Conceptual design of a 714-MHz RFQ for compact proton injectors and development of a new tuning algorithm on its aluminium prototype

Radio frequency quadrupoles(RFQs),which are crucial components of proton injectors,significantly affect the performance of proton accelerator facilities.An RFQ with a high frequency of 714 MHz dedicated to compact proton injectors for medi-cal applications is designed in this study.The RFQ is designed to accelerate proton beams from 50 keV to 4 MeV within a short length of 2 m and can be matched closely with the downstream drift tube linac to capture more particles through a preliminary optimization.To develop an advanced RFQ,challenging techniques,including fabrication and tuning method,must be evaluated and verified using a prototype.An aluminium prototype is derived from the conceptual design of the RFQ and then redesigned to confirm the radio frequency performance,fabrication procedure,and feasibility of the tuning algorithm.Eventually,a new tuning algorithm based on the response matrix and least-squares method is developed,which yields favorable results based on the prototype,i.e.,the errors of the dipole and quadrupole components reduced to a low level after several tuning iterations.Benefiting from the conceptual design and techniques obtained from the prototype,the formal mechanical design of the 2-m RFQ is ready for the next manufacturing step.

Sensitivity Analysis of Injection Characteristic to Structural Parameters of GDI Injector Nozzle Hole

The nozzle inner-flow characteristic of the“spray G”injector was studied by the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation,and the sensitivity of cycle fuel mass to the conicity and entrance radius of the nozzle hole were analyzed.Results show that the inner conicity of nozzle hole inhibits the development of cavitation phenomena,and increases the injection rate.While the outer conicity of nozzle hole promotes the diffusion of cavita-tion,leading to reductions of the liquid volume fraction of the nozzle outlet and the local flow resistance of the nozzle hole.The sensitivity of cycle fuel mass to inner-cone nozzle hole is stronger than that of the outer-cone noz-zle,especially at the smaller hole conicity.The increase of injection pressure enhances the sensitivity of the injection characteristics to the nozzle hole structure,in which inner-cone nozzle has higher sensitivity coefficient than the outer-cone nozzle hole.However,the increase of injection pressure aggravates the offset of liquid jet to the nozzle axis of the outer-cone nozzle hole.With the increase of the inner conicity of nozzle,the sensitivity of the injection characteristics to the entrance radius of the hole decreases.With the increase of the outer conicity of nozzle hole,the sensitivity of the injection characteristics to the entrance radius of the hole increases.

Numerical and experimental study on shear coaxial injectors with hot hydrogen-rich gas/oxygen-rich gas and GH_2 /GO_2

The influences of the shear coaxial injector parameters on the combustion performance and the heat load of a combustor are studied numerically and experimentally. The injector parameters, including the ratio of the oxidizer pressure drop to the combustor pressure （DP ）, the velocity ratio of fuel to oxidizer （R V ）, the thickness （WO ）, and the recess （HO ） of the oxidizer injector post tip, the temperature of the hydrogen-rich gas （TH ） and the oxygen-rich gas （TO ）, are integrated by the orthogonal experimental design method to investigate the performance of the shear coaxial injector. The gaseous hydrogen/oxygen at ambient temperature （GH2 /GO2 ）, and the hot hydrogen-rich gas/oxygen-rich gas are used here. The length of the combustion （LC ）, the average temperatures of the combustor wall （TW ）, and the faceplate （TF ） are selected as the indicators. The tendencies of the influences of injector parameters on the combustion performance and the heat load of the combustor for the GH2 /GO2 case are similar to those in the hot propellants case. However, the combustion performance in the hot propellant case is better than that in the GH2/GO2 case, and the heat load of the combustor is also larger than that in the latter case.

