Remote structural health monitoring with serially multiplexed fiber optic acoustic emission sensors

Development and testing of a serially multiplexed fiber optic sensor system is described.The sensor differs from conventional fiber optic acoustic systems,as it is capable of sensing AE emissions at several points along the length of a single fiber.Multiplexing provides for single channel detection of cracks and their locations in large structural systems. An algorithm was developed for signal recognition and tagging of the AE waveforms for detection of' crack locations,Labora- tory experiments on plain concrete beams and post-tensioned FRP tendons were pcrlormed to evaluate the crack detection capability of the sensor system.The acoustic emission sensor was able to detect initiation,growth and location of the cracks in concrete as well as in the FRP tendons.The AE system is potentially suitable lot applications involving health monitoring of structures following an earthquake.

Combined optical fiber interferometric sensors for the detection of acoustic emission

A type of combined optical fiber interferometric acoustic emission sensor is proposed. The sensor can be independent on the laser source and make light interference by matching the lengths of two arms,so it can be used to monitor the health of large structure. Theoretical analyses indicate that the system can be equivalent to the Michelson interferometer with two optical fiber loop reflectors,and its sensitivity has been remarkably increased because of the decrease of the losses of light energy. PZT is powered by DC regulator to control the operating point of the system,so the system can accurately detect feeble vibration which is generated by ultrasonic waves propagating on the surface of solid. The amplitude and the frequency of feeble vibration signal are obtained by detecting the output light intensity of interferometer and using Fourier transform technique. The results indicate that the system can be used to detect the acoustic emission signals by the frequency characteristics.

Measuring System for Interference Optical Fiber Acoustic Emission

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Preparation and acoustic properties of high-temperature acoustic emission sensor based on La_(3)Ga_(5)SiO_(14) crystal

With the rapid development of modern industries,the high-temperature piezoelectric sensors that can work in extreme environments are in great demand.In this work,langasite(La_(3)Ga_(5)SiO_(14),LGS),as a high-temperature piezoelectric crystal with stable electro-elastic performance,is used as core element,and air and porous Al_(2)O_(3) are selected as backing layers respectively to prepare two kinds of high-temperature acoustic emission(AE)sensors.The detection sensitivities at 25–500℃ are analyzed by the ball falling test and Hsu–Nielsen experiment.Under the condition of 25–500℃,the received amplitude signals by both sensors are maintained above 90 dB stimulated by the ZrO_(2) ceramic ball dropping.In the Hsu–Nielsen experiment,as the temperature rising from 25℃ to 500℃,the signal amplitude of sensor with air backing layer decays from 447 mV to 365 mV,while the signal amplitude varies from 270 mV to 203 mV for the sensor with porous Al_(2)O_(3) backing layer.Signiffcantly,compared with the bandwidth of the air-backing sensor(37–183 kHz),the sensor with porous Al_(2)O_(3) backing layer broadens bandwidth to 28–273 kHz.These results show that both these AE sensors have strong and stable response ability to AE signals at high-temperature of 500℃.Therefore,piezoelectric AE sensor based on LGS has great potential application in the ffeld of high-temperature structural health monitoring.

Hypervelocity impact induced shock acoustic emission waves for quantitative damage evaluation using in situ miniaturized piezoelectric sensor network

Manmade debris and natural meteoroids, travelling in the Low Earth Orbit at a speed of several kilometers per second, pose a severe safety concern to the spacecraft in service through the HyperVelocity Impact(HVI). To address this issue, an investigation of shock Acoustic Emission(AE) waves induced by HVI to a downscaled two-layer Whipple shielding structure is performed,to realize a quantitative damage evaluation. Firstly a hybrid numerical model integrating smoothparticle hydrodynamics and finite element is built to obtain the wave response. The projectiles, with various impact velocities and directions, are modelled to impact the shielding structure with different thicknesses. Then experimental validation is carried out with built-in miniaturized piezoelectric sensors to in situ sense the HVI-induced AE waves. A quantitative agreement is obtained between numerical and experimental results, demonstrating the correctness of the hybrid model and facilitating the explanation of obtained AE signals in experiment. Based on the understanding of HVI-induced wave components, assessment of the damage severity, i.e., whether the outer shielding layer is perforated or not, is performed using the energy ratio between the regions of ‘‘high frequency" and ‘‘low frequency" in the acquired AE signals. Lastly, the direct-arrival fundamentalsymmetric wave mode is isolated from each sensing signal to be input into an enhanced delay-andsum algorithm, which visualizes HVI spots accurately and instantaneously with different sensor network configuration. All these works demonstrate the potential of quantitative, in situ, and real time HVI monitoring using miniaturized piezoelectric sensor network.

