Oxygen Availability Affects Behavioural Thermoregulation of Turtle Embryos

Extending recent findings that reptile embryos seek optimal temperatures inside eggs for thermoregulation,our study demonstrates that this thermoregulatory behaviour can be affected by the amount of oxygen available to an embryo.We exposed embryos of a freshwater turtle(Mauremys reevesii)to two heat sources(an optimal temperature of 30°C and a high temperature of 33°C)under three different oxygen levels–hypoxia(12%O2),normoxia(21%O2)and hyperoxia(30%O2)–and quantified the interactive effects of temperature and oxygen availability on embryonic thermoregulatory behaviour.Our results demonstrated that,in both thermal treatments,embryos exposed to hypoxia did not move as close to the heat source and therefore selected lower temperatures than those exposed to normoxia or hyperoxia.Embryos may select low temperatures under hypoxic conditions to decrease oxygen consumption and therefore alleviate the negative impact of hypoxic stress.

Study of dual-directional high rate secure communication systems using chaotic multiple-quantum-well lasers

A scheme of synchronized injection multi-quantum-well （MQW） laser system using optical couphng-feedback is presented for performing chaotic dual-directional secure communication. The performance characterization of chaos masking is investigated theoretically, the equation of synchronization demodulation is deduced and its root is also given. Chaos masking encoding with a rate of 5 Gbit/s and a modulation frequency of 1 GHz, chaos modulation with a rate of 0.2 Gbit/s and a modulation frequency of 0.2 GHz and chaos shifting key with a rate of 0.2 Gbit/s are numerically simulated, separately. The ratio of the signal to the absolute synchronous error and the time for achieving synchronous demodulation are analysed in detail. The results illustrate that the system has stronger privacy and good performances so that it can be applied in chaotic dual-directional high rate secure communications.

Thermal comfort and thermoregulation in manned space flight

Exposure to thermal environment is one of the main concerns for manned space exploration. By focusing on the works performed on thermoregulation at microgravity or simulated microgravity, we endeavored to review the investigation on space thermal environmental physiology. First of all, the application of medical requirements for the crew module design from normal thermal comfort to accidental thermal emergencies in a space craft will be addressed. Then, alterations in the autonomic and behavioral temperature regulation caused by the effect of weightlessness both in space flight and its simulation on the ground are also discussed. Furthermore, countermeasures like exercise training, simulated natural ventilation, encouraged drink, etc., in the protection of thermoregulation during space flight is presented. Finally, the challenge of space thermal environment physiology faced in the future is figured out.

Three-dimensional human thermoregulation model based on pulsatile blood flow and heating mechanism

A three-dimensional thermoregulation mathematical model of temperature fluctuations for the human body is developed based on predecessors＇ thermal models. The following improvements are necessary in real situations： ellipsoids and elliptical cylinders are used to adequately approximate body geometry, divided into 18 segments and five layers; the core layer consists of the organs; the pulsation of the heart cycle, the pulsatile laminar flow, the peripheral resistance, and the thermal effect of food are considered. The model is calculated by adopting computational fluid dynamics（CFD） technology, and the results of the model match with the experimental data. This paper can give a reasonable explanation for the temperature fluctuations.

Modeling on Metabolic Rate and Thermoregulation in Three Layered Human Skin during Carpentering, Swimming and Marathon

Metabolisms play a vital role in thermoregulation in the human body. The metabolic rate varies with the activity levels and has different behaviors in nature depending on the physical activities of the person. During the activity, metabolic rate increases rapidly at the beginning and then increases slowly to become almost constant after a certain time. So, its behavior is as logistics in nature. The high metabolic rate during activity causes the increase of body core temperature up to 39˚C [1] [2]. The logistic model of metabolic rate is used to re-model Pennes’ bioheat equation for the study of temperature distribution in three layered human dermal parts during carpentering, swimming and marathon. The finite element method is used to obtain the solution of the model equation. The results demonstrate that there is a significant change in tissue temperature due to sweating and ambient temperature variations.

