Descriptive IoT Based Design and Implementation of a 3-Input Automatic Transfer Switch with Data Logging Features

Electricity is crucial for critical sectors such as banking, healthcare, education, and business. However, in developing nations like Cameroon, persistent power fluctuations and outages present significant challenges, leading to communication disruptions, food spoilage, water supply interruptions, and financial losses. This study proposes a novel solution: a three-input automatic transfer switch integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) and data logging capabilities. The system automatically switches between three independent power sources based on priority and availability, employing electromechanical contactors, relays, and timers for seamless switching. It incorporates ATMEGA328P microcontrollers, a GSM module for communication, and an SD card module for efficient data logging. Safety measures, such as miniature circuit breakers, voltage monitoring relays, and proper grounding, ensure user protection and system integrity. A user-friendly mobile application enables remote manual switching and real-time system information requests, while SMS notifications inform consumers about power source changes. The system has a power rating of 4.752 kW, accommodating a maximum continuous load of the same value. Voltage dividers provide a reliable 3.37 VDC output from a 12 VDC input, and data logging operates effectively by storing system data onto an SD card every 1.5 seconds. Comprehensive testing validates the system’s performance, with an average percentage error of 2.31% compared to actual values, falling within an acceptable range. This solution distinguishes itself by incorporating modern technologies like data logging and IoT, addressing the limitations of existing alternatives.

Method of Predicting Water Content in Crude Oil Based on Measuring Range Automatic Switching

Water content in output crude oil is hard to measure precisely because of wide range of dielectric coefficient of crude oil caused by injected dehydrating and demulsifying agents.The method to reduce measurement error of water content in crude oil proposed in this paper is based on switching measuring ranges of on-line water content analyzer automatically.Measuring precision on data collected from oil field and analyzed by in-field operators can be impressively improved by using back propogation （BP） neural network to predict water content in output crude oil.Application results show that the difficulty in accurately measuring water-oil content ratio can be solved effectively through this combination of on-line measuring range automatic switching and real time prediction,as this method has been tested repeatedly on-site in oil fields with satisfactory prediction results.

Fabrication of automatic switch for AC-DC completely automated measurement system at NIS

A fast automatic AC-DC switch is designed and fabricated mainly by a microcontroller and three double poles single throw reed relays.This new switch is introduced to establish a fully automated system for AC-DC measurements through ACDC transfer standards for the first time at the National Institute for standards(N IS)in Egypt.The implemented circuit of theautomatic AC-DC switch and its protection are presented in details.An AC voltage source is calibrated against DC voltagesource by using the demonstrated automatic switch as an application The calibrated voltage ranges are2V,6V,20V and60V as examples.The uncertainty budget is also evaluated for the calibrated values.

基于排序的自动剔除Switching-CFAR检测器

针对传统恒虚警(Constant False-Alarm Rate,CFAR)检测器在非均匀噪声环境下检测性能较差的问题,本文提出了一种基于排序的自动剔除Switching-CFAR(Automatic Censoring Switching-CFAR Detector Based on Sorting,ACS-CFAR)检测器.选择参考窗中间单元为测试单元,其余单元按照幅值升序排列,根据两个分界点位置参数,选择合适的参考单元集进行背景噪声功率估计以及结合参考单元数和目标恒虚警率计算相关系数,得到最优检测门限.经过仿真对比,ACS-CFAR检测器在均匀噪声环境下检测率为98.73%,接近于单元平均恒虚警(CA-CFAR)检测器;在非均匀噪声环境下检测率为98.16%,优于可变索引恒虚警(VI-CFAR)和自动删除平均恒虚警(ACCA-CFAR)检测器,虚警率误差均控制在0.10%以内.结果表明,本文提出的ACS-CFAR检测器在均匀噪声环境以及杂波和多目标干扰环境下均具有较好的检测性能.

Discuss of Key Issue for Automatic BATS Control in Regional Power Grid

Busbar Automatic Transfer Switch (BATS) is very important for power distribution reliability. However, BATS can’t consider whether it cause overloading of devices after it acts. In this paper, we introduce the design principle of Automatic BATS control from whole architecture including its function, strategy and a rule of on-off. On the other hand, the running experience and effect is also introduced. Site operation shows that the proposed method is feasible and it can ensure power grid reliability.

Throughput-based mode switching for MIMO ARQ systems in presence of transmit correlation

The mode switching between spatial multiplexing （SM） and space-time block code （STBC） diversity is investigated for the multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） automatic repeat request （ARQ） system. Five important practical factors are considered in the proposed switching scheme： transmit correlation, ARQ technique, packet loss probability （PLP） constraint, discrete rate transmission （DRT） and channel coding. Under the spatially correlated channel, the distributions of the post signal-to-interference-plus- noise ratio （SiNR） for the SM mode and the STBC mode are obtained by using Gamma approximations. Then this paper derives the closed-form expressions of the PLP and the throughput for different modes when the ARQ technique is employed, based on which the mode switching algorithm is proposed to improve the spectral efficency. In the simulation, the correction of the expressions is first verified. Then, the significant gain observed by the proposed algorithm is presented. Since the switching point is the key parameter to implement the mode switching, this paper also shows how the switching point is affected by the practical factors considered.