Thermal analysis of EAST neutral beam injectors for long-pulse beam operation

Two sets of neutral beam injectors(NBI-1 and NBI-2) have been mounted on the EAST tokamak since 2014. NBI-1 and NBI-2 are co-direction and counter-direction, respectively. As with indepth physics and engineering study of EAST, the ability of long pulse beam injection should be required in the NBI system. For NBIs, the most important and difficult thing that should be overcome is heat removal capacity of heat loaded components for long-pulse beam extraction. In this article, the thermal state of the components of EAST NBI is investigated using water flow calorimetry and thermocouple temperatures. Results show that(1) operation parameters have an obvious influence on the heat deposited on the inner components of the beamline,(2) a suitable operation parameter can decrease the heat loading effectively and obtain longer beam pulse length, and(3) under the cooling water pressure of 0.25 MPa, the predicted maximum beam pulse length will be up to 260 s with 50 keV beam energy by a duty factor of 0.5. The results present that, in this regard, the EAST NBI-1 system has the ability of long-pulse beam injection.

Fault Detection of Fuel Injectors Based on One-Class Classifiers

Fuel injectors are considered as an important component of combustion engines. Operational weakness can possibly lead to the complete machine malfunction, decreasing reliability and leading to loss of production. To overcome these circumstances, various condition monitoring techniques can be applied. The application of acoustic signals is common in the field of fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. Advanced signal processing is utilized for the construction of features that are specialized in detecting fuel injector faults. A performance comparison between novelty detection algorithms in the form of one-class classifiers is presented. The one-class classifiers that were tested included One-Class Support Vector Machine (OCSVM) and One-Class Self Organizing Map (OCSOM). The acoustic signals of fuel injectors in different operational conditions were processed for feature extraction. Features from all the signals were used as input to the one-class classifiers. The one-class classifiers were trained only with healthy fuel injector conditions and compared with new experimental data which belonged to different operational conditions that were not included in the training set so as to contribute to generalization. The results present the effectiveness of one-class classifiers for detecting faults in fuel injectors.

Long-pulse power-supply system for EAST neutral-beam injectors

The long-pulse power-supply system equipped for the 4 MW beam-power ion source is comprised of three units at ASIPP（Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences）： one for the neutralbeam test stand and two for the EAST neutral-beam injectors（NBI-1 and NBI-2, respectively）. Each power supply system consists of two low voltage and high current DC power supplies for plasma generation of the ion source, and two high voltage and high current DC power supplies for the accelerator grid system. The operation range of the NB power supply is about 80 percent of the design value, which is the safe and stable operation range. At the neutral-beam test stand, a hydrogen ion beam with a beam pulse of 150 s, beam power of 1.5 MW and beam energy of 50 ke V was achieved during the long-pulse testing experiments. The result shows that the power-supply system meets the requirements of the EAST-NBIs fully and lays a basis for achieving plasma heating.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Preloaded IOL Injectors in Surgical Time

Background: The implantation of the intraocular lens (IOL) is still subject to error and complication, as it can result in traumatic opening of the IOL leading to rupture of the posterior capsule and zonular dialysis, it takes time to train paramedic teams to assemble such IOLs with the manual injectors. Moreover, there is a potential risk of comtamination and endophthalmitis as there is manipulation of the IOL and cartridge. The preloaded IOLs tend to reduce those unwanted results and may optimize the surgical time. Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness and implantation time between three injectors and three intraocular lenses, two pre-loaded and one conventional. Methodology: Videos of thirty patients undergoing cataract surgery from December 2019 to December 2020 at the Hospital Oftalmológico de Brasília (HOB), Brasília, Brazil were included in this observational, analytical retrospective study, non randomized. All patients had their surgeries recorded, from which the time of injection and opening of the intraocular lens (IOL) was extracted, 20 eyes were implanted with preloaded intraocular lens, and 10 eyes with conventional IOL implant. The patients were divided into three groups with similar eye characteristics. The first received the AutonoMeTM (CE) injector with the Clareon® IOL, the second the IsertTM injector (I) with the Hoya® IOL, and the third was injected with Johnson & Johnson Platinum 1 Series injector used to deliver Sensar® One AAB00 lens. The Welch test and Tukey’s Post Hoc test were used in the statistical analysis. Results: It was observed that there was a statistical significance regarding the presence of a haptic stuck (5 Clareon vs 0 Sensar and Hoya), between the mean opening time of the IOL optics Sensar One, Hoya and Clareon (25.00 vs 31.40 vs 11.70 s, p < 0.001) and between the total time (the injection time more the opening time of the IOL) in relation to Hoya and Clareon lenses (39.50 s vs 19.60 s, p < 0.001);the total time of the Sensar IOL was 31.30 s. The opening time of the IOL optics was significantly longer for the Sensar One and Hoya groups compared to Clareon group, and the total time of Hoya group was significantly longer compared to the total time of the Clareon group. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the choice of injector and IOL set can significantly affect the total time of IOL implantation. However, there was no difference regarding complications and collateral damage depending on the set chosen for the implant.