着装人体热应激评估中热生理模型的研究进展

在消防及工业场景中,穿戴防护服的作业人员于高温热环境下工作,可能面临体温升高、脱水、疲劳及中暑等热应激问题。相较于真人实验、假人测试及热应力预测模型,热生理模型具有建模灵活、预测稳定等优势,已被广泛应用于高温环境中的热应激评估。文章从人体建模仿真、人体-环境传热模型和服装传热模拟三个方面,归纳了热生理模型评估的影响因素,并展望了未来研究的发展方向。首先,结合生理学、神经科学等领域的研究,以提高高温环境下人体热调节模拟的准确性;其次,整合动态传热系数于人体与环境传热模型,克服模型区段差异和高温热传递模拟的挑战;最后,进一步细化服装模型,并加强与热生理模型的结合。

Gut microbiota intervention attenuates thermogenesis in broilers exposed to high temperature through modulation of the hypothalamic 5‑HT pathway

Background Broilers have a robust metabolism and high body temperature,which make them less tolerant to hightemperature(HT)environments and more susceptible to challenges from elevated temperatures.Gut microbes,functioning as symbionts within the host,possess the capacity to significantly regulate the physiological functions and environmental adaptability of the host.This study aims to investigate the effects of gut microbial intervention on the body temperature and thermogenesis of broilers at different ambient temperatures,as well as the underlying mechanism involving the"gut-brain"axis.Methods Broilers were subjected to gut microbiota interference with or without antibiotics(control or ABX)starting at 1 day of age.At 21 day of age,they were divided into 4 groups and exposed to different environments for 7 d:The control and ABX groups at room temperature(RT,24±1℃,60%relative humidity(RH),24 h/d)and the control-HT and ABX-HT groups at high temperature(HT,32±1℃,60%RH,24 h/d).Results The results demonstrated that the antibiotic-induced gut microbiota intervention increased body weight and improved feed conversion in broiler chickens(P<0.05).Under HT conditions,the microbiota intervention reduced the rectal temperature of broiler chickens(P<0.05),inhibited the expression of avUCP and thermogenesisrelated genes in breast muscle and liver(P<0.05),and thus decreased thermogenesis capacity.Furthermore,the gut microbiota intervention blunted the hypothalamic‒pituitary‒adrenal axis and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis activation induced by HT conditions.By analyzing the cecal microbiota composition of control and ABX chickens maintained under HT conditions,we found that Alistipes was enriched in control chickens.In contrast,antibioticinduced gut microbiota intervention resulted in a decrease in the relative abundance of Alistipes(P<0.05).Moreover,this difference was accompanied by increased hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)content and TPH2 expression(P<0.05).Conclusions These findings underscore the critical role of the gut microbiota in regulating broiler thermogenesis via the gut-brain axis and suggest that the hypothalamic 5-HT pathway may be a potential mechanism by which the gut microbiota affects thermoregulation in broilers.

Personal Thermal Management by Radiative Cooling and Heating

Maintaining thermal comfort within the human body is crucial for optimal health and overall well-being.By merely broadening the setpoint of indoor temperatures,we could significantly slash energy usage in building heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning systems.In recent years,there has been a surge in advancements in personal thermal management(PTM),aiming to regulate heat and moisture transfer within our immediate surroundings,clothing,and skin.The advent of PTM is driven by the rapid development in nano/micro-materials and energy science and engineering.An emerging research area in PTM is personal radiative thermal management(PRTM),which demonstrates immense potential with its high radiative heat transfer efficiency and ease of regulation.However,it is less taken into account in traditional textiles,and there currently lies a gap in our knowledge and understanding of PRTM.In this review,we aim to present a thorough analysis of advanced textile materials and technologies for PRTM.Specifically,we will introduce and discuss the underlying radiation heat transfer mechanisms,fabrication methods of textiles,and various indoor/outdoor applications in light of their different regulation functionalities,including radiative cooling,radiative heating,and dual-mode thermoregulation.Furthermore,we will shine a light on the current hurdles,propose potential strategies,and delve into future technology trends for PRTM with an emphasis on functionalities and applications.

