In this study, a five-year (2010-2014) production and energy utilisation data in a sausage producing company in Nigeria was analysed for energy consumption, energy intensity, energy productivity, cost of energy per un...In this study, a five-year (2010-2014) production and energy utilisation data in a sausage producing company in Nigeria was analysed for energy consumption, energy intensity, energy productivity, cost of energy per unit product and Normalized Performance Indicator (NPI). The average annual energy consumption was 15,853.22 GJ. The energy consumption mix was 27.66% PHCN main, 32.06% diesel generators and 40.28% oven gas. Main electricity supply from utility company contributed to 25.04% of the total energy cost while diesel was 44.24% and oven gas was 30.71% of the total cost. The average production output from the factory was 595,700 tonnes and the average cost of energy input was 6.71 kobo/kg for the five-year period. The values of cost of energy input per unit product showed a decreasing trend for the five years. The energy intensity also increased through the study years with an average of 1.67 GJ/m2 while the energy productivity decreased throughout the years with an average of 28.3 kJ/kg. The Normalized Performance Indicator (NPI) values calculated for the five years showed steady increment with an average of 1.61 GJ/m2. This indicated a “very poor” range which implies an excessive energy usage, immediate action should be taken to investigate and remedy this.展开更多
This Article discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scena...This Article discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce emissions. The current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feed-stock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.展开更多
This paper brings the comparison of performances of CO_(2)conversion by plasma and plasma-assisted catalysis based on the data collected from literature in this field,organised in an open access online database.This t...This paper brings the comparison of performances of CO_(2)conversion by plasma and plasma-assisted catalysis based on the data collected from literature in this field,organised in an open access online database.This tool is open to all users to carry out their own analyses,but also to contributors who wish to add their data to the database in order to improve the relevance of the comparisons made,and ultimately to improve the efficiency of CO_(2)conversion by plasma-catalysis.The creation of this database and database user interface is motivated by the fact that plasma-catalysis is a fast-growing field for all CO_(2)conversion processes,be it methanation,dry reforming of methane,methanolisation,or others.As a result of this rapid increase,there is a need for a set of standard procedures to rigorously compare performances of different systems.However,this is currently not possible because the fundamental mechanisms of plasma-catalysis are still too poorly understood to define these standard procedures.Fortunately however,the accumulated data within the CO_(2)plasma-catalysis community has become large enough to warrant so-called“big data”studies more familiar in the fields of medicine and the social sciences.To enable comparisons between multiple data sets and make future research more effective,this work proposes the first database on CO_(2)conversion performances by plasma-catalysis open to the whole community.This database has been initiated in the framework of a H_(2)0_(2)0 European project and is called the“PIONEER Data Base”.The database gathers a large amount of CO_(2)conversion performance data such as conversion rate,energy efficiency,and selectivity for numerous plasma sources coupled with or without a catalyst.Each data set is associated with metadata describing the gas mixture,the plasma source,the nature of the catalyst,and the form of coupling with the plasma.Beyond the database itself,a data extraction tool with direct visualisation features or advanced filtering functionalities has been developed and is available online to the public.The simple and fast visualisation of the state of the art puts new results into context,identifies literal gaps in data,and consequently points towards promising research routes.More advanced data extraction illustrates the impact that the database can have in the understanding of plasma-catalyst coupling.Lessons learned from the review of a large amount of literature during the setup of the database lead to best practice advice to increase comparability between future CO_(2)plasma-catalytic studies.Finally,the community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the database not only to increase the visibility of their data but also the relevance of the comparisons allowed by this tool.展开更多