Discharge Characteristics of Large-Area High-Power RF Ion Source for Positive and Negative Neutral Beam Injectors

A large-area high-power radio-frequency（RF） driven ion source was developed for positive and negative neutral beam injectors at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute（KAERI）. The RF ion source consists of a driver region, including a helical antenna and a discharge chamber, and an expansion region. RF power can be transferred at up to 10 kW with a fixed frequency of 2 MHz through an optimized RF matching system. An actively water-cooled Faraday shield is located inside the driver region of the ion source for the stable and steady-state operations of high-power RF discharge. Plasma ignition of the ion source is initiated by the injection of argongas without a starter-filament heating, and the argon-gas is then slowly exchanged by the injection of hydrogen-gas to produce pure hydrogen plasmas. The uniformities of the plasma parameter,such as a plasma density and an electron temperature, are measured at the lowest area of the driver region using two RF-compensated electrostatic probes along the direction of the shortand long-dimensions of the driver region. The plasma parameters will be compared with those obtained at the lowest area of the expansion bucket to analyze the plasma expansion properties from the driver region to the expansion region.

空间发动机离心喷嘴真空下脉冲工作雾化特性实验研究

为得到空间双组元发动机中的液液同轴离心喷嘴在真实工作时的雾化特性,利用全透明真空舱搭建了真空喷雾实验与测量系统,对同轴离心喷嘴的脉冲雾化过程进行了实验研究。在入口压力1.6 MPa,开启时间分别为8 ms,20 ms和50 ms等典型工况下,对比研究了真空与大气环境下离心喷嘴脉冲工作的雾化特性,测试了同轴离心喷嘴单路脉冲工作以及两路同时脉冲工作的喷雾情况,测量了索太尔平均直径SMD的动态变化,并使用高速相机拍摄了相应的喷雾场图像。真空与大气下的对比实验表明,在真空下同轴离心喷嘴单路脉冲工作稳定段的SMD明显大于在大气中的SMD,且在真空下锥形液膜比较平滑。同轴离心喷嘴两路同时工作的实验结果表明,真空下两锥形液膜不会合并,而在大气下两股液膜会完全混合。

HL-3装置二号中性束注入束线量热靶研制

在托克马克装置的中性束注入器中,量热靶是非常重要的水冷部件之一,承担着接收和测量束功率的任务。除此之外,利用内置热电偶阵列的方式,可以实时监测靶板不同位置的温升情况,进而获得引出离子束或中性束的功率密度分布。在HL-3装置二号中性束注入束线上,为量热靶设计了一种利用直线推杆机构实现升降,并采用“W”字型靶板结构实现中性束能量的吸收。此外,利用Ansys Workbench的流体计算模块对量热靶在满功率运行状态下的温度分布做了模拟计算,结果显示:量热靶的设计满足二号中性束注入束线的120 kV/40 A/5 s满功率运行的使用要求。可为量热靶进一步的工程设计提供设计参考。

大直径偏心型文丘里施肥器优化设计与试验

为改善现有大直径文丘里施肥器的吸肥性能,对其进行结构优化设计.基于大直径对称型文丘里施肥器(M型),对其改造设计为偏心型文丘里施肥器(P型).采用正交设计方法,应用数值模拟技术,以吸肥效率为评价指标确定P型文丘里施肥器最优结构参数组合,并对2种施肥器进行试验测试和数值模拟对比分析.结果表明最优结构参数组合为喉管进口直径17 mm、扩散角3°、喉管出口直径20 mm、喉管凹槽宽度4 mm、喉管直线段长度16.6 mm、喉管凹槽直径27 mm、收缩角23.5°.通过试验测试对比分析,经结构优化后的P型施肥器较M型施肥器的最大吸肥流量提高了21.4%;在进口压力为0.25 MPa时,最大吸肥浓度提升了约30.7%,最大吸肥效率提升了约13.9%.流场分析表明,相较于M型施肥器,在相同的压差条件下,P型施肥器更不容易产生空化,并且P型文丘里施肥器流态更加稳定,能量损失更小.可见优化后的偏心型文丘里施肥器能提高吸肥性能.

