Dynamic simulation of drum level sloshing of heat recovery steam generator

Drum level sloshing is the latest discovery in the application of heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) in combined cycle, and shows certain negative influence on drum level controlling. In order to improve drum level controlling, influence factors on the drum level sloshing were investigated. Firstly, drum sub-modules were developed using the method of modularization modeling, and then the model of drum level sloshing was set up as well. Experiments were carried out on the experimental rig, and the model was validated using the obtained experimental results. Dynamic simulation was made based on the model to get a 3-D graph of drum level sloshing, which shows a vivid procedure of drum level sloshing. The effect of feed-water flow rate, main-steam flow rate and heating quantity on the drum level sloshing was analyzed. The simulation results indicate that the signals with frequency higher than 0.05 Hz are that of drum level sloshing, the signals with frequency of 0.0-0.05 Hz are that of drum level trendy and "false water level", and variation of the feed-water flow rates, main-steam flow rates and heating quantities can change the frequency of drum level sloshing, i.e., the frequency of sloshing increases with the increase of feed-water flow rate, or the decrease of the main-steam flow rate and the heating quantity. This research work is fundamental to improve signal-to-noise ratio of drum level signal and precise controlling of drum level.

Thermodynamic,Economic,and Environmental Analyses and Multi-Objective Optimization of Dual-Pressure Organic Rankine Cycle System with Dual-Stage Ejector

A novel dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle system(DPORC)with a dual-stage ejector(DE-DPORC)is proposed.The system incorporates a dual-stage ejector that utilizes a small amount of extraction steam from the highpressure expander to pressurize a large quantity of exhaust gas to performwork for the low-pressure expander.This innovative approach addresses condensing pressure limitations,reduces power consumption during pressurization,minimizes heat loss,and enhances the utilization efficiency of waste heat steam.A thermodynamic model is developed with net output work,thermal efficiency,and exergy efficiency(W_(net,ηt,ηex))as evaluation criteria,an economicmodel is established with levelized energy cost(LEC)as evaluation index,anenvironmentalmodel is created with annual equivalent carbon dioxide emission reduction(AER)as evaluation parameter.A comprehensive analysis is conducted on the impact of heat source temperature(T_(S,in)),evaporation temperature(T_(2)),entrainment ratio(E_(r1),E_(r2)),and working fluid pressure(P_(5),P_(6))on system performance.It compares the comprehensive performance of the DE-DPORC system with that of the DPORC system at TS,in of 433.15 K and T2 of 378.15 K.Furthermore,multi-objective optimization using the dragonfly algorithm is performed to determine optimal working conditions for the DE-DPORC system through the TOPSIS method.The findings indicate that the DEDPORC system exhibits a 5.34%increase inWnet andηex,a 58.06%increase inηt,a 5.61%increase in AER,and a reduction of 47.67%and 13.51%in the heat dissipation of the condenser andLEC,compared to theDPORCsystem,highlighting the advantages of this enhanced system.The optimal operating conditions are TS,in=426.74 K,T_(2)=389.37 K,E_(r1)=1.33,E_(r2)=3.17,P_(5)=0.39 MPa,P_(6)=1.32 MPa,which offer valuable technical support for engineering applications;however,they are approaching the peak thermodynamic and environmental performance while falling short of the highest economic performance.

Comparative Assessment of Combined-Heat-and-Power Performance of Small-Scale Aero-Derivative Gas Turbine Cycles

This paper considers comparative assessment of combined-heat-and-power (CHP) performance of three small-scale aero-derivative industrial gas turbine cycles in the petrochemical industry. The bulk of supposedly waste exhaust heat associated with gas turbine operation has necessitated the need for CHP application for greater fuel efficiency. This would render gas turbine cycles environ-mentally-friendly, and more economical. However, choosing a particular engine cycle option for small-scale CHP requires information about performances of CHP engine cycle options. The investigation encompasses comparative assessment of simple cycle (SC), recuperated (RC), and intercooled-recuperated (ICR) small-scale aero-derivative industrial gas turbines combined-heat-and-power (SS-ADIGT-CHP). Small-scale ADIGT engines of 1.567 MW derived from helicopter gas turbines are herein analysed in combined-heat-and-power (CHP) application. It was found that in this category of ADIGT engines, better CHP efficiency is exhibited by RC and ICR cycles than SC engine. The CHP efficiencies of RC, ICR, and SC small-scale ADIGT-CHP cycles were found to be 71%, 60%, and 56% respectively. Also, RC engine produces the highest heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) duty. The HRSG duties were found to be 3171.3 kW for RC, 2621.6 kW for ICR, and 3063.1 kW for SC. These outcomes would actually meet the objective of aiding informed preliminary choice of small-scale ADIGT engine cycle options for CHP application.