New technique:Detection and location of partial discharge in cast-resin dry-type transformers using a waveguide and a new acoustic emission sensor pair design

The acoustic emission (AE) method could be used to detect and locate partial discharges (PD) in cast-resin dry-type transformers.However,due to the high sound attenuation in the filled epoxy,the signal is prone to interference from external noises and thus,in practice,there is little possibility of detecting PD.In this study,two techniques were developed to alleviate the shortcomings of the AE method.First,a waveguide is installed on the high-voltage (HV) windings,so that the acoustic signals of PD will propagate to the AE sensors that are installed on both terminals of the waveguide.The location of the winding that has PD can then be detected from the difference in arrival time of the acoustic signals.Test results indicate that the waveguide technique is able to enhance the safety of a measurement system and offers the advantages of easy installation and higher flexibility.Second,a specially designed AE sensor pair is used to distinguish whether acoustic signals are generated by PD inside the HV winding or by the corona outside the transformers.Using these two techniques of waveguide and AE sensor pair not only greatly improves sensitivity but also increases the reliability of the measurement system.Practical test results show that the new techniques can be used to locate precisely the PD in HV windings.

内置传感器的沥青混合料变形协调及损伤行为研究

为揭示应变传感器与沥青混合料协同工作性能的演化规律,提高传感器实测数据的应用价值和环境适应性,基于数字图像关联技术和小梁直接拉伸试验,对内置传感器的沥青混合料试件开展多重受力模式下的应变响应研究,分析不同温度条件下传感器与沥青混合料的变形协调性能;并利用四点弯曲试验下的声发射信号和数字图像特征,揭示内置传感器的沥青混合料结构损伤演化规律。研究结果表明:内置应变传感器的沥青混合料变形协调特性与荷载类型、大小及响应时间紧密相关,传感器应变响应具有强烈的温度敏感性,在30~50℃的环境中,传感器应变响应的精准度会急剧衰减,其测量平均绝对误差Eˉa和相对误差Eˉr可分别增大3.49~11.79倍和2.01~2.91倍。利用声发射能量信号准确地刻画了传感器与沥青混合料协同受力下的4阶段损伤演化特征,反映出温度作用会改变结构损伤形式向非稳定开裂的态势发展;不同温度下声发射RA和AF的分布特征表明,内置应变传感器的沥青混合料结构破裂模式受温度影响显著,呈现为拉-剪混合、剪切破裂为主的破裂机制,且随温度不断增大,剪切破裂持续增强,剪切事件由55.7%增长至84.4%,增幅达1.52倍。研究成果对实现内置应变传感器与沥青路面协同工作性能的合理评判,推进传感器技术深度赋能传统沥青路面结构提供参考。

基于PMN-PT的宽带高灵敏双谐振式声发射传感器研究

声发射传感器被广泛应用于局部放电检测中,而基于PZT压电陶瓷的声发射传感器难以同时满足越来越高的灵敏度和带宽需求。该文设计了一种双谐振式声发射传感器,采用高性能铁电单晶PMN-PT作为压电振子,并使用谐振峰耦合,可同时提升灵敏度和带宽。所制备的传感器实现了76.2 dB的高灵敏度,20~105 kHz的大带宽,且具备良好的稳定性。对比基于PZT-5H的声发射传感器,其具有更高的灵敏度和信噪比。

Evaluation of excavation damaged zones(EDZs)in Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory(URL)

