Improving Supply Chain Strategies towards Mitigating the Effect of Crude Oil Theft and Pipeline Vandalism in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

Generically, SCM may be said to include all activities carried out to ensure proper functioning of the supply chain. The activities included in proper management of a supply chain broadly include logistics activities, planning and control of the flow of information and materials in a firm, management of relationships with other organizations and government intervention, However, crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism are established products supply chain disruptors in Nigeria which are rendering the task of running an efficient petroleum supply chain onerous. This paper aims to establish the importance of effective supply chain strategies for companies in the oil and gas industry with special focus on the Nigerian oil and gas sector and the strategies by which the state oil and gas corporation in this sector may mitigate disruptions to its supply chain. This study investigates the enhancement of supply chain strategies towards meeting the challenge of crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism, using the Nigerian National Corporation (NNPC) as a case study. Based on this study, data were collected from two sources: A summary of incident reports obtained from NNPC and an interview with personnel in the PPMC Department. Incident report refers to a report produced when accidents such as equipment failure, injury, loss of life, or fire occur at the work site. Content analysis is utilized to evaluate data obtained from interview responses, CBN financial stability reports, NDIC annual reports, circulars, banking supervision reports and implementation guidelines. The study found out that NNPC should endeavor to sustain its value chain and ward of pipeline vandals and crude oil thieves by engaging in community partnership, detailing security outfits to ensure its pipelines’ right of way and bridging. Concluded that the oil supply chain of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation has been plagued by disruptions in the form of crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism which has had debilitating effects on its value.

Primary logistics planning of oil products under the imbalance of supply and demand

This paper intends to complete the primary logistics planning of oil products under the imbalance of supply and demand. An integrated mathematical programming model is developed to simultaneously find the balance between supply and demand, and optimize the logistics scheme. The model takes minimum logistics cost and resource adjustment cost as the objective function, and takes supply and demand capacity, transportation capacity, mass balance, and resource adjustment rules as constraints.Three adjustment rules are considered in the model, including resource adjustment within oil suppliers,within oil consumers, and between oil consumers. The model is tested on a large-scale primary logistics of a state-owned petroleum enterprise, involving 37 affiliated refineries, 31 procurement departments,286 market depots and dedicated consumers. After the unified optimization, the supply and demand imbalance is eased by 97% and the total cost is saved by 7%, which proves the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed model.

Analysis of China’s Crude Oil Supply and Demand in the Year 2010 and the Year 2020

Along with the speedy development of the economic growth in China, the shortage of oil and gas becomes more and more serious. Based on summarizing some related research results, the prediction of China＇s oil demand and supply in the year 2010 and the year 2020 has been given in the paper. The oil supply and demand situation is discussed on three different levels. Accordingly, suggestions about the oil supply safety and the national economy safety strategies have been given.

Reliability Analysis of Hydraulic Transmission Oil Supply System of Power-Shift Steering Transmission with GO Methodology

GO methodology is a success-oriented method for system reliability analysis. There are components with multi-fault modes in repairable systems. It is a problem to use the existing GO method to make reliability analysis of such repairable systems. A new GO method for reliability analysis of such repairable systems with multifault modes was presented. Firstly, calculation equations of reliability parameters of operators which were used to describe components with multi-fault modes in reparable systems were derived based on Markov process theory. Then, this new GO method was applied in reliability analysis of a hydraulic transmission oil supply system( HTOSS) of a power-shift steering transmission at low and high speeds. Finally,Compared with fault tree analysis( FTA) and Monte Carlo simulation,the results show that this new GO method is correct and suitable for reliability analysis of repairable system with multi-fault modes.

Oil and Gas Supply and Demand in China and Its Development Strategy

The paper makes a comprehensive prediction of China＇s future demand for oil and gas with two methods, i.e. the prediction method based on the demand for individual oil and gas products and the method for predicting the total demand. According to the demand prediction of, and the historical data on, the oil and gas consumption, we conduct an analysis of the oil and gas consumption trends, which can be described as six different development periods. On the other hand, the paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the domestic oil and gas resources and, on this basis, makes a basic prediction of the domestic output of oil and gas. The supply and demand situation is also analyzed. By using the SWOT analysis method, the paper puts forward the development strategies for China＇s oil and gas industry and gives some related strategic measures.