A novel thermoregulated phosphine ligand used for the Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of mixed C_(11-12) olefins in aqueous/organic biphasic system

A novel thermoregulated phosphine ligand PhP(CHCHO)CH(n=22) was synthesized and used for the Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of mixed Colefins in aqueous/organic biphasic system.Under the optimized conditions,pressure =5 MPa (H:CO=1:1),phosphine/Rh =13(molar ratio),reaction time =6 h and temperature =130℃,the conversion of Colefins and the yield of aldehyde are 99%and 94%,respectively.The catalyst retained in aqueous phase can be easily separated from the product-containing organic phase by simple phase separation and the catalytic activity remains almost constant after four consecutive cycles.

A novel phosphate ligand used for the Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of cyclohexene in a thermoregulated PEG biphase system

A novel phosphate ligand, tri-（methoxyl polyethylene glycol）-phosphate （TMPGPA）, has been synthesized and used in the Rhcatalyzed hydroformylation of cyclohexene in a thermoregulated PEG biphase system. Under the optimized conditions, pressure = 5 MPa （H2：CO = 1：1）, P/Rh = 10 （molar ratio）, reaction time = 4 h and temperature = 120 ℃, the conversion of cyclohexene and the yield of aldehyde are 99%. The catalyst retained in PEG phase can be easily separated from the organic phase containing product by simple phase separation and reused ten times without obvious loss in activity.

Thermoregulated Phase-separable Ru_3(CO)_(12)/PETPP Complex Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Styrene

Thermoregulated phase-separable Ru3(CO)12/PETPP (PETPP=P[p-C6H4O (CH2CH2O)n H]3, n=6) complex catalyst was first applied in the hydrogenation of styrene. Under the conditions: P(H2)=2.0MPa, T=90C, styrene could be completely transferred and the yield of ethylbenzene reached up to 99.5%. After simple decantation, the catalyst could be reused for ten times without decreasing in activity.

Studies on the Recycling Efficiency of Thermoregulated Phase-separable Rh/PETPP Complex Catalyst

Effects on the recycling efficiency of thermoregulated phase-separable Rh/PETPP (P-[p-C6H4O(CH2CH2O)nH]3, N=3n) complex catalyst involved in hydroformylation of 1-decene are for the first time presented. It was found that the loss of Rh is dependent greatly on the composition of phosphine ligand PETPP and the organic solvent employed in the reaction.

Heat dissipating upper body compression garment:Thermoregulatory,cardiovascular, and perceptual responses

Purpose:The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of an upper body compression garment(UBCG)on thermoregulatory responses during cycling in a controlled laboratory thermoneutral environment(~23℃).A secondary aim was to determine the cardiovascular and perceptual responses when wearing the garment.Methods:Sixteen untrained participants(age:21.3±5.7 years;peak oxygen consumption(V02 peak):50.88±8.00 mL/min/kg;mean±SD)performed 2 cycling trials in a thermoneutral environment(~23℃)wearing either UBCG or control(Con)garment.Testing consisted of a 5-min rest on a cycle ergometer,followed by 4 bouts of cycling for 14-min at ~50%VO2 peak,with 1-min rest between each bout.At the end of these bouts there was 10-min of passive recovery.During the entire protocol rectal temperature(Trec),skin temperature(Tskin),mean body temperature(Tbody),and heat storage(HS)were measured.Heart rate(HR),VO2,pH,hematocrit(Hct),plasma electrolytes,weight loss(Wloss),and perceptual responses were also measured.Results:There were no significant differences between garments for Tskin,HS,HR,VO2,pH,Hct,plasma electrolyte concentration,Wloss,and perceptual responses during the trial.Trec did not differ between garment conditions during rest,exercise,or recovery although a greater reduction in Trec wearing UBCG(p=0.01)was observed during recovery.Lower Tbody during recovery was found when wearing UBCG(36.82℃±0.30℃ vs.36.99℃±0.24℃).Conclusion:Wearing a UBCG did not benefit thermoregulatory,cardiovascular,and perceptual responses during exercise although it was found to lower Tbody during recovery,which suggests that it could be used as a recovery tool after exercise.