“碳达峰”“碳中和”(以下简称“双碳”)为全球能源行业减排带来新的挑战,油气行业首当其冲。欧洲作为“碳中和”的有力倡导者,在能源转型领域走在世界前列。为了探索中国油气行业在“双碳”新形势下的发展方向,对欧盟能源公司在转型...“碳达峰”“碳中和”(以下简称“双碳”)为全球能源行业减排带来新的挑战,油气行业首当其冲。欧洲作为“碳中和”的有力倡导者,在能源转型领域走在世界前列。为了探索中国油气行业在“双碳”新形势下的发展方向,对欧盟能源公司在转型过程中面对的挑战及其抓住机遇深化改革的实践进行分析研究,结合中国油气行业行情,提出合理建议。建议中国油气公司积极转型,大力发展天然气业务,积极研发碳捕捉、利用与封存(Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage,CCUS)和氢能等绿色能源技术,拓展资金渠道,引入绿色金融,更好迎接“双碳”目标下的挑战与机遇,实现全面高质量发展。展开更多
China has been committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality will play an essential role in galvanising global climate action,which has been largely deferred by the Covid-19 pan...China has been committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality will play an essential role in galvanising global climate action,which has been largely deferred by the Covid-19 pandemic.China’s carbon neutrality could reduce global warming by approximately 0.2–0.3°C and save around 1.8 million people from premature death due to air pollution.Along with domestic benefits,China’s pledge of carbon neutrality is a“game-changer”for global climate action and can inspire other large carbon emitters to contribute actively to mitigate carbon emissions,particularly countries along the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)routes.In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,it is necessary to decarbonise all sectors in China,including energy,industry,transportation,construction,and agriculture.However,this transition will be very challenging,because major technological breakthroughs and large-scale investments are required.Strong policies and implementation plans are essential,including sustainable demand,decarbonizing electricity,electrification,fuel switching,and negative emissions.In particular,if China can peak carbon emissions earlier,it can lower the costs of the carbon neutral transition and make it easier to do so over a longer time horizon.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality by 2060 and recent pledges at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties(COP26)are significant contributions and critical steps for global climate action.However,countries worldwide need to achieve carbon neutrality to keep the global temperature from growing beyond the level that will cause catastrophic damages globally.展开更多
CO_(2) Plume Geothermal(CPG)systems are a promising concept for utilising petrothermal resources in the context of a future carbon capture utilisation and sequestration economy.Petrothermal geothermal energy has a tre...CO_(2) Plume Geothermal(CPG)systems are a promising concept for utilising petrothermal resources in the context of a future carbon capture utilisation and sequestration economy.Petrothermal geothermal energy has a tremendous worldwide potential for decarbonising both the power and heating sectors.This paper investigates three potential CPG configurations for combined heating and power generation(CHP).The present work examines scenarios with reservoir depths of 4 km and 5 km,as well as required district heating system(DHS)supply temperatures of 70℃ and 90℃.The results reveal that a two-staged serial CHP concept eventuates in the highest achievable net power output.For a thermosiphon system,the relative net power reduction by the CHP option compared with a sole power generation system is significantly lower than for a pumped system.The net power reduction for pumped systems lies between 62.6%and 22.9%.For a thermosiphon system with a depth of 5 km and a required DHS supply temperature of 70℃,the achievable net power by the most beneficial CHP option is even 9.2%higher than for sole power generation systems.The second law efficiency for the sole power generation concepts are in a range between 33.0%and 43.0%.The second law efficiency can increase up to 63.0%in the case of a CHP application.Thus,the combined heat and power generation can significantly increase the overall second law efficiency of a CPG system.The evaluation of the achievable revenues demonstrates that a CHP application might improve the economic performance of both thermosiphon and pumped CPG systems.However,the minimum heat revenue required for compensating the power reduction increases with higher electricity revenues.In summary,the results of this work provide valuable insights for the potential development of CPG systems for CHP applications and their economic feasibility.展开更多
This study provides an overview of Building-Integrated Wind Turbines,focusing on cement silos as wind concentrators,along with determining the amount of power that could be connected without regard to wind direction.T...This study provides an overview of Building-Integrated Wind Turbines,focusing on cement silos as wind concentrators,along with determining the amount of power that could be connected without regard to wind direction.The motivation of this research is the intermittency issue of wind stream in an open environment and non-exploration of wind turbines between cement silos.Building-Augmented Wind Turbines provide 717 W of aerodynamic power at 16 m/s,whereas Standalone Wind Turbines produce 562 W.This is due to the wind speed acceleration between buildings,which causes a concentration effect.Meanwhile,using the simulation software ANSYS,the turbine geometry is developed utilising a Computational Fluid Dynamics evaluation.展开更多
