the UV emission could reach 0.83 mJ.

Analytic approach to the small-signal frequency response of saturated semiconductor optical amplifiers using multisection model

An analytic solution derived by multisection model to the small-signal frequency response （SSFR） of wavelength conversion based on cross-gain modulation （XGM） in semiconductor optical amplifiers （SOAs） is presented. The result contains details that can affect the characteristics of SSFR significantly more than previous ones.

Quantum frequency doubling based on tripartite entanglement with cavities

We analyze the entanglement characteristics of three harmonic modes, which are the output fields from three cav- ities with an input tripartite entangled state at fundamental frequency. The entanglement properties of the input beams can be maintained after their frequencies have been up-converted by the process of second harmonic generation. We have calculated the parametric dependences of the correlation spectrum on the initial squeezing factor, the pump power, the trans- naission coefficient, and the normalized analysis frequency of cavity. The numerical results provide references to choose proper experimental parameters for designing the experiment. The frequency conversion of the multipartite entangled state can also be applied to a quantum communication network.

Influence of laser linewidth on external-cavity frequency doubling efficiency of a 1.56 μm master oscillator fiber power amplifier

By using an external-cavity frequency-doubling master oscillator fiber power amplifier （MOPA）, a 700 mW continuous-wave single-frequency laser source at 780 nm is produced. It is shown that the frequency doubling efficiency is improved when the seed diode laser is optically locked to a resonant frequency of a confocal Fabry-Perot （F-P） cavity. This phenomenon can be attributed to the narrowing of the 1.56 μm laser linewidth and explained by our presented theoretical model. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.

Six-bit all-optical quantization using photonic crystal fiber with soliton self-frequency shift and pre-chirp spectral compression techniques

In this paper, we propose an optical quantization scheme for all-optical analog-to-digital conversion that facilitates photonics integration. A segment of 10-m photonic crystal fiber with a high nonlinear coefficient of 62.8 W-1/kin is utilized to realize large scale soliton self-frequency shift relevant to the power of the sampled optical signal. Furthermore, a 100-m dispersion-increasing fiber is used as the spectral compression module for further resolution enhancement. Simulation results show that 317-nm maximum wavelength shift is realized with 1550-nm initial wavelength and 6-bit quantization resolution is obtained with a subsequent spectral compression process.

Optimizational 6-bit all-optical quantization with soliton self-frequency shift and pre-chirp spectral compression techniques based on photonic crystal fiber

In this paper, we optimize a proposed all-optical quantization scheme based on soliton self-frequency shift(SSFS)and pre-chirp spectral compression techniques. A 10m-long high-nonlinear photonic crystal fiber(PCF) is used as an SSFS medium relevant to the power of the sampled optical pulses. Furthermore, a 10m-long dispersion flattened hybrid cladding hexagonal-octagonal PCF(6/8-PCF) is utilized as a spectral compression medium to further enhance the resolution. Simulation results show that 6-bit quantization resolution is still obtained when a 100m-long dispersion-increasing fiber(DIF)is replaced by a 6/8-PCF in spectral compression module.

Parametric Study of Low Frequency Broadband Rectilinear-to-Rotary Vibrational Energy Harvesting

A parametric study of a high-power-density dual resonator for achieving low frequency broadband electromagnetic energy harvesting is reported.The dual resonator consists of a rectilinear oscillator(R_LO)performing magnetic levitation and a rotary oscillator(R_TO)performing electromagnetic coupling through a stator and a rotor.Both oscillators,coupled by magnetic forces generated by a set of arc permanent magnets,radially magnetized and centro-symmetrically fixed onto the R_LO and the rotor of the R_TO achieve the reciprocating-to-rotary motion conversion and frequency up-conversion.Specifically,the dual resonator is able to convert stochastic reciprocating motion into controllable rotation,provide intrinsic frequency up-conversion,use non-contact magnetic coupling to provide near loss-free energy transfer and be configured into specific applications to obtain and maintain high-energy orbits of multi-stable energy harvesting.While solely focusing on developing a dual resonator provides substantial benefits,its dynamic behavior is unclear,thus electromagnetic-dynamic governing equations are derived,and a curve fitting model of restoring torque of R_TO under different repulsive magnets configurations are developed to predict key characteristics and to improve performance of the electromechanical system.Power analysis is carried out for providing aquantitative guidance of customizing the harvester to achieve an optimal power density.

Conversion of CO2 by non-Thermal Inductively-Coupled Plasma Catalysis

CO2 decomposition is a very strongly endothermic reaction where very high temperatures are required to thermally dissociate CO2.Radio frequency inductively-coupled plasma enables to selectively activate and dissociate CO2 at room temperature.Tuning the flow rate and the frequency of the radio frequency inductively-coupled plasma gives high yields of CO under mild conditions.Finally the discovery of a plasma catalytic effect has been demonstrated for CO2 dissociation that shows a significant increase of the CO yield by metallic meshes.The metallic meshes become catalysts under exposure to plasma to activate the recombination reaction of atomic O to yield O2,thereby reducing the reaction to convert CO back to CO2.Inductively-coupled hybrid plasma catalysis allows access to study and to utilize high CO2 conversion in a non-thermal plasma regime.This advance offers opportunities to investigate the possibility to use radio frequency inductively-coupled plasma to store superfluous renewable electricity into high-valuable CO in time where the price of renewable electricity is plunging.

Photonic Vector Signal Generation by Frequency Sextupling for Radio Over Fiber Systems

To generate high-frequency radio frequency(RF) vector signals, a vector signal generation method by optical frequency sextupling using a dual-parallel modulator is proposed. The method modulates vector signal on +3 rd order optical sideband and local oscillator(LO) signal on-3 rd order sideband using the intermodulation process in the DPMZM. After suppressing of the optical carrier and other sidebands through proper adjustment for modulator biases and modulation index, a frequency sextupled millimeter-wave vector signal can be generated after photodetection. The frequency sextupling will lower the bandwidth of the modulator, the local oscillator and the driving circuits. In addition, the phase of generated signal is not distorted after detection, and the power fading after fiber transmission can be avoided. In the simulation, a 500-MSym/s QPSK signal at 60 GHz is generated by 10-GHz drive signal. After travelling over fiber with length of 20/30/40-km, receiver power penalty keeps below 2.5 dB.