基于某地区天然气井工况下静态引射器参数优化研究

天然气是一种绿色清洁能源,在工业发展过程中十分重要。新开采的天然气井有压力高、耗散快的特点,如何实现利用高压压力井引射低压压力井的天然气至关重要。基于某地区天然气井的压力井特点,设计具有最高引射效率的静态引射器,并使用CFD方法模拟引射器内部流动状态。改变引射器的几个关键结构尺寸,即喉部半径r_(1)、喉部出口半径r_(2),混合室半径R,研究适合该工况条件下的最佳引射器结构尺寸。最终得出引射器喉部尺寸为5.41 mm,喉部出口半径为5.65 mm,混合室半径为12.24 mm时,引射器的引射效果最佳,引射效率可达108.68%。试验结果表明,该设备在设计条件下具有良好的性能,偏离设计条件时仍有较高好的引射率,具有一定的抗波动能力。

一种基于直流式风洞的火星尘暴模拟装置

为了研究火星表面尘暴环境对探测器及人类活动的影响,研制了一种基于低密度直流式风洞的火星尘暴环境模拟装置:采用超声速引射器作为风洞动力源,结合具备多工况动态调节能力的大抽气量真空系统,实现了引射气量精准调控,可模拟100~1500 Pa低气压下的5~100 m/s大跨度风速;针对低气压下沙尘浓度难以精确控制的问题,采用振动式喂料、逆向螺旋式喷嘴设计以及大周期滞后串级调节方式,实现了0.1~1 g/m^(3)的沙尘浓度精确控制。该装置可用于研究火星尘暴环境对材料和机构的影响,同时还可用于火星气动力研究。

窄条带状背斜油藏边部注水开发产能影响因素

JY油田Y油藏为典型窄条带状背斜油藏,其储集层注入水极易沿河道中心方向突进,导致油井快速水淹,产量递减快;由于对水体大小、构造幅度、储集层物性等产能影响因素认识不清,此类油藏开发难度较大。针对上述问题,建立了窄条带状背斜油藏精细数值模型,通过对比论证提出了“边部注水+逐步转注”开发,并在此基础上开展了水体大小、构造幅度、储集层物性等参数对产能的影响研究。结果表明:“边部注水+逐步转注”开发不仅可以增大边水能量,使得井网双向受效,还可以有效延缓构造高部位油井的见水时间,大幅度降低油井含水率。另一方面,在考虑油藏构造特征的前提下,量化了不同影响因素下的产能特征,明确了水体大小、构造幅度、垂向渗透率与水平渗透率之比等参数的合理界限,论证了不同储集层物性下油藏面积的适应性。可为同类型油藏改善注水开发效果提供借鉴。

基于三维建模的喷油器流量系数在线测试

该文提出一种柴油机喷油器喷嘴流量系数在线测量方法。通过实验探究了燃油系统内部压力波的演化及传递过程并基于实验数据验证了算法的准确性;基于黎曼不变量理论将燃油系统内部复杂的压力变化过程简化为黎曼波的演化及传递过程,并建立了喷油过程中喷油器入口压力与流量系数的数学关系;根据燃油系统结构提出了一种基于喷油器入口压力信号的黎曼波解耦方法,提高了算法的使用范围。该文搭建了流量系数测量平台,通过实验验证了所提出方法有较高精度。

柴油-天然气双燃料喷射器燃料喷射特性的测试方法

针对双燃料喷射器结构复杂而无法实现喷射特性同时测量的问题,以同心双轴针式喷射器为研究对象,提出一种油和气同场测量方法,用动量法获取喷油规律及喷气规律型线,再通过测试密闭容腔内的压力变化计算喷气量,将二者结合可在测量喷气量的同时测量出精确喷气规律,最后对柴油-天然气双燃料喷射器的常用工况进行测试及验证。结果表明,采用动量法结合容积法的喷气规律测量方法得出的喷气量误差不超过5%。对喷射器的一致性进行验证,喷油量与喷气量的波动率均不超过3%,证明其喷射器一致性较好,该测试技术具有较高的准确度与可信度。