Intelligent Recognition Method of Insufficient Fluid Supply of Oil Well Based on Convolutional Neural Network

Traditional methods for judging the degree of insufficient fluid supply in oil wells have low efficiency and limited accuracy. To address this problem, a method for intelligently identifying the degree of insufficient fluid supply in oil wells based on convolutional neural networks is proposed in this paper. Firstly, 5000 indicator diagrams with insufficient liquid supply were collected from the oilfield site, and a sample set was established after preprocessing;then based on the AlexNet model, combined with the characteristics of the indicator diagram, a convolutional neural network model including 4 layers of convolutional layers, 3 layers of down-pooling layers and 2 layers of fully connected layers is established. The backpropagation, ReLu activation function and dropout regularization method are used to complete the training of the convolutional neural network;finally, the performance of the convolutional neural network under different iteration times and network structure is compared, and the super parameter optimization of the model is completed. It has laid a good foundation for realizing the self-adaptive and intelligent matching of oil well production parameters and formation fluid supply conditions. It has certain application prospects. The results show that the accuracy of training and verification of the method exceeds 98%, which can meet the actual application requirements on site.

An economic analysis of China’s domestic crude oil supply policies

China's domestic oil production has lagged the growth in domestic oil consumption since the beginning of the 21st century,leading to a growing reliance on imports.In response,the Chinese government has introduced a number of policies,including import license constraints,to support domestic suppliers.In an effort to measure the economic impact of these policies we develop a short-run equilibrium model of China's wholesale oil and gas market at the provincial scale.We construct counterfactual scenarios that suggest that relaxing policies that prioritize domestic production in 2016,when the average price of Chinese oil imports was US$42 per barrel(bbl),could have increased China's import demand by 0.29 million barrels per day(MMbbl/d).This results in a substitution of 9%of China’s domestic production in 2016,and a reduction of US$2.8 billion in crude supply costs including transportation as the imported oil has more direct access to the country’s pipeline network,compared to the displaced domestic production.In addition,rising import prices since mid-2017 may provide a window of opportunity for Chinese policymakers to proceed with further deregulation of the domestic oil sector,as the short-term impact on domestic producers is reduced.

On the Supply-side Structural Reform in the Oil and Gas Industry

The supply-side structural reform in the oil and gas industry can be divided into three different levels. At present, there are four major categories of problems—a weak supply insurance capacity, a structural supply and demand imbalance, a certain degree of excess capacity and an imperfect market system. The primary target of supply-side reform in the oil and gas industry is ensuring a clean and efficient supply. The focus is to optimize the allocation of resources, improve resource allocation efficiency, and improve total factor productivity. Under the new situation, we should adjust the strategy and tactics used for supply insurance and carry out three tasks. We must adhere to the principles of "marketization", "globalization" and "integration" reform, strengthen the building of supply insurance capacity, improve the oil and gas market system, optimize the industry structure, and resolve excess capacity.

China's Excess Oil Refining Production Capacity in the Background of the Supply Side Structural Reform

Through analysis of the current situation and newly-increased production capacity-of the oil refining industry of China, this Paper discusses both the continuous expansion trend and the serious excess of production capacity of the oil refining industry of China. Due to the entry of the Chinese economy into the new normal,the accelerated substitution of old energy by new energy and rigid restrictions composed of low carbon and environmental protection requirements, the oil demand of China will continue to increase overall, but the growth will obviously slow down. At the same time, the newly-increased production capacity in Shandong and coastal region will continuously expand, the supply and demand contradiction will intensify, and the structural excess production capacity of the oil refining industry of China will be prominent. It is suggested that the government should attach great importance to the production capacity of the oil refining industry at the macro level, and deeply carry forward the supply side structural reform, and that enterprises should speed up technical innovation,enhance regional and layout optimization, adapt to market changes and adjust product structure, control oil refining but increase chemical engineering, improve product quality and production efficiency, and constantly promote the international competitiveness of the Chinese petrochemical industry.

