Leveraging Blockchain with Optimal Deep Learning-Based Drug Supply Chain Management for Pharmaceutical Industries

Due to its complexity and involvement of numerous stakeholders,the pharmaceutical supply chain presents many challenges that companies must overcome to deliver necessary medications to patients efficiently.The pharmaceutical supply chain poses different challenging issues,encompasses supply chain visibility,cold-chain shipping,drug counterfeiting,and rising prescription drug prices,which can considerably surge out-of-pocket patient costs.Blockchain(BC)offers the technical base for such a scheme,as it could track legitimate drugs and avoid fake circulation.The designers presented the procedure of BC with fabric for creating a secured drug supplychain management(DSCM)method.With this motivation,the study presents a new blockchain with optimal deep learning-enabled DSCM and recommendation scheme(BCODL-DSCMRS)for Pharmaceutical Industries.Firstly,Hyperledger fabric is used for DSC management,enabling effective tracking processes in the smart pharmaceutical industry.In addition,a hybrid deep belief network(HDBN)model is used to suggest the best or top-rated medicines to healthcare providers and consumers.The spotted hyena optimizer(SHO)algorithm is used to optimize the performance of the HDBN model.The design of the HSO algorithm for tuning the HDBN model demonstrates the novelty of the work.The presented model is tested on the UCI repository’s open-access drug reviews database.

Research on Risk Identification of Supply Chain Management in Pharmaceutical Wholesale Enterprises——Taking Enterprise A as an Example

Objective To study the current situation of supply chain management in pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises so that supply chain risks can be identified effectively.Methods Through the analysis of the actual situation of enterprise A,combining with the supply chain problem of the enterprise,the enterprise supply chain risks were found out.Results and Conclusion With the development of pharmaceutical circulation industry,the competition among drug wholesalers has become increasingly fierce.For enterprises,the supply chain risks are increasing,and the traditional upstream and downstream supply risks are transformed into multiple-dimensional risks.The goal of carrying out supply chain risk identification in pharmaceutical wholesale enterprises is to enable key enterprises to discover and understand different types of risks in time so as to improve the management of supply chain.

Altruism and Pricing Strategy in Dual-Channel Supply Chains

With the development of behavioral operational management, human behavior such as altruism, fairness and trust has received considerable attention. This paper studies the effect of altruism on retailer’s and manufacturer’s pricing strategy in two classic dual-channel supply chains by presenting Stackelberg game models. The analysis shows that the player’s altruism preference strongly affects their pricing strategies. The more altruistic one player is, the more profits the other player obtains. Moreover, the effect of manufacturer’s altruistic preference is larger than that of retailer’s. In addition, online price is always lower than offline price in dual-channel supply chain, which still holds true considering altruism. The results also reveal that the product web-fit has significant effect on the player’s optimal pricing strategies. The more compatible with online market the product is, the lower the retail price is set, and the more profit the manufacturer obtains whereas the less the retailer gets.

Customer Prioritization for Medical Supply Chain During COVID-19 Pandemic

During COVID-19,the escalated demand for various pharmaceutical products with the existing production capacity of pharmaceutical companies has stirred the need to prioritize its customers in order to fulfill their demand.This study considers a two-echelon pharmaceutical supply chain considering various pharma-distributors as its suppliers and hospitals,pharmacies,and retail stores as its customers.Previous studies have generally considered a balanced situation in terms of supply and demand whereas this study considers a special situation of COVID-19 pandemic where demand exceeds supply Various criteria have been identified from the literature that influences the selection of customers.A questionnaire has been developed to collect primary data from pharmaceutical suppliers pertaining to customerselection criteria.These criteria have been prioritized with respect to eigenvalues obtained from Principal Component Analysis and also validated with the experts’domain-related knowledge using Analytical Hierarchy Process.Profit potential appeared to be the most important criteria of customer selection followed by trust and service convenience brand loyalty,commitment,brand awareness,brand image,sustainable behavior,and risk.Subsequently,Multi Criteria Decision Analysis has been performed to prioritize the customerselection criteria and customers with respect to selection criteria.Three experts with seven and three and ten years of experience have participated in the study.Findings of the study suggest large hospitals,large pharmacies,and small retail stores are the highly preferred customers.Moreover,findings of prioritization of customer-selection criteria fromboth Principal Component Analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process are consistent.Furthermore,this study considers the experience of three experts to calculate an aggregate score of priorities to reach an effective decision.Unlike traditional supply chain problems of supplier selection,this study considers a selection of customers and is useful for procurement and supply chain managers to prioritize customers while considering multiple selection criteria.