基于GT-Power的压电晶体喷油器性能仿真分析

为优化柴油机压电晶体喷油器性能,采用GT-Power建立高压共轨压电晶体喷油器仿真模型,改变模型中压电晶体的材料属性,设置不同电压条件,仿真分析压电晶体执行器的弹性模量、晶体驱动电压对执行器位移、喷油针阀压强、喷油器温度及每循环喷油量的影响。仿真结果表明:压电晶体喷油器弹性模量大于75 GPa,执行器位移随驱动电压的增大而增大;喷油器弹性模量大于80 GPa,喷油针阀处的压强增大,温度升高;相比弹性模量为55 GPa,弹性模量为80 GPa时,压电晶体执行器位移增大15.6%,喷油器每循环喷油量增加2.3%。压电晶体喷油器弹性模量为75~80 GPa,可以提高喷油速率,缩短喷油持续期,有利于提高柴油机热效率。

缆控式智能配注系统关键工具腐蚀特性分析

注水仍是剩余油驱替的重要措施之一,数字化注采控制更是中国油田的重要发展趋势。然而,智能配注工具在腐蚀环境下的适应性评价工作不足,大大制约了中国数字化油田的发展进程。为评价缆控式智能配注工具材质在新疆油田井下复杂环境中的适应性,通过实验方法评价了用于智能配注工具的两种典型材质在不同温度、不同Cl^(-)浓度条件下的腐蚀特性。结果表明:随温度升高,A材料的腐蚀电位下降且腐蚀电流增加,而B材料的腐蚀电位升高且腐蚀电流减小;当Cl^(-)浓度升高时,A材料表现出较强的腐蚀倾向;而在所研究井况范围内,B材料表面钝化层未被破坏。可见,在所研究井况下,B材料耐蚀性能显著优于A材料。

无静态泄漏电控喷油器压力特性交互作用相关性分析

为揭示无静态泄漏电控喷油器压力波动特性,本文借助AMESim仿真平台,搭建了电控喷油器的数值模型,通过试验数据对比,验证了模型的准确性。定义喷油压力波动与喷油压力降作为压力特性的衡量指标,结合实验设计与相关性分析方法,探究了压力特性与影响参数间交互作用的相关性。结果表明:对于喷油压力波动,进油孔孔径、回油孔孔径、喷孔直径三者间的交互作用具有显著影响,且其相关性受轨压工况的影响显著,在低轨压时,进油孔直径与喷孔直径的交互作用与其成正相关,回油孔孔径与进油孔孔径、喷孔直径的交互作用与其成负相关,在高轨压时各项的相关性相反;对于喷油压力降,在全工况平面内,影响因素的交互作用对其影响微弱,其交互作用可以忽略;影响因素的交互作用对压力特性的影响对轨压工况的变化敏感,与控制脉宽的变化无关。

低渗透平面非均质油藏注采井布井方式对CO_(2)驱开发效果的影响

中国陆相沉积低渗透油藏在平面上因受到不同沉积微相分布的影响,储层有效厚度、渗透率平面非均质性较强,实施CO_(2)驱的效果受注采井平面相对位置的影响较大。为探索合理的布井方式,改善开发效果,采用数值模拟方法,以大庆榆树林油田某注CO_(2)试验区的典型地质油藏参数和注采参数为依据建立理论模型,得到了不同平面非均质性、不同注采井布井方式下的CO_(2)驱开发规律。结果表明:CO_(2)驱注采井布井方式为“高渗注低渗采”和“厚注薄采”时的整体开发效果优于“低渗注高渗采”和“薄注厚采”;储层平面非均质性越强,不同布井方式下的开发效果差异越明显。研究成果可为低渗透平面非均质油藏CO_(2)驱注采井位的优化设计与调整提供重要参考。