Thermoregulated Organic Biphasic Hydrogenation of 1-Octene Catalyzed by Ru/PETPP Complex

Thermoregulated organic biphasic system composed of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether （TGME） and n-heptane was first applied to the hydrogenation of 1-octene. Under the optimal conditions： P（H2）=5.0MPa, T=80℃, t=3h, 1-octene/Ru=1000 （molar ratio）, the yield of n-octane reached up to 99.6%. Furthermore, the simply decanted catalyst could be reused for 10 times without apparent loss of catalytic activity.

Thermoregulatory function and sexual dimorphism of the throat sack in Helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris)across Africa

The responses of ground-dwelling birds to heat and cold stress encompass a variety of behavioural,physiological and even morphological mechanisms.However,the role of glabrous skin in this respect has been marginally addressed so far.The Helmeted Guineafowl(Numida meleagris)is a landfowl distributed across Sub-Saharan Africa with eight traditionally recognised extant subspecies.Among the most prominent morphological traits underlying intraspecific variability are size and pigmentation of the bare throat skin(or sack),which might be related to the different habitats and environmental conditions across its wide range.In order to explore the Helmeted Guineafowl range-wide sack variation and pigmentation in relation to thermoregulation and sexual signalling,we collected morphometric and environmental information for N.m.coronata integrating field data with the inspection of photographic material encompassing seven subspecies and environmental information from their habitats.Field data evidenced that sack size was significantly correlated with ambient temperature,thus pointing to a likely involvement of the throat sack in thermoregulation.When the pictorial data from all subspecies were pooled,sack size correlated negatively with biomass,rainfall and humidity,while a positive correlation was found with annual solar irradiation.Sack size correlated positively with monthly temperature variation among the bluethroated subspecies from southern Africa as opposed to the black-throated subspecies ranging north to Zambia and Mozambique.Still,in this latter group the sack was often larger during winter months,possibly to maximise solar radiation absorbance.Noteworthy,sack size was related to sex dimorphism in two subspecies.Sack morphology and colour in the Helmeted Guineafowl likely modulate body temperature by evaporative cooling or heating upon needs,but in some subspecies it is also seemingly related to sexual signalling.Additional studies are needed to fully understand the multifunctionality of this important morphological feature in this species.

精氨酸加压素兴奋视前区正中核谷氨酸能神经元及其机制

目的研究精氨酸加压素(AVP)对小鼠视前区正中核谷氨酸能(MnPO^(Vglut2))神经元放电活动的影响及其机制。方法采用Vglut2-tdTomato雄性小鼠制作脑片,通过荧光显微镜找到表达红色荧光蛋白的MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元,应用全细胞膜片钳技术观察AVP对MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元放电频率的影响;或观察突触传递阻断剂(STBs)对AVP引起的MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元放电频率改变的影响;或观察AVP的V1a受体拮抗剂对AVP引起的MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元放电频率改变的影响。结果与灌流人工脑脊液(ACSF)时比较,灌流ACSF+AVP时,MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元的平均放电频率明显升高(P<0.01),表明AVP可兴奋MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元。与灌流ACSF+STBs时比较,灌流ACSF+STBs+AVP时,MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元的平均放电频率仍明显升高(P<0.001);此外,与灌流ACSF+AVP时比较,灌流ACSF+STBs+AVP时,AVP引起的MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元的放电频率增加幅度无明显改变(P>0.05),提示AVP通过突触后的机制直接兴奋MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元。与灌流ACSF+STBs+AVP时比较,灌流ACSF+STBs+AVP+V1a受体拮抗剂时,AVP引起的MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元的放电频率增加幅度明显下降(P<0.01),提示AVP通过V1a受体直接兴奋MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元。结论AVP可通过突触后的机制经V1a受体直接兴奋MnPO^(Vglut2)神经元。该研究揭示了AVP作用的MnPO神经元的分子标记。