An Analysis of the Influence of Protective Films on the Inner Surfaces of CCPP Headers and Steam Pipelines on Their Thermal Stress State

At present, the main attention of researchers is paid to the deterioration of heat transfer when heating the outer surface of the pipe with the liquid or steam, flowing inside it, in the presence of films or deposits on its inner surface. However, when pipe is heating by heat carrier medium, flowing inside it, film on the inner pipe surface serve a dual protective function, protecting the pipe from corrosion and reducing its thermal stress. The article represents the results of the computational analysis of protective films influence on the thermal stressed state of headers and steam pipelines of combined-cycle power plants (CCPP) heat-recovery steam generators at different transient operating conditions particularly at startups from different initial temperature states and thermal shock. It is shown that protective films have a significant influence on the stresses magnitude and damage accumulation mainly for great temperature disturbances (for thermal shock). Calculations were carried out at various thicknesses of films and assuming that their thermal conductivity less than thermal conductivity of the steam pipelines metal.

直流余热锅炉蒸发段长度和位置变动特性的仿真分析

在直流余热锅炉变工况运行过程中蒸发段长度和位置的改变会造成锅炉管壁温度分布、工质出口参数等产生较大的波动,影响锅炉安全运行。以某立式直流余热锅炉为研究对象,建立其动态仿真模型,研究锅炉烟气流量、入口烟温、高压给水流量和给水温度分别发生阶跃扰动后蒸发段长度及相变点位置的变化规律。仿真结果表明:余热锅炉在设计工况下运行,锅炉入口烟温对锅炉蒸发段长度的影响程度最大,入口烟温阶跃升高10℃后,蒸发段迅速缩短,相变点均向锅炉管内工质入口方向移动,蒸发段长度和相变点位置恢复稳定所需时间相对较短;烟气流量阶跃升高5%后,蒸发段长度迅速缩短而后缓慢增长,沸腾点向管内工质入口方向移动距离大于蒸干点,恢复稳定所需时间较长;给水流量阶跃升高5%后,蒸发段长度迅速增长而后缓慢缩短,蒸干点向管内工质出口方向移动距离大于沸腾点,恢复稳定所需时间最长;给水温度阶跃变化20℃对蒸发段长度和相变点位置的影响很小。

重型燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉动态建模及运行规律研究

针对燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉的动态运行特性,使用Modelica开源编程语言搭建了余热锅炉仿真模型,并与电厂实际调峰过程运行数据及Thermoflow商业软件仿真结果进行对比和验证。在实际运行工况下,从满负荷降至低负荷后稳态运行、再从低负荷升至满负荷、机组停机和边界参数扰动的动态过程中,所建模型均能较为准确地预测余热锅炉主要参数的动态响应规律。随着机组负荷从320 MW降低至280 MW,汽轮机功率从124.0 MW降至111.5 MW;高压主蒸汽流量从70.12 kg/s减至63.62 kg/s;高压主蒸汽压力从8250 k Pa降至7612 k Pa;余热锅炉入口烟气参数在约300 s的时间内随机组负荷变化,但是余热锅炉蒸汽参数需要约600s完成动态响应达到低负荷下的稳态,说明余热锅炉蒸汽参数相对于燃气轮机排烟参数随时间变化有一定滞后。在机组停机的动态过程中,汽轮机功率从130.4MW下降到5.4MW,余热锅炉高压主蒸汽温度从600.1℃降低到224.5℃,高压主蒸汽流量从76.1 kg/s减小到15.3 kg/s。