Changes in China--Beijing is seeking less energy-intensive economic growth ＆ a less carbon-intensive energy mix and its impact over oil ＆ gas supply

Having experienced over 30 years of rapid growth,China’s economic development is entering a new normal featured by an ever optimizing economic structure shifting from high-speed to medium-high speed growth,and from factor-driven to innovation-driven pattern.In adapting

Direct Supply of Daqing Oil to Harbin

TheoilpipelinefromDaqingtotheHarbinRefinerywasformallyputintooperation,thusputtinganendtothe24-yearlonghistoryofrawoiltransportationbytrain.Nowittakesonly48hourstomaketherawoilrunningfromtheTaobeioilstoreofNo.7PlantunderDaqingPetroleumAdministrationp...

Life-cycle Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Capture for Enhanced Oil Recovery

The development and deployment of Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage （CCS） technology is a cornerstone of the Norwegian government＇s climate strategy. A number of projects are currently evaluated/planned along the Norwegian West Coast, one at Tjeldbergodden. COe from this project will be utilized in part for enhanced oil recovery in the Halten oil field, in the Norwegian Sea. We study a potential design of such a system. A combined cycle power plant with a gross power output of 832 MW is combined with CO2 capture plant based on a post-combustion capture using amines as a solvent. The captured CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery （EOR）. We employ a hybrid life-cycle assessment （LCA） method to assess the environmental impacts of the system. The study focuses on the modifications and operations of the platform during EOR. We allocate the impacts connected to the capture of CO2 to electricity production, and the impacts connected to the transport and storage of CO2 to the oil produced. Our study shows a substantial reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions from power production by 80% to 75 g·（kW·h）^-1. It also indicates a reduction of the emissions associated with oil production per unit oil produced, mostly due to the increased oil production. Reductions are especially significant if the additional power demand due to EOR leads to power supply from the land.

Status, trends and enlightenment of global oil and gas development in 2021

By analyzing the distribution of global oil and gas fields and the reasons why some oil and gas fields are not in production, the distribution characteristics of oil and gas remaining recoverable reserves and their year-on-year changes, the distribution characteristics of oil and gas production and their year-on-year changes, and the development potential of oil and gas to be tapped in 2021, this paper sorts out systematically the current status and characteristics of global oil and gas development, summaries the major trends of global oil and gas development, puts forward enlightenment for international oil and gas cooperation. In 2021, oil and gas fields were widely distributed, the number of non-producing oil and gas fields was large;the whole oil and gas remaining recoverable reserves declined slightly, unconventional oil and gas remaining recoverable reserves dropped significantly;the overall oil and gas production continuously increased, the outputs of key resource-host countries kept year-on-year growth;undeveloped oilfields had abundant reserves and great development potential. Combined with global oil and gas geopolitics, oil and gas industry development trends, oil and gas investment intensity, and the tracking and judgment of hotspot fields, the major trends of global oil and gas development in 2021 are summarized. On this basis, the four aspects of enlightenment and suggestions for international oil and gas cooperation and development strategies are put forward: attach great importance to the obligation of marine abandonment to ensure high-quality and long-term benefit development of offshore oil and gas;adhere to the principle of not going to dangerous and chaotic places, strengthen the concentration of oil and gas assets, and establish multi stable supply bases;based on the multi-scenario demand of natural gas, realize the transformation from integrated collaboration to full oil and gas industry chain development;increase the acquisition of high-quality large-scale assets, and pay attention to the continuous optimization of the shareholding ratio of projects at different stages.

Spillover and quantile linkage between oil price shocks and stock returns: new evidence from G7 countries

The link between crude oil price and stock returns of the Group of Seven(G7)countries(Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,the United Kingdom,and the United States)was analyzed in this study using monthly data from January 1999 to March 2020.We adopt a similar approach to Kilian(Am Econ Rev 99(3):1053–1069,2009)and construct a structural vector autoregression framework to decompose crude oil price shocks into oil supply shock,oil aggregate demand shock,and oil-specific demand shock.We then explore the distinct effects of different kinds of oil price shocks from various sources.Based on the decomposed oil price shocks,we apply the connectedness approach and QQ regression to find time-varying co-movements and tail dependence between oil price shocks and G7 stock returns.There is no general correlation between the decomposed oil prices and stock returns in these countries.The effects of oil price shocks on stock returns across different stock market conditions appear to be heterogeneous.Oil supply shock appears to be a net transmitter of spillover effects for all G7 countries within the sample period.