Internet of Things (IoT)–blockchain-enabled pharmaceutical supply chain resilience in the post-pandemic era

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the current operating environment of pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) has rapidly changed and faced increasing risks of disruption. The Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain not only help enhance the efficiency of PSC operations in the information technology domain but also address complex related issues and improve the visibility, flexibility, and transparency of these operations. Although IoT and blockchain have been widely examined in the areas of supply chain and logistics management, further work on PSC is expected by the public to enhance its resilience. To respond to this call, this paper combines a literature review with semi-structured interviews to investigate the characteristics of PSC, the key aspects affecting PSC, and the challenges faced by PSC in the post-pandemic era. An IoT–blockchain-integrated hospital-side oriented PSC management model is also developed. This paper highlights how IoT and blockchain technology can enhance supply chain resilience and provides a reference on how PSC members can cope with the associated risks.

Research on Alliance Decision of Dual-Channel Remanufacturing Supply Chain Considering Bidirectional Free-Riding and Cost-Sharing

This study delves into the formation dynamics of alliances within a closed-loop supply chain(CLSC)that encom-passes a manufacturer,a retailer,and an e-commerce platform.It leverages Stackelberg game for this exploration,contrasting the equilibrium outcomes of a non-alliance model with those of three differentiated alliance models.The non-alliance model acts as a crucial benchmark,enabling the evaluation of the motivations for various supply chain entities to engage in alliance formations.Our analysis is centered on identifying the most effective alliance strategies and establishing a coordination within these partnerships.We thoroughly investigate the consequences of diverse alliance behaviors,bidirectional free-riding and cost-sharing,and the resultant effects on the optimal decision-making among supply chain actors.The findings underscore several pivotal insights:(1)The behavior of alliances within the supply chain exerts variable impacts on the optimal pricing and demand of its members.In comparison to the non-alliance(D)model,the manufacturer-retailer(MR)and manufacturer-e-commerce platform(ME)alliances significantly lower both offline and online resale prices for new and remanufactured goods.This adjustment leads to an enhanced demand for products via the MR alliance’s offline outlets and the ME alliance’s online platforms,thereby augmenting the profits for those within the alliance.Conversely,retailer-e-commerce platform(ER)alliance tends to increase the optimal retail price and demand across both online and offline channels.Under specific conditions,alliance behavior can also increase the profits of non-alliance members,and the profits derived through alliance channels also exceed those from non-alliance channels.(2)The prevalence of bidirectional free-riding behavior largely remains constant across different alliance configurations.Across these models,bidirectional free-riding typically elevates the equilibrium prices in offline channel while negatively affecting the equilibrium prices in other channel.(3)The effect of cost-sharing shows relative uniformity across the various alliance models.Across all configurations,cost-sharing tends to reduce the manufacturer’s profits.Nonetheless,alliances initiated by the manufacturer can counteract these negative impacts,providing a strategic pathway to bolster CLSC profitability.