PEG-stabilized palladium nanoparticles:An efficient and recyclable catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of 1,5-cyclooctadiene in thermoregulated PEG biphase system

聚乙二醇(木钉) 稳定了钯 nanoparticles 被准备并且在 thermoregulated 木钉双相系统适用于 1,5-cyclooctadiene (1,5 货到付款) 的选择加氢，它允许反应在一在一个阶段裂口在更低的温度跟随的高温单相。在优化反应条件下面， 1,5 货到付款和环辛烯(COE ) 的选择的变换分别地是 100 和 98% 。催化剂能被析相作用容易与产品分开并且没有明显的损失，在活动和选择为 6 再使用次。

人体热生理预测模型研究进展

为提高人体热生理模型的预测精度以及计算效率,以实现不同预测需求在复杂环境中的简单表达。从人体热生理系统和模型的发展2个方面进行系统综述,首先简要分析人体热平衡调节机制以及生理参数的选取;然后根据结构复杂程度对国内外人体热生理模型的研究现状进行分类介绍,并从建模原理、热量传导等方面简述较为经典的Gagge、Fiala和Salloum模型。分析结果表明:目前的一节点以及两节点模型在建模思想以及数值计算方面相对简单,但是预测精度较低;多节点和多元模型考虑的因素非常全面,可应用三维空间和瞬态环境,但是过于复杂的流程导致预测响应时间过长。未来可结合机器学习提高人体热生理模型的计算时间和预测精度,满足众多领域的应用需求。

Temperature‑Gated Light‑Guiding Hydrogel Fiber for Thermoregulation During Optogenetic Neuromodulation

With the rise of optogenetic manipulation of neurons,the effects of optogenetic heating on temperature-sensitive physi-ological processes,and the damage to surrounding tissues have been neglected.This manuscript reports the fabrication of a highly temperature-sensitive semi-interpenetrating optical hydrogel fiber(TSOHF)using the integrated dynamic wet-spinning technique.TSOHF exhibits a structural tunable diameter,clear core/sheath structure,tunable temperature-sensitivity,excellent light propagation property(0.35 dB cm^(-1),650 nm laser light),and good biocompatibility(including tissue-like Young’s modulus,stable dimensional stability,and low cytotoxicity).Based on these properties,a potential application of optogenetic regulation of neural tissue(hypoglossal nerve),with controllable temperature using TSOHF was designed and performed.Further,this work provides new insight into molecular design and a practical approach to continually manufacture a temperature-sensitive hydrogel optical fiber for applications in intelligent photomedicine.

冬季温度漂移下心率变异性对人体热舒适的影响

研究显示,环境温度的变化对人体心脏活动的影响显著,寒冷或极端温度会给人们带来心血管疾病。基于人体心率变异性指标,探讨了温度漂移热环境在室内热舒适方面的优势,并分析了人体主观热评价、皮肤温度与心率变异性之间的关系。设置16名受试者从初始稳定温度(24℃或18℃)经历半小时的温降漂移,最后再经历升温回到初始温度。实验收集了受试者的主观热评价与皮肤温度,并全程监测了其心电信号。通过频域分析法,得到了心率变异性的低频功率/高频功率比值(LF/HF)。结果表明:在冬季,适当的温度漂移可以改善受试者对相同温度热环境的热舒适评价;温度漂移对人体热舒适的影响可以通过LF/HF值表征出来;冬季温度漂移热环境下,人体的LF/HF值与平均皮肤温度、热感觉显著相关。