Excavation of underground caverns,such as mountain tunnels and energy-storage caverns,may cause the damages to the surrounding rock as a result of the stress redistribution.In this influenced zone,new cracks and discontinuities are created or propagate in the rock mass.Therefore,it is effective to measure and evaluate the acoustic emission(AE)events generated by the rocks,which is a small elastic vibration,and permeability change.The authors have developed a long-term measurement device that incorporates an optical AE(O-AE)sensor,an optical pore pressure sensor,and an optical temperature sensor in a single multi-optical measurement probe(MOP).Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been conducting R&D activities to enhance the reliability of high-level radioactive waste(HLW)deep geological disposal technology.In a high-level radioactive disposal project,one of the challenges is the development of methods for long-term monitoring of rock mass behavior.Therefore,in January 2014,the long-term measurements of the hydro-mechanical behavior of the rock mass were launched using the developed MOP in the vicinity of 350 m below the surface at the Horonobe Underground Research Center.The measurement results show that AEs occur frequently up to 1.5 m from the wall during excavation.In addition,hydraulic conductivity increased by 2e4 orders of magnitude.Elastoplastic analysis revealed that the hydraulic behavior of the rock mass affected the pore pressure fluctuations and caused micro-fractures.Based on this,a conceptual model is developed to represent the excavation damaged zone(EDZ),which contributes to the safe geological disposal of radioactive waste.

基于新型阵列的储罐底板声发射定位方法

针对传统声发射源定位方法对储罐底板中心位置附近声发射信号接收不佳的问题,设计出一种8⁃4⁃2⁃1型伞状定位阵列,通过改变定位传感器组合,并将模式识别技术融入到新型阵列定位算法中,解决了罐底定位容易出现的漏定位和伪定位等问题,最后通过对比试验对该定位阵列的效果进行验证。试验结果表明,新型定位算法对罐底中心位置的定位精度提升了10.99%,重复定位、伪定位问题对定位结果的影响降低了31.22%。

FBG-based ultrasonic wave detection and acoustic emission linear location system

The ultrasonic (US) wave detection and an acoustic emission (AE) linear location system are proposed, which employ fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) as US wave sensors. In the theoretical analysis, the FBG sensor response to longitudinal US wave is investigated. The result indicates that the FBG wavelength can be modulated as static case when the grating length is much shorter than US wavelength. The experimental results of standard sinusoidal and spindle wave test agree well with the generated signal. Further research using two FBGs for realizing linear location is also achieved. The maximum linear location error is obtained as less than 5 mm. FBG-based US wave sensor and AE linear location provide useful tools for specific requirements.

Development of High Temperature Acoustic Emission Sensing System Using Fiber Bragg Grating

In some applications in structural health monitoring （SHM）, the acoustic emission （AE） detection technology is used in the high temperature environment. In this paper, a high-temperature-resistant AE sensing system is developed based on the fiber Bragg grating （FBG） sensor. A novel high temperature FBG AE sensor is designed With a high signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） compared with the traditional FBG AE sensor. The output responses of the designed sensors with different sensing fiber lengths also are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Excellent AE detection results are obtained using the proposed FBG AE sensing system over a temperature range from 25℃ to 200℃. The experimental results indicate that this FBG AE sensing system can well meet the application requirement in AE detecting areas at high temperature.

传感器阵列对岩体微震/声发射源定位精度的影响

随着开采深度增加,岩体动力灾害日益突出。微震监测已成为岩爆、顶板坍塌等岩体动力灾害监测的重要技术手段。传感器阵列布设作为信号采集的第一步,严重影响信号源的定位精度。讨论和总结有关由传感器阵列布设引起的微震(MS)和声发射(AE)震源定位误差的重要研究,并分析传感器数量、传感器布设形态以及传感器与震源距离对MS/AE源定位精度的影响机制。随后,结合工程实践和实验室测试,给出传感器阵列的一些布设原则,并通过现场应用进行验证。另外,综合考虑影响传感器阵列布设数量、形状和距离的因素,找到最优布置方案,可大幅度改善信号采集效果,提高信号源定位精度。最后,对提高MS/AE源定位精度所面临的挑战和传感器阵列方面相应的应对策略进行展望。

压电晶片有源传感器疲劳裂纹声发射检测

为对具有多样性和复杂频谱特征的金属薄板中疲劳裂纹声发射(AE)波形进行研究,在疲劳加载机的作用下,对高强度铝合金2024—T3结构进行了疲劳损伤试验。在试样上安装AE换能器,获取相应疲劳损伤源信号。在接收到疲劳荷载下工件中的损伤源信号后,对其波形信息进行分析。实验结果表明,压电晶片有源传感器(PWAS)可以成功地应用于高强度铝合金损伤演化进程中AE的原位检测。波形信息显示,不同负荷下AE信号可以分为不同组,基于AE波形的分析可以提供金属疲劳的综合信息。