价值医疗视角下药品集团采购供应链药品质量监管策略研究

药品集团采购供应链的药品质量与价值医疗的实践紧密相关,然而近年来各类药品质量事故频发,药品集团采购供应链的药品质量监管策略亟需完善和健全。文章构建了药品生产企业、药品集团采购组织和医疗机构的三方演化博弈模型,利用Matlab R2018a软件仿真了不同情形下博弈主体的策略变化,并且为优化药品质量监管机制提供了建议。当药品生产企业、药品集团采购组织以及医疗机构的质量监管成本较低时,更倾向于参与药品集采供应链的药品质量监管。同时,三方主体策略选择的倾向还与初始意愿有关,初始意愿越大博弈系统可以更快地收敛到稳定点,但初始意愿只能改变演化的速率,对最终的演化稳定状态没有影响。此外,提升药品集团采购组织监管惩罚力度、提高医疗机构的索赔等措施也能够促进博弈主体参与药品质量监管。

WTO药品报销“第一案”——“土耳其药品案”及其对中国的启示

2022年7月25日公布仲裁裁决的土耳其药品案,是DSU第25条上诉仲裁“第一案”,也是涉及药品报销制度的WTO“第一案”。该案专家组和上诉仲裁庭裁定土耳其政府报销私人药店所售药品不构成政府采购,本地化措施也不符合GATT1994第20条(b)项公共健康例外。上诉仲裁庭纠正了专家组的一项错误法律解释,尊重专家组的事实认定,但本案仍有许多法律解释和适用问题有待澄清和完善。土耳其药品案给中国带来如下启示:关注WTO规则对医疗体制改革的规制和影响;供应链韧性建设必须遵守WTO规则;可以合理利用WTO政府采购豁免确保国内供应链安全,但应避免设置超出豁免范围的歧视性附加条件。

集成化供应链药事服务项目在药品流通管理中的应用

目的分析集成化供应链药事管理项目应用于药品流通管理中的临床效果。方法选取2021年3月—2022年2月为滨州市中心医院药品流通常规管理时间,设为对照组,2022年3月—2023年2月为集成化供应链药事服务项目应用时间,设为观察组,两组均为同一批药事管理人员,共30名,分别抽查两组药品,分析比较两组药品储存管理效果、药品储存相关不良事件发生情况、药事管理人员集成化供应链药事管理项目及药品流通管理知识考核评分、对药品流程管理满意度评分。结果观察组药品储存管理效果优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组各项药品储存相关不良事件发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组药事管理人员集成化供应链药事管理项目及药品流通管理知识考核各项评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组对药品流程管理满意度评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论将集成化供应链药事管理项目干预药品流通管理,能够获得良好的工作质量,降低药品储存不良事件发生率,提升药事管理人员对集成化供应链药事管理相关知识了解程度及满意度。

药品供应链新模式下异地仓设置实践和思考

目的为药品供应链新模式下异地仓的设置提出可行性建议。方法分析异地仓设置的动因与成效。实地调研3家跨省异地仓药品批发企业,统计3家企业异地仓年销售额、异地仓所在地政府增加的税收、降低的运输成本及减少的药品破损费用。分析异地仓设置现存问题,并提出优化建议。结果3家企业异地仓年销售额分别为400万元、3.72亿元、20亿元,当地政府增加的税收分别为52万元、23万元、1.1亿元;降低的运输成本分别为2万元、100万元、4000万元;减少的药品破损费用分别为1万元、3万元、500万元。结论异地仓的设置,能增加当地政府的税收,降低企业的流通成本,保障药品供应及时,但仍存在药品信息无法完成实时对接,物流成本增加,监管不到位等问题。要合理高效设置,建议整合内部资源,实现多仓协同;优化物流及配送体系,标准化第三方物流;落实企业主体责任,互联升级信息系统;加强异地仓数据监管,统一检查思路。

供应链集中度对医药制造企业创新的影响——市场地位的调节作用

在经济全球化时代背景下,创新不仅是企业发展的必由之路,更是推动社会进步的重要力量。基于2015-2022年我国A股医药制造上市公司样本,使用多元线性回归模型,实证研究供应链集中度对企业创新的影响,同时将市场地位作为调节变量,深入探讨市场地位在其中的调节作用。研究发现:供应链上下游集中度与企业创新能力均呈负相关关系,即供应商和客户的集中度越高,企业创新能力越低;市场地位对供应链集中度与企业创新之间的关系产生显著的正向调节作用。研究结论为企业根据自身市场地位调节供应链集中度,进而促进其创新发展提供了参考。