换热管的布管对挠性薄管板应力场影响的有限元分析

换热管的布管是影响挠性薄管板挠性的最重要也是最容易被忽视的因素之一,换热管布管的合理与否直接决定挠性薄管板的使用寿命。文章对某余热锅炉中的挠性薄管板分别建立不同的有限元分析模型进行多工况模拟,得出管板的各类应力水平及应力分布规律。针对换热管布管的主要参数(换热管排列形式、换热管中心距、布管限定圆直径)给出了各因素对挠性薄管板应力强度的影响规律。分析结果表明:合理地优化换热管的布管可以有效改善挠性薄管板的受力状态,对挠性薄管板的工程设计具有一定的指导意义。

高速、高负荷径流透平在煤化工行业的应用

高速、高负荷径流透平是一种高效率、大调节比、小尺寸的能量转换机械,填补了兆瓦量级目前没有高效率原动机的空白,可以作为余热、余压、乏汽回收等节能减排系统的原动机或从动机,在煤化工行业有广泛的应用前景。该文阐述了高速、高负荷径流透平的理论原理,并通过余热、余压、乏汽回收三个应用实例,说明了高速、高负荷径流透平在煤化工行业的应用场景。

一种SCC6-5000F型余热锅炉尾部余热加热装置的设计

本文介绍了一种设计,在余热锅炉系统中增设余热加热装置,在凝结水回水管道中安装一路管线,利用热交换装置将天然气加热,再将低温水回流至锅炉预热器循环加热,从而降低余热锅炉的热量损失,提高热效率,节约能源。相较于传统的水浴炉加热单元配置,该设计无需在调压站内配置水浴炉,从而可减少水浴炉工作燃烧时的天燃气消耗,同时避免水浴炉爆燃、故障或其他不安全情况引发的火灾或爆炸事故,提高了经济性,降低了调压站运行的风险。

螺杆发电技术在热电厂高除加热蒸汽系统的应用

由于工艺需要,热电厂生产环节中存在着各种各样的节流、减压装置,如减温减压器、减压阀、调节阀。因系统设计、压力匹配方面的原因,上述设备在完成各自功能的前提下,或多或少存在着做功能力损失即“?损”,看似无形,却实实在在消耗了可用能。如何把无形的节流减压损失转化为有形的电能输出,在完成基本功能的同时回收利用部分“?损”,实现能源梯级利用,是工程技术领域值得探究的重大课题。通过螺杆膨胀机发电技术在热电厂高压除氧器进汽系统的优化设计和应用示范,推广了一种节能新技术和新理念。

大容量余热锅炉动态模型的研究与应用

采用模块化建模方法开发了非补燃型三压再热余热锅炉动态仿真数学模型。根据余热锅炉的工作机理和特性,以能量和质量守恒原理为基础,详细论述了其内部蒸发器系统和单相介质换热器的数学模型算法,并结合其它相关模块算法(如流网、容积算法等),利用华北电力大学STAR-90仿真系统开发平台,建立了9F级燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组非补燃型三压再热余热锅炉的实时仿真模型。仿真试验表明所开发的数学模型能够正确反映对象的动态特性,具有较高的静态精度和良好的通用性,可为联合循环机组仿真系统的开发及大型余热锅炉控制系统的设计提供了有利的理论工具。

余热锅炉单相受热面动态数学模型及仿真

采用集总参数法建立了三压再热余热锅炉中单相工质受热管的动态数学模型,并开发了通用化的仿真算法。基于一体化模型开发平台建立了余热锅炉单相介质受热面系统的工程模块化的仿真模型。对低压省煤器的运行特性进行了仿真实验研究,结果表明该模型具有较高的静态计算精度和较好的动态响应特性,且模型运行稳定。

燃气—蒸汽联合循环余热锅炉参数优化

以匹配西门子 V94.2燃气轮机的余热锅炉为例,推导出了双压无再热联合循环余热锅炉的出力与参数关系,并阐述了其参数优化的目的、方法和步骤。

废液焚烧余热锅炉内气固两相流动与飞灰沉积的数值模拟

利用Eulerian-Lagrangian模型耦合飞灰沉积模型对一台化工废液焚烧卧式余热锅炉的飞灰沉积和分布进行数值模拟。Realizable k-模型计算炉膛内部的气相湍流,离散坐标法求解包括飞灰粒子的辐射换热和散射影响的辐射换热过程。基于经验黏附模型和临界动能理论,建立了适用于废液焚烧飞灰粒子的沉积模型,对飞灰粒子黏附/反弹和已沉积粒子的脱落过程进行数值预测。结果表明,粒子尺寸是影响沉积率以及沉积分布的主要因素。大粒子在惯性作用下主要沉积于凝渣管排迎风侧,而小粒子由于热泳、湍流波动的影响能够沉积于换热管的迎风和背风侧。此外,随着管表面温度升高,沉积率逐渐增大。通过对一台废液焚烧卧式余热回收锅炉现场测量表明,模拟结果与实际测量结果吻合较好。