埋入式水泥基球形压电传感器的制备表征及其在声发射监测中的应用

研究设计、制备以及表征了一种基于球形压电陶瓷壳的埋入式水泥基压电声发射传感器.相比于传统的片状压电声发射传感器只能接收特定方向信号的特点,该水泥基球形压电传感器具有全向接收信号的优势.之后,将该水泥基球形压电传感器埋入钢筋混凝土梁中,对梁试件四点弯加载过程进行了声发射监测研究.对比分析了水泥基球形压电传感器与商业外贴式片状压电声发射传感器的监测结果,包括声发射幅值、b值以及分形维数随加载过程的演化关系.结果表明,相比于商业外贴式声发射传感器,水泥基球形压电传感器可以取得较好的监测效果,且在结构加载后期对低强度信号具有更高的灵敏度.两种传感器采集到的的声发射信号的b值和分形维数均反映了结构破坏阶段的演化,可以将b值和分形维数的持续下降并维持在较低水平作为该钢筋混凝土梁试件最终破坏的预警标志.此外,相较于纯商业声发射传感器组成的定位组,该埋入式水泥基球形压电传感器所在声发射定位组捕捉到的破裂点数量大幅提高,有效提高了破裂点定位的准确度与灵敏度.

煤巷掘进工作面声发射监测传感器超前布设工艺研究

为实现对煤巷掘进工作面掘进过程声发射监测信号的有效采集,确保监测效果真实可靠,对煤巷掘进过程声发射监测传感器超前布设工艺进行了研究。在掘进工作面本煤层顺层钻孔与底板巷穿层钻孔安装传感器,考察监测工艺可行性以及监测信号的有效性与真实性。研究结果表明:可伸缩式弹性倒爪机构可实现传感器在顺层与穿层钻孔内的有效安装,但基于工程现实客观条件,底板巷穿层钻孔安装传感器更具可行性;同时通过该传感器所采集的监测信号更接近煤岩体内产生的真实信号,从而确立了煤巷掘进工作面声发射监测传感器宜采用底板巷穿层钻孔布设的安装工艺,该工艺可有效提升监测信号真实性与可靠性,并进一步完善了煤巷掘进工作面声发射监测技术体系。

基于波速修正的堆石坝面板损伤声发射源组合定位方法

为提高堆石坝混凝土面板损伤声发射源定位精度,提出了一种基于波速修正的堆石坝面板损伤声发射源组合定位方法——BSO-IGeiger法。该方法利用波速修正对已知恒定波速时差法(Geiger法)进行改进并建立定位目标函数,通过基于学习淘汰机制的天牛群搜索算法(BSO)求解定位目标函数,同时给出了一种传感器阵列健康监测网络布设方式进行区域定位和传感器存活检测,以保障堆石坝面板声源定位的可靠性。试验验证结果表明,BSO-IGeiger法定位效果明显优于Geiger法和未知恒定波速时差法。

无砟轨道桥梁承台大体积混凝土早龄期温度的声发射监测

混凝土结构的早期温度裂缝对其服役性能影响很大,因此,对混凝土结构的早龄期温度进行监测至关重要。对某高速铁路无砟轨道项目桥梁承台大体积混凝土施工现场进行温度监测,实时关注基础内部温度变化情况,并基于声发射技术对结构的早龄期温度进行监测,建立了温度与声发射信号之间的关系。结果表明,大体积混凝土的早龄期温度变化可根据声发射信号量的变化分为3个阶段,该关系对大体积混凝土施工有一定的指导意义。

无需预先测速的长方体监测网络声发射源三维解析定位方法(英文)

为得到未知波速结构声发射源定位坐标求解的解析解,将传感器阵列简化为长方体,以求得最小监测网络下的声发射源定位解析解。考虑传感器在长方体表面不同位置的各种情形,建立对应的定位控制非线性方程组。根据建立的方程组和到时差,将监测网络分为3种情况,分别求得未知波速情况下采用5个传感器进行定位的声发射源定位解析解。将得到的声发射源定位解析解应用到数值和声发射试验中进行验证。结果显示,所求得的解析解避免了预先测定波速与迭代算法求解给定位带来的误差,定位结果与真实坐标一致。