Reconstructing RIBLL Switching Power Supply in Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou

RIBLL (Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou) is an important part of HIRFL (Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou). RIBLL power supply system was founded in 1996, Seven “hard” switching power supplies were employed. They were all half-bridge converters. Fig.1 is the main circuit of the converter. And table 1 shows the output parameters.

基于变分模态分解和改进灰狼算法优化深度置信网络的自动转换开关故障识别

自动转换开关(ATSE)是保证系统连续供电的设备,对其进行健康监测和故障诊断对系统的稳定运行具有重要意义。为了实现对ATSE的非侵入式故障识别,该文提出一种基于电流信号变分模态分解(VMD)的特征提取和改进灰狼算法(IGWO)优化深度置信网络(DBN)相结合的故障诊断方法。该方法首先利用样本熵确定VMD分解次数并对故障电流进行分解;其次对分解后得到的本征模态函数进行小波包能量的提取,并利用IGWO对DBN网络结构参数进行优化;最后通过DBN将电流能量特征与ATSE的故障类型建立起映射关系从而完成最终的故障识别。所提IGWO采用了分段调节与非线性递减的衰减因子相结合的策略,以平衡算法全局搜索和局部搜索能力;并采用莱维飞行更新探狼的移动位置,来避免算法陷入早熟收敛。实验结果表明,该算法不仅能显著提高前期对参数寻优的训练速度,后续泛化实验的故障分类准确率也有98.78%的良好表现。

一种拓展数据采集系统动态范围的方法研究

针对当前台站需要使用两套采集系统分别监测记录微弱信号与大地震信号这一问题,提出一种自动切换采集模式的数据采集方法。在正常情况监测微弱信号时,采集系统使用小信号通道ADC分级采样,而当发生大震、巨震时,系统自动切换使用大信号通道ADC采样。实验表明,采集系统单个AD数据采集模式在100 Hz采样时,动态范围达128 dB,而使用双AD数据采集模式在100 Hz采样时,动态范围可达158 dB。改进后的数据采集方法可有效提高地震信号采集动态范围,在不增加硬件成本情况下,能在一定程度上改善数据采集系统的性能。

一种有源天线温度试验自动测试系统设计

某型有源天线批生产产品数量多,由于温度试验周期长,温度试验成为天线均衡高效生产的一个瓶颈环节。为解决生产需求,研制一种天线专用温度测试系统。分析了天线温度试验测试项目和测试原理,梳理现有测试设备测试效率低下的原因,集中讨论了研制设备硬件组成、测试功能、软件设计和自动化要求,重点研究了屏蔽装置以及对接工装的设计。研制的测试系统基于VS2015软件,通过上位机控制电源切换单元、波控切换单元和射频切换单元完成产品分时自动测试。研制屏蔽装置,不仅完成了天线在温箱内接收和发射功能测试,还保证了测试结果的真实有效。设计对接夹具,方便产品对接和更换。该温度测试系统具有测试时间短、测试产品多、自动化程度高的优点,在生产线投入使用后,效果良好,解决了天线温度生产瓶颈。

触发开关自动化装配与调测系统设计

在触发开关生产过程中,实现自动化和智能化是提升产能保证装调质量的先决条件。针对触发开关自动装调和检测的问题,设计一套触发开关自动化装调系统,提出一种动作过载调测自主学习算法,实现触发开关螺钉拧紧距离的自动调测。利用机器视觉方法对装配过程中的关键部件进行缺陷检测,以快速完成装配质量检测。该系统可实现触发开关的自动装配、铆接、检测、调测、灌封和固化等功能。

继电保护测试仪自动检测系统设计

继电保护测试仪是对继电保护装置调试和检验的重要仪器。为了进一步提高继电保护测试仪的检测精度、稳定性和检测效率,设计了基于LabVIEW的继电保护测试仪自动检测系统。该系统采用LabVIEW模块化的编程思想,实现继电保护测试仪的自动检测、手动检测、保存报告等功能。为了解决继电保护测试仪的输出为三相,而万用表和示波器仅支持单相测试的问题,设计了输出转换装置。基于转换装置,可以在测试开始前一次性完成所有接线,并在测试过程中根据不同校准项目进行测试回路自动切换。功能测试结果表明,该系统能满足检验标准化、报告标准化和闭环自动测试要求。该系统对其他二次测量设备的自动检测校准有一定的借鉴意义。

花瓣型配电网区域备自投系统控制策略优化研究及应用

针对花瓣型配电网发生故障后,若故障无法被保护可靠隔离时会导致区域备自投系统无法实现“花瓣”恢复供电的问题,基于控制策略对等式的思想,提出一种新型区域备自投系统控制策略。新型控制策略主动进行故障隔离并通过相邻开关房的信息交互,实现“花瓣”的恢复供电及恢复供电后线路过载时各开关房中负荷的智能选切功能,通过信息交互也确保了安全稳定系统切负荷功能的有效性;同时提出了经主保护闭锁的后备保护,解决了“花瓣”内合环运行时后备保护定值整定配合困难和工作量大的技术问题。现场应用结果验证了新型控制策略的有效性,对其他配电网区域备自投系统控制策略的研究具有一定的借鉴意义。