余热锅炉换热元件传热与阻力特性模化实验系统研究

为实现能源岛余热锅炉的优化设计,对其受热面中广泛采用的鳍片管高效换热元件的传热与阻力特性进行系统的研究.应用相似理论研制了鳍片管高效换热元件传热与阻力特性模化实验系统,并应用该系统对一定结构的螺旋鳍片管束进行了实验研究.结果表明,该系统的容量、结构、功能和测量精度能满足对各类鳍片管束及换热器的传热与流动工况进行模化实验研究的需要.

非补燃余热锅炉变工况性能计算模型及分析

余热锅炉的变工况性能对联合循环机组的安全经济运行有较大的影响。以具有整体除氧器的单压余热锅炉汽水系统为例,建立了余热锅炉过热器、蒸发器和省煤器设计工况和变工况的数学模型,给出了计算程序框图,得到了余热锅炉设计工况和变工况下的性能参数。结果表明:所建模型能够计算出变工况下余热锅炉汽水侧和烟气侧的参数;变工况下,非补燃余热锅炉的热端端差、节点温差和接近点温差主要受进口燃气温度的影响;余热锅炉的当量热效率主要受排烟温度的影响,降低余热锅炉的排烟温度是提高余热利用效率的主要措施。

余热锅炉的动态数学模型及数字仿真

余热锅炉动态数学模型是分析联合循环系统动态特性的必要环节。作者着重对联合循环中的余热锅炉的各部件进行了理论建模和模型简化 ,对燃气轮机出口烟气温度变化和汽机调节汽阀开度变化时余热锅炉的动态特性进行数字仿真 ,并对仿真结果进行了分析。图 1 2参

自然循环双压燃气轮机余热锅炉动态特性分析

为深入了解自然循环双压燃气轮机余热锅炉动态特性,基于Matlab/Simulink仿真系统,根据锅炉工作机理和结构特性,并充分考虑管束传热的影响,采用集总参数法建立了余热锅炉动态仿真数学模型,分析变工况运行时,燃气轮机排气温度、排气流量、高压给水流量分别扰动10%的条件下,锅炉主要参数的动态响应特性。结果表明,燃气轮机排气温度变化对余热锅炉各热力参数的影响最大,排气流量的影响次之,高压给水流量对蒸汽参数影响很小。仿真结果与锅炉实际运行数据基本一致,表明模型具有较高的精度和良好的通用性,能正确反映锅炉的动态特性,可为同类型锅炉热态运行提供合理的技术参考。

燃气-蒸汽联合循环余热锅炉入口烟道结构优化数值模拟研究

应用通用软件FLUENT,对余热锅炉入口段的流场进行两维和三维数值模拟。采用标准k-ε两方程模型进行建模,方程的离散采用二阶迎风差分格式,并使用SIMPLE算法求解方程。将余热锅炉受热面管束处理为具有分布阻力和分布质量汇的多孔介质模型。得出了不同入口段结构对应的出口速度分布;根据出口速度的均匀性,确定了入口段最佳结构;并对两维和三维模型模拟结果的差异进行了分析。

内燃机及其热电联产系统的典型变工况解析特性

通过大量实测数据总结出发电内燃机的典型变工况特性曲线,并给出相应的公式。结合饱和蒸汽余热锅炉的变工况特性解析解,对内燃机热电联产系统的变工况特性进行了分析:逼近温差△Ta和相对蒸汽产量随负荷降低而减小,总能利用率、当量(?)效率和经济(?)效率随负荷减小先增后减,存在一个最佳值,该值对应内燃机最佳工作状态。余热锅炉蒸汽参数越高,变工况时△Ta越低。与单轴燃气轮机热电联供装置相比,内燃机联产系统的△Ta在低工况下更易变为负值,原因为前者在降负荷时烟气流量略增加,而后者降低。△Ta变负会对余热锅炉有重要影响,内燃机进行热电联产时要注意其安全运转问题。