拜登政府重塑原料药供应链:进展与前景

美国在新药研发上长期占据领先优势,但在原料药生产能力方面较为薄弱,对外依赖性较强且集中度高,这被美国政府视为存在供应链风险。这种风险产生的原因有三:一是美国制药产业转移导致的客观风险,二是新冠疫情暴露了美国在大宗原料药上对中国的依赖,三是美国将原料药对华依赖定性为国家安全威胁。拜登政府执政后,通过评估和管理原料药供应链、投资生物技术和连续生产工艺等先进制造、以“友岸外包”和“近岸外包”推动原料药供应链多元化等举措,来增强美国本土生产能力,重塑原料药供应链,缓解药品短缺等问题。从前景看,拜登政府重塑原料药生产能力恐难达到预期,清晰掌握原料药供应链信息的难度较大。从中国竞争优势、大国技术竞争和市场格局变化来看,拜登政府的政策举措对中国大宗原料药生产的负面影响不大,对特色原料药和专利原料药的消极影响将逐渐增强。

大数据在医药行业供应链中的应用评价研究

在奥密克戎的冲击下,居民对相关药品的需求激增,使得医药资源在一定时期内较为紧张,但各省市对资源的需求并非在同一时段,使得医药企业供应链管理的难度加大。基于大数据管理技术,分析了大数据在医药行业供应链管理中的应用流程,运用实证分析方法,得到以下研究结论:一是根据学术界的研究成果与医药企业供应链管理实践,在医疗行业供应链管理系统中主要包含分布式流向数据管理、医药行业数据管理和医药终端智能管理3个主系统,在主系统下包含12个子系统。二是在海量数据管理中,需要对数据进行清洗,保证数据质量,数据质量的高低会对研究结论产生重要的影响。三是对比主系统和子系统的权重值可以判断,在医疗行业供应链管理过程中,终端智能管理和数据清洗十分关键。

我国医药产业链供应链韧性和安全水平研究

医药产业链供应链韧性和安全水平是当前我国较为关注的重点领域之一。在文献回顾的基础上,提出医药产业链供应链韧性和安全水平测度思路和方法,基于相关贸易数据,对我国医药产业链供应链韧性和安全水平进行实际测度和评估。评估结果表明,我国医药产业链供应链的韧性和安全总体处于较低水平,主要的问题不仅来自表层的国际供应链是否有保障,而且源于中间层的产业国际竞争力偏弱,更深层次源于价值链掌控能力和产品盈利能力更差。当前和今后一段时期我国医药产业面临一系列挑战和问题,主要有:各国均强调产业链供应链安全,加剧“脱钩”风险;发达国家推进“去中国化”,未来存在“断链”风险;国内药企实力欠佳,抵抗外部风险冲击能力弱;国内原始创新能力不足,关键核心技术依赖外国。依据党的二十大精神,应从推进医药产业领域高水平科技自立自强,推进产学研深度融合,推动创新链、产业链、资金链、人才链深度融合,夯实本土产业链供应链根植性,在新发展格局下推进高水平对外开放等方面着手,全面提升我国医药产业链供应链韧性和安全水平。

风险规避型医疗机构对药品供应链采购策略的影响

基于中国药品市场集团采购政策,构建存在集团采购组织的药品供应链采购模型,分析医疗机构风险规避特性对采购策略的影响。研究发现:①若规模经济带来的折扣较小,则医疗机构采取的采购策略与风险中性时相同。②若规模经济带来的折扣较大,则市场规模较大时,随着风险规避程度的增加医疗机构采购策略由分散采购转为集团采购;市场规模较小时,其采取集团采购策略。③当医疗机构风险规避程度和市场规模在一定条件下,医疗机构和医药企业可以实现共赢。