全球生物柴油产业发展现状及其对我国植物油安全的影响

近年来,全球生物柴油产业快速发展,用于生产生物柴油的植物油消费量持续增加,对我国植物油供给稳定造成影响。对全球生物柴油整体发展情况、生物柴油产业发展影响因素、主要生产国生物柴油政策、生物柴油产业发展前景等进行研究,分析了全球生物柴油产业发展对我国植物油安全的影响,并提出相关建议。生物柴油产业发展改变了全球植物油消费结构、贸易流向,对我国油脂油料进口构成威胁,影响我国植物油供给安全。建议发展中国特色的生物柴油产业,提高我国油脂油料自给率,推动植物油多元化进口,确保我国植物油供给安全,同时呼吁生物柴油生产国优先保障食用消费,合理发展生物柴油。

中国成品油市场2023年回顾与2024年供需分析预测

回顾2023年中国成品油市场发展,结合国内经济发展各种因素,对2024年成品油市场进行预测。分析认为:2023年中国成品油需求持续复苏,消费属性突出的汽油和航空煤油(航煤)消费大幅增长,经济增速加快拉动柴油消费温和增长,中国成品油消费量预估为3.66×10^(8)t,同比增长12.2%,为2011年以来再次出现两位数增长;成品油消费税扩围征收提高了调合油的原料成本,减少了低价资源数量;出口配额大幅增加则缓解了国内资源过剩压力。2024年,消费对经济增长的贡献将继续加大,航煤消费将持续快速增长,汽车电动化将导致汽油消费增速大幅放缓,能耗双控逐步转向碳排放双控,柴油消费量将重回下降通道。2024年中国成品油市场仍将呈现供需双增的良好态势,消费量预计为3.69×10^(8)t,较2023年小幅增长0.8%;地方炼厂成品油资源持续增加,国内成品油过剩规模将超过5000×10^(4)t,国内市场竞争形势依然严峻。

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷2号构造带油气地球化学特征与来源

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷2号构造带具有多洼、多层系供烃的特征。为了揭示其复杂的油气来源,开展色谱-质谱等地化测试,分析原油地化特征,将原油分为3类,并确定每类原油的来源。结果表明:(1)Ⅰ类原油主要分布于西构造带沙三段储层中,原油中C27与C29规则甾烷相对含量接近,孕甾烷参数((孕甾烷+升孕甾烷)/规则甾烷)和甾烷异构化参数(C29甾烷20S/(20R+20S)、C29甾烷ββ/(αα+ββ))较高,具有水生生物和高等植物共同输入特征,原油成熟度高,来源于沙三段烃源岩;(2)Ⅱ类原油主要分布于西构造带东二段储层中,原油中C29规则甾烷含量具明显优势,孕甾烷参数和甾烷异构化参数均低,原油母质中高等植物具有明显优势,原油成熟度整体偏低,来源于沙一段—东三段烃源岩;(3)Ⅲ类原油主要分布于东构造带东三段和西构造带东一段和明化镇组储层中,原油中C29规则甾烷具有一定优势,孕甾烷参数较低,甾烷异构化参数较高,以高等植物输入为主,原油成熟度较高,为3套烃源岩的混合来源;(4)原油4-/1-MDBT和Ts/Tm指数具有沿断层向浅部层系减小的趋势,且原油甲基菲换算的镜质体反射率与下覆烃源岩镜质体反射率一致,表明研究区原油具有原地供烃的特点。本研究成果为研究区的浅层精细勘探及深层勘探提供理论指导。

Review and Outlook of China's Oil Market in 2015

Growth rate of oil demand rose again in China in the first half of 2015. Demand for oil products went on differentiating, and the demand growth of most products sped up. Growth rate of oil production rose again, oil imports increased rapidly, and external dependence of crude oil and oil broke through 60% separately. The State adjusted the prices of gasoline and diesel timely and frequently, based on pricing mechanism. Price hike was higher than reduction. Oil market got weak, yet more stable. China increased the pace of reforms in marketization. In the second half, oil demand will increase continuously but with lower growth rate, oil production will rise more slowly, imports of crude oil and oil will keep on rising rapidly, gasoline and kerosene as well as diesel will witness a net import, and the market of gasoline, kerosene and diesel will be more stable.