文摘In this study, a five-year (2010-2014) production and energy utilisation data in a sausage producing company in Nigeria was analysed for energy consumption, energy intensity, energy productivity, cost of energy per unit product and Normalized Performance Indicator (NPI). The average annual energy consumption was 15,853.22 GJ. The energy consumption mix was 27.66% PHCN main, 32.06% diesel generators and 40.28% oven gas. Main electricity supply from utility company contributed to 25.04% of the total energy cost while diesel was 44.24% and oven gas was 30.71% of the total cost. The average production output from the factory was 595,700 tonnes and the average cost of energy input was 6.71 kobo/kg for the five-year period. The values of cost of energy input per unit product showed a decreasing trend for the five years. The energy intensity also increased through the study years with an average of 1.67 GJ/m2 while the energy productivity decreased throughout the years with an average of 28.3 kJ/kg. The Normalized Performance Indicator (NPI) values calculated for the five years showed steady increment with an average of 1.61 GJ/m2. This indicated a “very poor” range which implies an excessive energy usage, immediate action should be taken to investigate and remedy this.
文摘This Article discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce emissions. The current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feed-stock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.
基金funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No.813393partially funded by the Portuguese FCT-Funda??o para a Ciência e a Tecnologia,under projects UIDB/50010/2020,UIDP/50010/2020 and PTDC/FIS-PLA/1616/2021。
文摘This paper brings the comparison of performances of CO_(2)conversion by plasma and plasma-assisted catalysis based on the data collected from literature in this field,organised in an open access online database.This tool is open to all users to carry out their own analyses,but also to contributors who wish to add their data to the database in order to improve the relevance of the comparisons made,and ultimately to improve the efficiency of CO_(2)conversion by plasma-catalysis.The creation of this database and database user interface is motivated by the fact that plasma-catalysis is a fast-growing field for all CO_(2)conversion processes,be it methanation,dry reforming of methane,methanolisation,or others.As a result of this rapid increase,there is a need for a set of standard procedures to rigorously compare performances of different systems.However,this is currently not possible because the fundamental mechanisms of plasma-catalysis are still too poorly understood to define these standard procedures.Fortunately however,the accumulated data within the CO_(2)plasma-catalysis community has become large enough to warrant so-called“big data”studies more familiar in the fields of medicine and the social sciences.To enable comparisons between multiple data sets and make future research more effective,this work proposes the first database on CO_(2)conversion performances by plasma-catalysis open to the whole community.This database has been initiated in the framework of a H_(2)0_(2)0 European project and is called the“PIONEER Data Base”.The database gathers a large amount of CO_(2)conversion performance data such as conversion rate,energy efficiency,and selectivity for numerous plasma sources coupled with or without a catalyst.Each data set is associated with metadata describing the gas mixture,the plasma source,the nature of the catalyst,and the form of coupling with the plasma.Beyond the database itself,a data extraction tool with direct visualisation features or advanced filtering functionalities has been developed and is available online to the public.The simple and fast visualisation of the state of the art puts new results into context,identifies literal gaps in data,and consequently points towards promising research routes.More advanced data extraction illustrates the impact that the database can have in the understanding of plasma-catalyst coupling.Lessons learned from the review of a large amount of literature during the setup of the database lead to best practice advice to increase comparability between future CO_(2)plasma-catalytic studies.Finally,the community is strongly encouraged to contribute to the database not only to increase the visibility of their data but also the relevance of the comparisons allowed by this tool.