基于BAS-BP神经网络的医药供应链协同绩效智能评价

近年来医药供应链协同绩效引起了广泛关注,它能有效应对“两票制”“带量采购”“新药品管理法”等医改新政给医药供应链上的医药流通/销售企业带来的运营成本压力。在分析医改新政下医药供应链新变化的基础上,设计医药供应链实施智能化绩效评价的框架体系。从信息共享协同、业务流程协同、客户服务协同三个方面,构建以医药流通/销售企业为核心的医药供应链协同绩效评价指标体系。运用BAS-BP神经网络进行智能化评价和改进建模。实际算例验证了该模型的有效性及智能化评价体系的可行性。

供应链视角下互联网医院运营模式研究

首先指出现有互联网医院运营模式的局限性;然后从医药供应链以及互联网医院创新发展角度,将电子商务与医药供应链相融合,提出新的药品电子商务模式,实现医药供应链扁平化管理;将全新的药品电子商务模式引入到互联网医院运营模式当中,提出由政府主导,互联网企业、实体医疗机构、药品供销商多主体协同运营的新的互联网医院运营模式。最后构建“互联网+医疗+医药”全流程服务链,为医药供应链和互联网医院的发展提供一些参考。

基于区块链技术的医药供应链信息共享行为博弈研究

信息不对称是阻碍供应链整体效率的主要因素。针对医药供应链缺乏信任的问题,建立医药供应链各节点信息共享演化博弈模型,分析各因素对博弈三方策略选择的影响并使用MATLAB进行仿真验证。研究表明,区块链技术有利于降低信息共享的成本和风险,建立科学合理的奖惩制度,且信息共享激励系数和惩罚系数正向影响医药供应链信息共享策略,信息共享成本和风险系数负向影响信息共享策略。基于研究结论,为提高医药供应链信息共享水平提出对策建议。

限价政策下药品供应链采购策略研究

为了控制药品价格过快增长,减轻居民医疗负担和破除“以药养医”弊端,政策制定者自新医改以来已出台多项药品限价政策对药品价格进行调整。本文立足于中国药品市场,研究了不同限价政策对药品供应链采购策略的影响。首先,以无价格规制模型为基准,发现当市场规模较大时,医疗机构采取分散采购策略;当市场规模较小时,其采取的采购策略与规模经济相关。然后,本文分别考察医疗机构限价和医药企业限价政策对采购策略的影响。当规模经济带来的折扣越大时,随着市场规模的增加,两种限价政策下的采购策略由集团采购策略转为分散采购策略。当规模经济带来的折扣越小时,政府选择医药企业限价政策时采购策略与此相同,政府选择医疗机构限价时,医疗机构选择集团采购策略。最后,考虑政府对限价政策的选择,当规模经济带来的折扣越小时,随着医药企业最高限价的增加,政府的策略由医药企业限价政策转为医疗机构限价政策。当规模经济带来的折扣越大时,若医疗机构选择分散采购策略时两种限价政策效用相同;若医疗机构选择集团采购时,政府选择医疗机构限价政策。

The Effect of Money-Back Guarantee and Customer Value on Dual-Channel Supply Chain

This paper investigates the effect of money-back guarantee (MBG) and customer value on dualchannel supply chain.Manufacturer could produce and sell old generation product by direct channel to compete with new generation product by retail channel.Both retailer and manufacturer could choose whether implementing the MBG strategy or not.This paper discusses whether manufacturer should open the direct channel,how to make MBG strategy to realize maximum profits,and how customer value influences the supply chain.We give the boundary conditions of four situations about the decisions of retailer and manufacturer GG situation,GN situation,NG situation and NN situation.We find that MBG strategy by retailer brings higher retail unit price,MBG strategy by manufacturer brings higher direct unit price and influences the wholesale price by the net salvage value of new generation product.This paper shows that if the demand was positive,opening the direct channel always benefits the manufacturer.Besides,customer value affects demands of two channels and the threshold value of parameter is given in this paper.