面向铁路道岔情景下的列车轨道区域检测方法

列车前方铁路轨道区域的检测是列车主动防撞技术的关键环节,现有的铁路区域分割方法多用于简单情景下的轨道检测,难以应对实际运行中的铁路道岔等复杂场景。该文提出了一种面向铁路道岔情景下的列车轨道区域检测方法,解决了现有技术在铁路道岔下难以检测列车实际运行区域的问题。首先,设计了一种基于信息融合的铁路轨道区域分割模型,针对铁路左右钢轨之间难以匹配的问题,对铁路区域和钢轨进行分割并利用其分割结果进行钢轨匹配。其次,设计了一种基于反向透视变换的铁路区域重建方法,通过保留钢轨的关键点来重建铁路区域,同时使用基于分组卷积的铁路道岔分类模型对道岔方向进行识别。实验结果表明,提出的方法在复杂环境下可达到较高的精度,像素准确率可达98.67%,平均交并比可达98.12%,具有在列车上应用的潜力。

高速动车组进出隧道前照灯自动开关装置研究

本文针对山区高速铁路昼间行驶隧道多,高速动车组进出隧道需要司机频繁开关前照灯而造成很大的负担和一定的劳动强度等问题,研制出高速动车组进出隧道前照灯自动开关装置,光敏电阻传感器根据隧道内外光照强度不同,单片机自动控制高速动车组前照灯开启或关闭,减轻动车组驾驶员的工作强度,达到高铁运输安全的目的。

关于取消新疆电网750 kV断路器合闸电阻可行性的仿真研究

目前,超、特高压输电线路常用合闸电阻吸收能量,并将其作为限制合闸过电压的主要手段,但是带有合闸电阻的断路器不仅造价昂贵,而且还存在运行可靠性差、故障率高等缺点,如果能利用低残压、保护性能优异的金属氧化物避雷器替代合闸电阻来限制操作过电压,不仅可以降低成本,还能简化断路器操纵机构以提高电力系统运行的可靠性。文中以新疆电网最长距离的750 kV线路为研究对象,通过沿线安装多组避雷器的方式,将沿线最大2%合闸过电压限制到规程规定的1.8 p.u.以内,为新疆电网所有750 kV长距离线路取消断路器合闸电阻的可行性提供了理论依据。

供电系统避雷器故障检测与自动切换系统设计

针对供电系统中避雷器容易损坏且人工运维困难的问题,提出一种新型供电系统避雷器故障检测与自动切换方法。该方法利用快速傅里叶变换实时检测电流,利用微控制器进行数据分析并发出控制信号,实现在线检测避雷器故障。通过设计的自动切换避雷器机械结构,可实现备用避雷器逐一自动切换。研发系统样机并开展试验分析,试验结果表明本系统功能可行有效,可实现避雷器故障检测和自动切换。

发电机定子冷却水系统逻辑优化研究

研究了田湾核电站二期工程发电机定子冷却水系统的逻辑优化问题。该系统是一个闭式循环冷却水系统,配备两台交流电机驱动离心水泵,并联布置,正常运行时一用一备。系统设置了断水保护逻辑以防止发电机定子线圈过热,也设置了自动启动备用定子冷却水泵的备自投逻辑。通过对系统流程、逻辑保护设置、存在的问题及逻辑优化等方面的研究,提出了一种优化方案,并通过试验验证了其有效性。

输送带的带面监测装置设计

带式输送机是一种常见的物料输送设备,输送带是它的核心部件。设备在长期运转过程中会发生各种故障,严重时还会发生安全事故。带式输送机在煤炭运输中较为重要,在使用过程中输送带有磨损,导致输送带的带面不平,容易起泡,钢丝绳露头或起皮掀起等问题,会给生产造成巨大的损失,输送带的故障诊断对保证安全运行也起着重要的作用。

隧道窑烧成工艺自动控制系统设计

隧道窑是耐火材料连续烧成过程中常用的炉型之一,隧道窑的自动控制水平对产品的烧成质量以及烧成成本产生至关重要的影响,隧道窑烧成带安装有多个烧嘴,在不同的制品烧成曲线下,各烧嘴温度、烧成气氛、所需要的窑内压力都有所不同。以往在变换曲线时人工干预,费时费力,还容易引起温度压力跳跃,产生不合格制品。通过对自动控制系统优化设计,将烧成曲线与推车制度关联,实现窑内压力自动控制,全窑最佳空燃比例自动调节,自动计算升温保温时长及位置,不同产品工艺烧成曲线随着推车制度在不同位置自动切换,具有自动化程度高、烧成成本低等特点,具有一定的推广应用价值。