文摘“碳达峰”“碳中和”(以下简称“双碳”)为全球能源行业减排带来新的挑战,油气行业首当其冲。欧洲作为“碳中和”的有力倡导者,在能源转型领域走在世界前列。为了探索中国油气行业在“双碳”新形势下的发展方向,对欧盟能源公司在转型过程中面对的挑战及其抓住机遇深化改革的实践进行分析研究,结合中国油气行业行情,提出合理建议。建议中国油气公司积极转型,大力发展天然气业务,积极研发碳捕捉、利用与封存(Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage,CCUS)和氢能等绿色能源技术,拓展资金渠道,引入绿色金融,更好迎接“双碳”目标下的挑战与机遇,实现全面高质量发展。
基金This work was partially supported by NUISTReading Research Institute Pump-Priming Project(UK)(NRRIPPP-01)Royal Society International Exchange Grant(UK)(IEC\NSFC\211430)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42211530082 and 71921003).
文摘China has been committed to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality will play an essential role in galvanising global climate action,which has been largely deferred by the Covid-19 pandemic.China’s carbon neutrality could reduce global warming by approximately 0.2–0.3°C and save around 1.8 million people from premature death due to air pollution.Along with domestic benefits,China’s pledge of carbon neutrality is a“game-changer”for global climate action and can inspire other large carbon emitters to contribute actively to mitigate carbon emissions,particularly countries along the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)routes.In order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,it is necessary to decarbonise all sectors in China,including energy,industry,transportation,construction,and agriculture.However,this transition will be very challenging,because major technological breakthroughs and large-scale investments are required.Strong policies and implementation plans are essential,including sustainable demand,decarbonizing electricity,electrification,fuel switching,and negative emissions.In particular,if China can peak carbon emissions earlier,it can lower the costs of the carbon neutral transition and make it easier to do so over a longer time horizon.China’s pledge of carbon neutrality by 2060 and recent pledges at the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties(COP26)are significant contributions and critical steps for global climate action.However,countries worldwide need to achieve carbon neutrality to keep the global temperature from growing beyond the level that will cause catastrophic damages globally.
基金Funding from the Bavarian State Ministry of Education,Science and the Arts in the framework of the Project Geothermal-Alliance Bavaria。
文摘CO_(2) Plume Geothermal(CPG)systems are a promising concept for utilising petrothermal resources in the context of a future carbon capture utilisation and sequestration economy.Petrothermal geothermal energy has a tremendous worldwide potential for decarbonising both the power and heating sectors.This paper investigates three potential CPG configurations for combined heating and power generation(CHP).The present work examines scenarios with reservoir depths of 4 km and 5 km,as well as required district heating system(DHS)supply temperatures of 70℃ and 90℃.The results reveal that a two-staged serial CHP concept eventuates in the highest achievable net power output.For a thermosiphon system,the relative net power reduction by the CHP option compared with a sole power generation system is significantly lower than for a pumped system.The net power reduction for pumped systems lies between 62.6%and 22.9%.For a thermosiphon system with a depth of 5 km and a required DHS supply temperature of 70℃,the achievable net power by the most beneficial CHP option is even 9.2%higher than for sole power generation systems.The second law efficiency for the sole power generation concepts are in a range between 33.0%and 43.0%.The second law efficiency can increase up to 63.0%in the case of a CHP application.Thus,the combined heat and power generation can significantly increase the overall second law efficiency of a CPG system.The evaluation of the achievable revenues demonstrates that a CHP application might improve the economic performance of both thermosiphon and pumped CPG systems.However,the minimum heat revenue required for compensating the power reduction increases with higher electricity revenues.In summary,the results of this work provide valuable insights for the potential development of CPG systems for CHP applications and their economic feasibility.
文摘This study provides an overview of Building-Integrated Wind Turbines,focusing on cement silos as wind concentrators,along with determining the amount of power that could be connected without regard to wind direction.The motivation of this research is the intermittency issue of wind stream in an open environment and non-exploration of wind turbines between cement silos.Building-Augmented Wind Turbines provide 717 W of aerodynamic power at 16 m/s,whereas Standalone Wind Turbines produce 562 W.This is due to the wind speed acceleration between buildings,which causes a concentration effect.Meanwhile,using the simulation software ANSYS,the turbine geometry is developed utilising a Computational Fluid Dynamics evaluation.
